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Wang Q, Wu Q, Yang J, Saad A, Mills E, Dowling C, Lundy S, Mao-Draayer Y. Dysregulation of humoral immunity, iron homeostasis, and lipid metabolism is associated with multiple sclerosis progression. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 79:105020. [PMID: 37806231 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) presented earlier on as a relapsing-remitting (RR) disease, disability progression eventually occurred. Uncovering the mechanisms underlying progression may facilitate the unmet need for developing therapies to prevent progression. Benign MS (BMS), a rare form of MS, is the opposite from secondary progressive MS (SPMS) in that it lacks disease progression defined as Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤3 after at least 15 years of disease onset. BMS is characterized by rare and mild relapses with complete remission of clinical symptoms (lower activity of the disease) and lack of progression. Our study aims to identify transcriptomic and immunological differences between BMS and SPMS to unravel the pathogenesis of disease progression. METHODS We took multi-modal approaches with microarrays, flow cytometry, and lipidomics by three-way comparisons of patients with BMS vs. RRMS (low disease activity vs. moderate or severe activity), RRMS vs. SPMS (continued activity vs. complete transformation into progressive phase) as well as BMS vs. SPMS, matched for age and disease-duration (low disease activity and no progression vs. progression with or without activity). RESULTS We found that patients with RRMS and SPMS have a significantly higher percentage of B cells than those with BMS. BMS shows a different transcriptomic profile than SPMS. Many of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in B cell-mediated immune responses. Additionally, long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), which can act as inflammatory mediators, are also altered in SPMS. Overall, our data suggest a role for the dysregulation of B cell differentiation and function, humoral immunity, and iron and lipid homeostasis in the pathogenesis of MS disease progression. CONCLUSION BMS has a unique transcriptomic and immunological profile compared to RRMS and SPMS. These differences will allow for personalized precision medicine and may ultimately lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Aiya Saad
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mills
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Catherine Dowling
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Steven Lundy
- Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Michigan Institute for Neurological Disorders, USA.
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2
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Mehmood A, Song S, Du X, Yan H, Wang X, Guo L, Li B. mRNA expression profile reveals differentially expressed genes in splenocytes of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Int J Exp Pathol 2023; 104:247-257. [PMID: 37427716 PMCID: PMC10500171 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model that can be used to investigate aetiology, pathogenesis, and treatment approaches for multiple sclerosis (MS). A novel integrated bioinformatics approach was used to understand the involvement of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spleen of EAE mice through data mining of existing microarray and RNA-seq datasets. We screened differentially expressed mRNAs using mRNA expression profile data of EAE spleens taken from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Functional and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed by Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Subsequently, the DEGs-encoded protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. The 784 DEGs in GSE99300 A.SW PP-EAE mice spleen mRNA profiles, 859 DEGs in GSE151701 EAE mice spleen mRNA profiles, and 646 DEGs in GSE99300 SJL/J PP-EAE mice spleen mRNA profiles were explored. Functional enrichment of 55 common DEGs among 3 sub-datasets revealed several immune-related terms, such as neutrophil extravasation, leucocyte migration, antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by an antimicrobial peptide, toll-like receptor 4 bindings, IL-17 signalling pathway, and TGF-beta signalling pathway. In the screening of 10 hub genes, including MPO, ELANE, CTSG, LTF, LCN2, SELP, CAMP, S100A9, ITGA2B, and PRTN3, and in choosing and validating the 5 DEGs, including ANK1, MBOAT2, SLC25A21, SLC43A1, and SOX6, the results showed that SLC43A1 and SOX6 were significantly decreased in EAE mice spleen. Thus this study offers a list of genes expressed in the spleen that might play a key role in the pathogenesis of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Shuang Song
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Xiaochen Du
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Hongjing Yan
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Li Guo
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Bin Li
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangHebeiChina
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3
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Lorefice L, Pitzalis M, Murgia F, Fenu G, Atzori L, Cocco E. Omics approaches to understanding the efficacy and safety of disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1076421. [PMID: 36793897 PMCID: PMC9922720 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1076421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
From the perspective of precision medicine, the challenge for the future is to improve the accuracy of diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic responses through the identification of biomarkers. In this framework, the omics sciences (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) and their combined use represent innovative approaches for the exploration of the complexity and heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review examines the evidence currently available on the application of omics sciences to MS, analyses the methods, their limitations, the samples used, and their characteristics, with a particular focus on biomarkers associated with the disease state, exposure to disease-modifying treatments (DMTs), and drug efficacies and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Lorefice
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ASL Cagliari, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Lorena Lorefice,
| | - Maristella Pitzalis
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Murgia
- Dpt of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Department of Neurosciences, ARNAS Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ASL Cagliari, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ASL Cagliari, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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4
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Yurduseven K, Babal YK, Celik E, Kerman BE, Kurnaz IA. Multiple Sclerosis Biomarker Candidates Revealed by Cell-Type-Specific Interactome Analysis. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2022; 26:305-317. [PMID: 35483054 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2022.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder that affects multiple regions of the central nervous system such as the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Susceptibility to MS, as well as disease progression rates, displays marked patient-to-patient variability. To date, biomarkers that forecast differences in clinical phenotypes and outcomes have been limited. In this context, cell-type-specific interactome analyses offer important prospects and hope for novel diagnostics and therapeutics. We report here an original study using bioinformatic analysis of MS data sets that revealed interaction profiles as well as specific hub proteins in white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) that appear critical for disease mechanisms. First, cell-type-specific interactome analyses suggested that while interactions within the WM were focused on oligodendrocytes, interactions within the GM were mostly neuron centric. Second, hub proteins such as APP, EGLN3, PTEN, and LRRK2 were identified to be differentially regulated in MS data sets. Lastly, a comparison of the brain and peripheral blood samples identified biomarker candidates such as NRGN, CRTC1, CDC42, and IFITM3 to be differentially expressed in different types of MS. These findings offer a unique cell-type-specific cell-to-cell interaction network in MS and identify potential biomarkers by comparative analysis of the brain and the blood transcriptomics. From a study design and methodology perspective, we suggest that the cell-type-specific interactome analysis is an important systems science frontier that might offer new insights on other neurodegenerative and brain disorders as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Yurduseven
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yigit Koray Babal
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Esref Celik
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilal Ersen Kerman
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Işıl Aksan Kurnaz
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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5
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Rossi B, Santos-Lima B, Terrabuio E, Zenaro E, Constantin G. Common Peripheral Immunity Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639369. [PMID: 33679799 PMCID: PMC7933037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are closely related to inflammatory and autoimmune events, suggesting that the dysregulation of the immune system is a key pathological factor. Both multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by infiltrating immune cells, activated microglia, astrocyte proliferation, and neuronal damage. Moreover, MS and AD share a common pro-inflammatory signature, characterized by peripheral leukocyte activation and transmigration to the central nervous system (CNS). MS and AD are both characterized by the accumulation of activated neutrophils in the blood, leading to progressive impairment of the blood–brain barrier. Having migrated to the CNS during the early phases of MS and AD, neutrophils promote local inflammation that contributes to pathogenesis and clinical progression. The role of circulating T cells in MS is well-established, whereas the contribution of adaptive immunity to AD pathogenesis and progression is a more recent discovery. Even so, blocking the transmigration of T cells to the CNS can benefit both MS and AD patients, suggesting that common adaptive immunity mechanisms play a detrimental role in each disease. There is also growing evidence that regulatory T cells are beneficial during the initial stages of MS and AD, supporting the link between the modulatory immune compartments and these neurodegenerative disorders. The number of resting regulatory T cells declines in both diseases, indicating a common pathogenic mechanism involving the dysregulation of these cells, although their precise role in the control of neuroinflammation remains unclear. The modulation of leukocyte functions can benefit MS patients, so more insight into the role of peripheral immune cells may reveal new targets for pharmacological intervention in other neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rossi
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Bruno Santos-Lima
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Terrabuio
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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6
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Alayed K, Meyerson JB, Osei ES, Blidaru G, Schlegelmilch J, Johnson M, Meyerson HJ. CD177 Enhances the Detection of Myelodysplastic Syndrome by Flow Cytometry. Am J Clin Pathol 2020; 153:554-565. [PMID: 32011681 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previously we demonstrated that a decreased percentage of CD177-positive granulocytes detected by flow cytometry (FCM) was associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Here we expand on those findings to more rigorously evaluate the utility of CD177 for the detection of MDS. METHODS Two hundred patient samples (100 MDS and 100 controls) were evaluated for granulocyte expression of CD177 and 11 other flow cytometric parameters known to be associated with MDS. RESULTS We show that CD177, as a single analyte, is highly correlated with MDS with a receiver operating characteristic area under curve value of 0.8. CD177 expression below 30% demonstrated a sensitivity of 51% and a specificity of 94% for detecting MDS with a positive predictive value of 89.5%. In multivariate analysis of 12 MDS-associated FCM metrics, CD177 and the Ogata parameters were significant indicators of MDS, and CD177 increased sensitivity of the Ogata score by 16% (63%-79%) for predicting MDS. Finally, diagnostic criteria incorporating these parameters with a 1% blast cutoff level and CD177 resulted in a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 91% for detecting MDS. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate CD177 is a useful FCM marker for MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alayed
- Department of Pathology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ebenezer S Osei
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Georgeta Blidaru
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Michael Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Howard J Meyerson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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7
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Wu Q, Mills EA, Wang Q, Dowling CA, Fisher C, Kirch B, Lundy SK, Fox DA, Mao-Draayer Y. Siponimod enriches regulatory T and B lymphocytes in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134251. [PMID: 31935197 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDSiponimod (BAF312) is a selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 and 5 (S1PR1, S1PR5) modulator recently approved for active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). The immunomodulatory effects of siponimod in SPMS have not been previously described.METHODSWe conducted a multicentered, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled AMS04 mechanistic study with 36 SPMS participants enrolled in the EXPAND trial. Gene expression profiles were analyzed using RNA derived from whole blood with Affymetrix Human Gene ST 2.1 microarray technology. We performed flow cytometry-based assays to analyze the immune cell composition and microarray gene expression analysis on peripheral blood from siponimod-treated participants with SPMS relative to baseline and placebo during the first-year randomization phase.RESULTSMicroarray analysis showed that immune-associated genes involved in T and B cell activation and receptor signaling were largely decreased by siponimod, which is consistent with the reduction in CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that within the remaining lymphocyte subsets there was a reduction in the frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ naive T cells and central memory cells, while T effector memory cells, antiinflammatory Th2, and T regulatory cells (Tregs) were enriched. Transitional regulatory B cells (CD24hiCD38hi) and B1 cell subsets (CD43+CD27+) were enriched, shifting the balance in favor of regulatory B cells over memory B cells. The proregulatory shift driven by siponimod treatment included a higher proliferative potential of Tregs compared with non-Tregs, and upregulated expression of PD-1 on Tregs. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between Tregs and regulatory B cells in siponimod-treated participants.CONCLUSIONThe shift toward an antiinflammatory and suppressive homeostatic immune system may contribute to the clinical efficacy of siponimod in SPMS.TRIAL REGISTRATIONNCT02330965.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Neurology. AMS04 study group.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence. AMS04 study group
| | - Elizabeth A Mills
- Department of Neurology. AMS04 study group.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence. AMS04 study group
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Neurology. AMS04 study group.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence. AMS04 study group
| | - Catherine A Dowling
- Department of Neurology. AMS04 study group.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence. AMS04 study group
| | - Caitlyn Fisher
- Department of Neurology. AMS04 study group.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence. AMS04 study group
| | - Britany Kirch
- Department of Neurology. AMS04 study group.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence. AMS04 study group
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Autoimmunity Center of Excellence. AMS04 study group.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (AMS04 study group), and.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. AMS04 study group
| | - David A Fox
- Autoimmunity Center of Excellence. AMS04 study group.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (AMS04 study group), and.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. AMS04 study group
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology. AMS04 study group.,Autoimmunity Center of Excellence. AMS04 study group.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. AMS04 study group
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8
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Pazhouhandeh M, Sahraian MA, Siadat SD, Fateh A, Vaziri F, Tabrizi F, Ajorloo F, Arshadi AK, Fatemi E, Piri Gavgani S, Mahboudi F, Rahimi Jamnani F. A systems medicine approach reveals disordered immune system and lipid metabolism in multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 192:18-32. [PMID: 29194580 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of autoimmune processes and introduction of new autoantigens involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) can be helpful in the design of new drugs to prevent unresponsiveness and side effects in patients. To find significant changes, we evaluated the autoantibody repertoires in newly diagnosed relapsing-remitting MS patients (NDP) and those receiving disease-modifying therapy (RP). Through a random peptide phage library, a panel of NDP- and RP-specific peptides was identified, producing two protein data sets visualized using Gephi, based on protein--protein interactions in the STRING database. The top modules of NDP and RP networks were assessed using Enrichr. Based on the findings, a set of proteins, including ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1), neurogenic locus notch homologue protein 1 (NOTCH1), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET), RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (RAF1) and proto-oncogene vav (VAV1) was found in NDP and was involved in over-represented terms correlated with cell-mediated immunity and cancer. In contrast, transcription factor RelB (RELB), histone acetyltransferase p300 (EP300), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACACB), adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 mitochondrial (PCK2) had major contributions to viral infections and lipid metabolism as significant events in RP. According to these findings, further research is required to demonstrate the pathogenic roles of such proteins and autoantibodies targeting them in MS and to develop therapeutic agents which can ameliorate disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pazhouhandeh
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M-A Sahraian
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S D Siadat
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Fateh
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Vaziri
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Tabrizi
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Ajorloo
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - A K Arshadi
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Fatemi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Piri Gavgani
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Mahboudi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Rahimi Jamnani
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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