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Picone S, Ritieni A, Graziani G, Paolillo P, D'Adamo E, Botondi V, Panichi D, Torresi S, David D, di Ludovico A, Chiarelli F, Gazzolo D. Lutein levels in arterial cord blood correlate with neurotrophic calcium binding S100B protein in healthy preterm and term newborns. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:80. [PMID: 35643585 PMCID: PMC9148452 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100B is an established biomarker of brain development and damage. Lutein (LT) is a naturally occurring xanthophyll carotenoid mainly concentrated in the central nervous system (CNS), but its neurotrophic role is still debated. We investigated whether LT cord blood concentrations correlate with S100B in a cohort of preterm and term healthy newborns. METHODS We conducted a prospective study on the distribution of LT and S100B in arterial cord blood of healthy preterm (n = 50) and term (n = 50) newborns. RESULTS S100B and LT showed a pattern of concentration characterized by higher levels (P < 0.01, for all) at 33-36 weeks gestation (GA) followed by a progressive decrease (P < 0.01, for all) from 37 onwards with a dip at term. Both S100B and LT were gender-dependent with significantly (P < 0.01, for all) higher levels in females in preterm and term groups. S100B (R = 0.68; P < 0.001) and LT (R = 0.40; P = 0.005) correlated with GA at sampling. A positive significant correlation (R = 0.87; P < 0.001) between S100B and LT was found. CONCLUSIONS The present data showing a correlation between S100B and LT supports the notion of a LT trophic role in the CNS. Further investigations in high-risk infants are needed to elucidate LT involvement in the pathophysiological cascade of events leading to CNS development and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Picone
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico Casilino General Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II Naples University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Graziani
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II Naples University, Naples, Italy
| | - Piermichele Paolillo
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico Casilino General Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ebe D'Adamo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Botondi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniele Panichi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Torresi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniela David
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Diego Gazzolo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
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S100B Maternal Blood Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Are Birthweight, Gender and Delivery Mode Dependent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031028. [PMID: 35162052 PMCID: PMC8834559 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is one of the main causes of perinatal mortality/morbidity. Today, a parameter offering useful information on fetal central nervous system (CNS) development/damage is eagerly awaited. We investigated the role of brain-protein S100B in the maternal blood of GDM pregnancies by means of a prospective case–control study in 646 pregnancies (GDM: n = 106; controls: n = 530). Maternal blood samples for S100B measurement were collected at four monitoring time-points from 24 weeks of gestation to term. Data was corrected for gender and delivery mode and correlated with gestational age and weight at birth. Results showed higher (p < 0.05) S100B from 24 to 32 weeks and at term in GDM fetuses than controls. Higher (p < 0.05) S100B was observed in GDM male new-borns than in females from 24 to 32 weeks and at term, in GDM cases delivering vaginally than by caesarean section. Finally, S100B positively correlated with gestational age and weight at birth (R = 0.27; R = 0.37, respectively; p < 0.01). The present findings show the usefulness of S100B in CNS to monitor high-risk pregnancies during perinatal standard-of-care procedures. The results suggest that further investigations into its potential role as an early marker of CNS growth/damage in GDM population are needed.
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Lapergola G, Graziosi A, D'Adamo E, Brindisino P, Ferrari M, Romanelli A, Strozzi M, Libener R, Gavilanes DAW, Maconi A, Satriano A, Varrica A, Gazzolo D. S100B in cardiac surgery brain monitoring: friend or foe? Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:317-331. [PMID: 35001583 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in perioperative management of adult and pediatric patients requiring open heart surgery (OHS) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiac and/or congenital heart diseases repair allowed a significant reduction in the mortality rate. Conversely morbidity rate pattern has a flat trend. Perioperative period is crucial since OHS and CPB are widely accepted as a deliberate hypoxic-ischemic reperfusion damage representing the cost to pay at a time when standard of care monitoring procedures can be silent or unavailable. In this respect, the measurement of neuro-biomarkers (NB), able to detect at early stage perioperative brain damage could be especially useful. In the last decade, among a series of NB, S100B protein has been investigated. After the first promising results, supporting the usefulness of the protein as predictor of short/long term adverse neurological outcome, the protein has been progressively abandoned due to a series of limitations. In the present review we offer an up-dated overview of the main S100B pros and cons in the peri-operative monitoring of adult and pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ebe D'Adamo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Romanelli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Strozzi
- Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, ASO SS Antonio, Biagio and C. Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Roberta Libener
- Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, ASO SS Antonio, Biagio and C. Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Danilo A W Gavilanes
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Maconi
- Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, ASO SS Antonio, Biagio and C. Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Angela Satriano
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Donato Milanese Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Varrica
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Donato Milanese Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Gazzolo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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4
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Gasparroni G, Graziosi A, Bersani I, Caulo M, Moataza B, Aboulgar H, Mufeed H, Iskander I, Kornacka M, Gruzfeld D, Dotta A, Savarese I, Chukhlantseva N, Tina LG, Nigro F, Livolti G, Galvano F, Di Battista C, D'Adamo E, Primavera AP, Lapergola G, Conte M, Salomone R, Perrotta M, Panichi D, Levantini G, Catenaro M, Strozzi C, Maconi A, Centini G, Chiarelli F, D'Antonio F, Gavilanes DAW, Gazzolo D. S100B protein, cerebral ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging patterns in brain injured preterm infants. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1527-1534. [PMID: 34008376 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The early detection of preterm infants (PI) at risk for intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and neurological sequelae still constitutes an unsolved issue. We aimed at validating the role of S100B protein in the early diagnosis and prognosis of IVH in PI by means of cerebral ultrasound (CUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) today considered standard of care procedures. METHODS We conducted an observational case-control study in 216 PI of whom 36 with IVH and 180 controls. Standard clinical, laboratory, radiological monitoring procedures and S100B urine measurement were performed at four time-points (first void, 24, 48, 96 h) after birth. Cerebral MRI was performed at 40-42 weeks of corrected gestational age. RESULTS Elevated (p<0.001, for all) S100B levels were observed in the IVH group at all monitoring time-point particularly at first void when standard monitoring procedures were still silent or unavailable. S100B measured at first void correlated (p<0.001) with the grade of hemorrhage by means of CUS and with the site and extension of neurological lesion (p<0.001, for all) as assessed by MRI. CONCLUSIONS The present results showing a correlation among S100B and CUS and MRI offer additional support to the inclusion of the protein in clinical daily management of cases at risk for IVH and adverse neurological outcome. The findings open the way to further investigations in PI aimed at validating new neurobiomarkers by means of S100B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iliana Bersani
- Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù; Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Caulo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Bashir Moataza
- Department of Neonatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanna Aboulgar
- Department of Neonatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala Mufeed
- Department of Neonatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman Iskander
- Department of Neonatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maria Kornacka
- Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care of Neonate, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Darek Gruzfeld
- Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care of Neonate, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrea Dotta
- Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù; Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Immacolata Savarese
- Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù; Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Natalia Chukhlantseva
- Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù; Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Gabriella Tina
- Department of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Health, G. Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Nigro
- Department of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Health, G. Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biochemistry, Catania University, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Ebe D'Adamo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Mariangela Conte
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rita Salomone
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marika Perrotta
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniele Panichi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Milena Catenaro
- Department of Pediatrics, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Chiara Strozzi
- Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, ASO SS Antonio, Biagio and C. Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Antonio Maconi
- Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, ASO SS Antonio, Biagio and C. Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giacomo Centini
- Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, ASO SS Antonio, Biagio and C. Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | | | - Francesco D'Antonio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre for Fetal Care and High Risk Pregnancy, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Danilo A W Gavilanes
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Gazzolo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Michetti F, Di Sante G, Clementi ME, Sampaolese B, Casalbore P, Volonté C, Romano Spica V, Parnigotto PP, Di Liddo R, Amadio S, Ria F. Growing role of S100B protein as a putative therapeutic target for neurological- and nonneurological-disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:446-458. [PMID: 33971224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein mainly expressed by astrocytes, but also localized in other definite neural and extra-neural cell types. While its presence in biological fluids is widely recognized as a reliable biomarker of active injury, growing evidence now indicates that high levels of S100B are suggestive of pathogenic processes in different neural, but also extra-neural, disorders. Indeed, modulation of S100B levels correlates with the occurrence of clinical and/or toxic parameters in experimental models of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, acute neural injury, inflammatory bowel disease, uveal and retinal disorders, obesity, diabetes and cancer, thus directly linking the levels of S100B to pathogenic mechanisms. In general, deletion/inactivation of the protein causes the improvement of the disease, whereas its over-expression/administration induces a worse clinical presentation. This scenario reasonably proposes S100B as a common therapeutic target for several different disorders, also offering new clues to individuate possible unexpected connections among these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Sampaolese
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Casalbore
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, IASI-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, IASI-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Parnigotto
- Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (T.E.S.) Onlus, Padua, Italy.
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (T.E.S.) Onlus, Padua, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Susanna Amadio
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Janigro D, Bailey DM, Lehmann S, Badaut J, O'Flynn R, Hirtz C, Marchi N. Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts. Front Neurol 2021; 11:577312. [PMID: 33613412 PMCID: PMC7890078 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.577312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood–brain barrier (BBB) operates as a key cerebrovascular interface, dynamically insulating the brain parenchyma from peripheral blood and compartments. Increased BBB permeability is clinically relevant for at least two reasons: it actively participates to the etiology of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and it enables the diagnosis of neurological disorders based on the detection of CNS molecules in peripheral body fluids. In pathological conditions, a suite of glial, neuronal, and pericyte biomarkers can exit the brain reaching the peripheral blood and, after a process of filtration, may also appear in saliva or urine according to varying temporal trajectories. Here, we specifically examine the evidence in favor of or against the use of protein biomarkers of NVU damage and BBB permeability in traumatic head injury, including sport (sub)concussive impacts, seizure disorders, and neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease. We further extend this analysis by focusing on the correlates of human extreme physiology applied to the NVU and its biomarkers. To this end, we report NVU changes after prolonged exercise, freediving, and gravitational stress, focusing on the presence of peripheral biomarkers in these conditions. The development of a biomarker toolkit will enable minimally invasive routines for the assessment of brain health in a broad spectrum of clinical, emergency, and sport settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Janigro
- Department of Physiology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,FloTBI Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Brain Molecular Imaging Lab, CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Robin O'Flynn
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Hirtz
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS-U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
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7
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Metallinou D, Karampas G, Nyktari G, Iacovidou N, Lykeridou K, Rizos D. S100B as a biomarker of brain injury in premature neonates. A prospective case - control longitudinal study. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:781-786. [PMID: 32941837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal brain injury (NBI) is a serious adverse outcome in premature neonates. We sought to determine the levels and prognostic value of serum S100B during the first three days of life in premature neonates (<34 weeks) that later developed NBI in the form of either intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) or periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). METHODS This is a prospective case - control longitudinal study. Each case (n = 29) was matched according to birthweight and gestational age to one neonate with normal head ultrasound scans. RESULTS Neonates with NBI, had significantly higher S100B concentration during the first three days of life. In both groups S100B was significantly higher on the first day when compared to the next two days of life showing a downwards trend. Serum S100B on the first day was the best predictor for adverse neonatal outcome such as death or II-IV IVH grade. A cut-off value of 10.51 ng/ml serum S100B performed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93.9% to predict adverse neonatal outcome. CONCLUSION Further research on the predictive value of serum S100B regarding NBI in premature neonates is of great interest and may provide the first clinically useful biomarker for early detection of neonates at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Metallinou
- Department of Midwifery, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos Str., Egaleo, PC 12243 Athens, Greece; Neonatal Department, "Alexandra" General Hospital, 80 Vasillisis Sofias Avenue, Ilisia, PC 11528 Athens, Greece; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Gaia" Maternity Hospital, 9 Distomou Str., Marousi, PC 15125 Athens, Greece.
| | - Grigorios Karampas
- 2(nd) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aretaieio" University Hospital, 76 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, Ilisia, PC 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Nyktari
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Gaia" Maternity Hospital, 9 Distomou Str., Marousi, PC 15125 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Iacovidou
- Neonatal Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aretaieio" University Hospital, 76 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, Ilisia, PC 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Lykeridou
- Department of Midwifery, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos Str., Egaleo, PC 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios Rizos
- Hormone Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ''Aretaieio'' University Hospital, 76 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, Ilisia, PC 11528, Athens, Greece
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8
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Bersani I, Pluchinotta F, Dotta A, Savarese I, Campi F, Auriti C, Chuklantseva N, Piersigilli F, Gazzolo F, Varrica A, Satriano A, Gazzolo D. Early predictors of perinatal brain damage: the role of neurobiomarkers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 58:471-486. [PMID: 31851609 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of perinatal brain damage in preterm and term newborns (i.e. intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia and perinatal asphyxia) still constitute an unsolved issue. To date, despite technological improvement in standard perinatal monitoring procedures, decreasing the incidence of perinatal mortality, the perinatal morbidity pattern has a flat trend. Against this background, the measurement of brain constituents could be particularly useful in the early detection of cases at risk for short-/long-term brain injury. On this scenario, the main European and US international health-care institutions promoted perinatal clinical and experimental neuroprotection research projects aimed at validating and including a panel of biomarkers in the clinical guidelines. Although this is a promising attempt, there are several limitations that do not allow biomarkers to be included in standard monitoring procedures. The main limitations are: (i) the heterogeneity of neurological complications in the perinatal period, (ii) the small cohort sizes, (iii) the lack of multicenter investigations, (iv) the different techniques for neurobiomarkers assessment, (iv) the lack of consensus for the validation of assays in biological fluids such as urine and saliva, and (v), the lack of reference curves according to measurement technique and biological fluid. In the present review we offer an up-to-date overview of the most promising developments in the use of biomarkers in the perinatal period such as calcium binding proteins (S100B protein), vasoactive agents (adrenomedullin), brain biomarkers (activin A, neuron specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1) and oxidative stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Bersani
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pluchinotta
- Laboratory Research Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, SanDonato Milanese Univerity Hospital, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Dotta
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Immacolata Savarese
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Campi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Auriti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Natalia Chuklantseva
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Piersigilli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Varrica
- Laboratory Research Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, SanDonato Milanese Univerity Hospital, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Satriano
- Laboratory Research Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, SanDonato Milanese Univerity Hospital, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Gazzolo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
- Neonatal Intesive Care Unit, AO S.S. Antonio, Biagio, C. Arrigo Hospital, Spalto Marengo 46, 15100 Alessandria, Italy
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9
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The Ca 2+-Binding S100B Protein: An Important Diagnostic and Prognostic Neurobiomarker in Pediatric Laboratory Medicine. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1929:701-728. [PMID: 30710306 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9030-6_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades a significant scientific effort has focused on projects regarding the use of neurobiomarkers in perinatal medicine with a view to understanding the mechanisms that interfere with physiological patterns of brain development and lead to ominous effects in several human diseases. Numerous potential neurobiomarkers have been proposed for use in monitoring high-risk fetuses and newborns, including markers of oxidative stress, neuroproteins, and vasoactive agents. Nonetheless, the use of these markers in clinical practice remains a matter of debate. Recently, the calcium-binding S100B protein has been proposed as being an ideal neurobiomarker, thanks to its simple availability and easy reproducibility, to the possibility of detecting it noninvasively in biological fluids with good reproducibility, and to the possibility of a longitudinal evaluation in relation to reference curves. The present chapter contains an overview of the most significant studies on the assessment of S100B in different biological fluids as a trophic factor and/or marker of brain damage in high-risk fetuses and newborns.
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Depoorter A, Neumann RP, Barro C, Fisch U, Weber P, Kuhle J, Wellmann S. Neurofilament Light Chain: Blood Biomarker of Neonatal Neuronal Injury. Front Neurol 2018; 9:984. [PMID: 30524361 PMCID: PMC6256184 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a highly promising biomarker of neuroaxonal injury that has mainly been studied in adult neurodegenerative disease. Its involvement in neonatal disease remains largely unknown. Our aim was to establish NfL plasma concentrations in preterm and term infants in the first week of life. Methods: Plasma NfL was measured by single molecule array immunoassay in two neonatal cohorts: cohort 1 contained 203 term and preterm infants, median gestational age (GA) 37.9 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 31.9–39.4), in whom venous and arterial umbilical cord blood was sampled at birth and venous blood at day of life (DOL) 3; cohort 2 contained 98 preterm infants, median GA 29.3 weeks (IQR 26.9–30.6), in whom venous blood was sampled at DOL 7. Results: Median NfL concentrations in venous blood increased significantly from birth (18.2 pg/mL [IQR 12.8–30.8, cohort 1]) to DOL 3 (50.9 pg/mL [41.3–100, cohort 1]) and DOL 7 (126 pg/mL [78.8–225, cohort 2]) (p < 0.001). In both cohorts NfL correlated inversely with birth weight (BW, Spearman's rho −0.403, p < 0.001, cohort 1; R −0.525, p < 0.001, cohort 2) and GA (R −0.271, p < 0.001, cohort 1; R −0.487, p < 0.001, cohort 2). Additional significant correlations were found for maternal age at delivery, preeclampsia, delivery mode, 5-min Apgar, duration of oxygen supplementation, sepsis, and brain damage (intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the independent predictors of NfL in cohort 1 as BW (beta = −0.297, p = 0.003), delivery mode (beta = 0.237, p = 0.001) and preeclampsia (beta = 0.183, p = 0.022) and in cohort 2 as BW (beta = −0.385, p = 0.001) and brain damage (beta = 0.222, p = 0.015). Conclusion: Neonatal NfL levels correlate inversely with maturity and BW, increase during the first days of life, and relate to brain injury factors such as intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia, and also to vaginal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Depoorter
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland P Neumann
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Barro
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fisch
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Weber
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Wellmann
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Michetti F, D'Ambrosi N, Toesca A, Puglisi MA, Serrano A, Marchese E, Corvino V, Geloso MC. The S100B story: from biomarker to active factor in neural injury. J Neurochem 2018; 148:168-187. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele; Milan Italy
| | - Nadia D'Ambrosi
- Department of Biology; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Amelia Toesca
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | | | - Alessia Serrano
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Elisa Marchese
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Valentina Corvino
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Geloso
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
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Dadas A, Janigro D. The role and diagnostic significance of cellular barriers after concussive head trauma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:CNC53. [PMID: 30202595 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The onset of concussive head trauma often triggers an intricate sequence of physical consequences and pathophysiological responses. These sequelae can be acute (i.e., hematoma) or chronic (i.e., autoimmune response, neurodegeneration, etc.), and may follow traumas of any severity. A critical factor for prognostication of postconcussion outcome is the pathophysiological response of cellular barriers, which can be measured by several biomarkers of the acute and chronic postinjury phases. We present herein a review on the postconcussion mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier, as well as the diagnostic/prognostic approaches that utilize differential biomarker expression across this boundary. We discuss the role of the blood-saliva cellular barrier as a regulatory filter for brain-derived biomarkers in blood, and its implications for saliva-based diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Dadas
- FloTBI, Inc, 4415 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44103, USA.,FloTBI, Inc, 4415 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44103, USA
| | - Damir Janigro
- FloTBI, Inc, 4415 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44103, USA.,Department of Physiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,FloTBI, Inc, 4415 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44103, USA.,Department of Physiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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13
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Serpero LD, Bianchi V, Pluchinotta F, Conforti E, Baryshnikova E, Guaschino R, Cassinari M, Trifoglio O, Calevo MG, Gazzolo D. S100B maternal blood levels are gestational age- and gender-dependent in healthy pregnancies. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:1770-1776. [PMID: 28282292 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100B is a well-established biomarker of central nervous system (CNS) development and damage in the perinatal period. Because the fetal CNS induces an overproduction of S100B measurable in the maternal bloodstream we evaluated S100B protein in healthy pregnancies in order to provide a reference curve of the protein in the second and third trimesters and to provide information on CNS development when standard monitoring procedures could be silent or unavailable. METHODS Between July 2012 and December 2014 we conducted a prospective study in 1213 healthy pregnancies delivering healthy newborns. Maternal blood samples were collected for standard monitoring procedures and S100B assessment. S100B correlations with selected outcomes (gestational age at sampling, gender of fetus, gestational age and weight at birth, delivery mode) were calculated using multiple forward stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS S100B concentrations in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy were found to be gestational age-, gender- and delivery mode-dependent (p<0.05, for all). Multiple forward stepwise regression analysis with S100B as the dependent variable and gestational age at sampling, gender, delivery mode, gestational age and weight at birth as independent variables, showed a significant correlation between S100B and gestational age at sampling (R=0.13; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The present findings offering a S100B protein reference curve in maternal blood suggest that non-invasive fetal CNS monitoring is becoming feasible and open the way to further research in neuro-biomarker assessment in the maternal bloodstream.
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Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia and its complication, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, are still among the major causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Despite accurate standard postnatal monitoring procedures, the post-insult period is crucial because at a time when radiologic pictures are still silent, brain damage may already be at a subclinical stage. Against this background, the measurement of quantitative parameters, such as constituents of nervous tissue, that are able to detect subclinical lesions at a stage when routine brain monitoring procedures are still silent, could be particularly useful. Therefore, in the present review we report the potentials and limitations of biomarkers in predicting outcome in neonates complicated by perinatal asphyxia.
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15
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Serpero LD, Pluchinotta F, Gazzolo D. The clinical and diagnostic utility of S100B in preterm newborns. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:193-8. [PMID: 25704302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is still the most important cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Follow-up studies showed that the majority of neurological abnormalities during childhood are already present in the first week after birth. In this light, the knowledge of the timing of the insult and/or of the contributing factors is of utmost relevance in order to avoid adverse neurological outcome. Notwithstanding, the considerable advances in perinatal clinical care and monitoring, the early detection of cases at risk for brain damage is still a challenge because, when radiological pictures are still negative, brain damage may be already at a subclinical stage, with symptoms hidden by therapeutic strategies. Thus, it could be very relevant to measure quantitative parameters, such as neuroproteins, able to detect subclinical lesions at a stage when routine brain monitoring procedures are still silent. In the last decade, the assay of the brain-specific protein S100B in different biological fluids proved useful information on brain function and damage in the perinatal period. Therefore, the present study provides an overview of the most recent findings on S100B role as a reliable marker of brain development/damage in preterm high risk fetuses and newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Serpero
- Dept. of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine C. Arrigo Children's Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Francesca Pluchinotta
- Dept. of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, IRCCS San Donato Milanese Hospital, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Diego Gazzolo
- Dept. of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine C. Arrigo Children's Hospital, Alessandria, Italy.
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16
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Gazzolo D, Pluchinotta F, Bashir M, Aboulgar H, Said HM, Iman I, Ivani G, Conio A, Tina LG, Nigro F, Li Volti G, Galvano F, Michetti F, Di Iorio R, Marinoni E, Zimmermann LJ, Gavilanes ADW, Vles HJS, Kornacka M, Gruszfeld D, Frulio R, Sacchi R, Ciotti S, Risso FM, Sannia A, Florio P. Neurological abnormalities in full-term asphyxiated newborns and salivary S100B testing: the "Cooperative Multitask against Brain Injury of Neonates" (CoMBINe) international study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115194. [PMID: 25569796 PMCID: PMC4287626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal asphyxia (PA) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in newborns: its prognosis depends both on the severity of the asphyxia and on the immediate resuscitation to restore oxygen supply and blood circulation. Therefore, we investigated whether measurement of S100B, a consolidated marker of brain injury, in salivary fluid of PA newborns may constitute a useful tool for the early detection of asphyxia-related brain injury. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in 292 full-term newborns admitted to our NICUs, of whom 48 suffered PA and 244 healthy controls admitted at our NICUs. Saliva S100B levels measurement longitudinally after birth; routine laboratory variables, neurological patterns, cerebral ultrasound and, magnetic resonance imaging were performed. The primary end-point was the presence of neurological abnormalities at 12-months after birth. RESULTS S100B salivary levels were significantly (P<0.001) higher in newborns with PA than in normal infants. When asphyxiated infants were subdivided according to a good (Group A; n = 15) or poor (Group B; n = 33) neurological outcome at 12-months, S100B was significantly higher at all monitoring time-points in Group B than in Group A or controls (P<0.001, for all). A cut-off >3.25 MoM S100B achieved a sensitivity of 100% (CI5-95%: 89.3%-100%) and a specificity of 100% (CI5-95%: 98.6%-100%) as a single marker for predicting the occurrence of abnormal neurological outcome (area under the ROC curve: 1.000; CI5-95%: 0.987-1.0). CONCLUSIONS S100B protein measurement in saliva, soon after birth, is a useful tool to identify which asphyxiated infants are at risk of neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gazzolo
- Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, “C. Arrigo” Children’s Hospital Alessandria, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesca Pluchinotta
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory Reasearch S. Donato Milanese University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Moataza Bashir
- Department of Neonatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanna Aboulgar
- Department of Neonatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Iskander Iman
- Department of Neonatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Giorgio Ivani
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, “Regina Margherita” Children’s Hospital Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Conio
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, “Regina Margherita” Children’s Hospital Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucia Gabriella Tina
- Department of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Health “G. Garibaldi” Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Nigro
- Department of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Health “G. Garibaldi” Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biochemistry, Catania University, Catania, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Romolo Di Iorio
- Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marinoni
- Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Luc J. Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio D. W. Gavilanes
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. S. Vles
- Department of Child Neurology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Kornacka
- Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care of Neonate, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Darek Gruszfeld
- Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care of Neonate, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rosanna Frulio
- Department of Pediatrics “G. Gaslini” Children’s University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Renata Sacchi
- Department of Pediatrics “G. Gaslini” Children’s University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sabina Ciotti
- Department of Pediatrics “G. Gaslini” Children’s University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco M. Risso
- Department of Pediatrics “G. Gaslini” Children’s University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Sannia
- Department of Pediatrics “G. Gaslini” Children’s University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Florio
- UOC of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “S. Iacopo” Hospital, Pistoia, Italy
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND S100B level in the blood has been used as a marker for brain damage and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Elevations of S100B levels after exercise have been observed, suggesting that the BBB may be compromised during exercise. However, an increase in S100B levels may be confounded by other variables. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this review was to compile findings on the relationship between S100B and exercise in order to determine if this protein is a valid marker for BBB disruptions during exercise. The secondary objective was to consolidate known factors causing S100B increases that may give rise to inaccurate interpretations of S100B levels. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect were searched for relevant studies up to January 2013, in which S100B measurements were taken after a bout of exercise. Animal studies were excluded. Variables of interest such as the type of activity, exercise intensities, duration, detection methods, presence and extent of head trauma were examined and compiled. RESULTS This review included 23 studies; 15 (65 %) reported S100B increases after exercise, and among these, ten reported S100B increases regardless of intervention, while five reported increases in only some trials but not others. Eight (35 %) studies reported no increases in S100B levels across all trials. Most baseline S100B levels fall below 0.16 μg/L, with an increase in S100B levels of less than 0.07 μg/L following exercise. Factors that are likely to affect S100B levels include exercise intensity, and duration, presence and extent of head trauma. Several other probable factors influencing S100B elevations are muscle breakdown, level of training and oxidative stress, but current findings are still weak and inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Elevated S100B levels have been recorded following exercise and are mostly attributed to either an increase in BBB permeability or trauma to the head. However, even in the absence of head trauma, it appears that the BBB may be compromised following exercise, with the severity dependent on exercise intensity.
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18
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Serpero LD, Bellissima V, Colivicchi M, Sabatini M, Frigiola A, Ricotti A, Ghiglione V, Strozzi MC, Li Volti G, Galvano F, Gazzolo D. Next generation biomarkers for brain injury. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26 Suppl 2:44-9. [PMID: 24059552 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.829688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
The S100 protein family consists of 24 members functionally distributed into three main subgroups: those that only exert intracellular regulatory effects, those with intracellular and extracellular functions and those which mainly exert extracellular regulatory effects. S100 proteins are only expressed in vertebrates and show cell-specific expression patterns. In some instances, a particular S100 protein can be induced in pathological circumstances in a cell type that does not express it in normal physiological conditions. Within cells, S100 proteins are involved in aspects of regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis, energy metabolism, inflammation and migration/invasion through interactions with a variety of target proteins including enzymes, cytoskeletal subunits, receptors, transcription factors and nucleic acids. Some S100 proteins are secreted or released and regulate cell functions in an autocrine and paracrine manner via activation of surface receptors (e.g. the receptor for advanced glycation end-products and toll-like receptor 4), G-protein-coupled receptors, scavenger receptors, or heparan sulfate proteoglycans and N-glycans. Extracellular S100A4 and S100B also interact with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, respectively, thereby enhancing the activity of the corresponding receptors. Thus, extracellular S100 proteins exert regulatory activities on monocytes/macrophages/microglia, neutrophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, articular chondrocytes, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells, epithelial cells, myoblasts and cardiomyocytes, thereby participating in innate and adaptive immune responses, cell migration and chemotaxis, tissue development and repair, and leukocyte and tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
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20
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Sannia A, Risso FM, Zimmermann LJI, Gavilanes AWD, Vles HJ, Gazzolo D. S100B urine concentrations in late preterm infants are gestational age and gender dependent. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 417:31-4. [PMID: 23262371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late preterm deliveries (LP, between 34 and 36wks), have considerably increased in the last decades. About 20-25% of LP infants who require intensive care and morbidity on public health are of great magnitude. Therefore, we aimed at offering a reference curve in LP period of a well-established neurotrophic and brain damage marker namely S100B protein. METHODS We collected, between December 2009 and March 2012, urine samples, at first void (within 6-hours from birth) for S100B assessment, in 277 healthy LP infants consecutively admitted to our units. Standard clinical and laboratory monitoring parameters were also recorded. S100B was measured by using a commercially available immunoluminometric assay. RESULTS S100B pattern in LP infants was characterized by a slight decrease in protein's concentration from 34 to 35wks. From 35wks onwards S100B started to increase reaching a significant difference (P=0.008) at 36wks. When corrected for gender, significantly higher (P<0.01, for all) S100B concentrations in female were observed from 34 to 36wks. Polynomial type-1 regression analysis showed a significant correlation (R=-0.05; P<0.001) between gestational age and S100B in LP infants considering either the whole study population or when corrected for gender. CONCLUSIONS S100B in LP infants is gestational age and gender dependent. The present reference curve, for S100B in LP period, offers additional support to protein's neurotrophic role and suggests that gestational age and gender have to be taken into due account, whenever S100B is measured, in order to avoid bias factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sannia
- Dept. Critical Care and Perinatal Medicine G. Gaslini Children's Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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21
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Beharier O, Kahn J, Shusterman E, Sheiner E. S100B - a potential biomarker for early detection of neonatal brain damage following asphyxia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25:1523-8. [PMID: 22348227 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.664200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Birth asphyxia results in a significant percentage of neonatal morbidity and mortality. A key factor in the management of this complication is the early and accurate detection of brain damage following asphyxia. Currently, reliable tools for such diagnosis are absent. Extensive research has focused on biomarkers in an attempt to solve this matter. Recent data marked serum and urine elevation of the S100B protein as an established peripheral biomarker for detection of brain injury including traumatic head injuries and brain damage following cardiac arrest and stroke. In the past decade, a substantial number of studies illustrated the potential use of S100B testing in order to detect brain damage in asphyxiated newborns. This review summarizes the available data regarding the use of S100B as a biomarker of brain damage following birth asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Beharier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Abstract
Mother milk is widely accepted to be a unique product believed to contain biological factors involved in the regulation of newborn optimal growth including brain when compared to milk-formula milks. In this setting, there is growing evidence that in milk-formula neuro-oxidative stress biomarkers, neurotrophic proteins and calcium binding proteins, known to be involved in a cascade of events leading to brain, cardiac and vascular development/damage, are to date lacking or at a lower concentration than breast milk. Therefore, this review is aimed at offering additional insights to the role in human milk of some selected biomarkers such as: i) neurotrophic factors such as Activin A; ii) Calcium binding protein such as S100B and, iii) heat shock protein known to be involved in oxidative stress response (namely hemeoxygenase-1, HO-1 or Heat shock Protein 32, HSP32).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Serpero
- Department of Neurology, Ophthalmology and Genetics, Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
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23
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Michetti F, Corvino V, Geloso MC, Lattanzi W, Bernardini C, Serpero L, Gazzolo D. The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress. J Neurochem 2012; 120:644-59. [PMID: 22145907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein concentrated in glial cells, although it has also been detected in definite extra-neural cell types. Its biological role is still debated. When secreted, S100B is believed to have paracrine/autocrine trophic effects at physiological concentrations, but toxic effects at higher concentrations. Elevated S100B levels in biological fluids (CSF, blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are thus regarded as a biomarker of pathological conditions, including perinatal brain distress, acute brain injury, brain tumors, neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders. In the majority of these conditions, high S100B levels offer an indicator of cell damage when standard diagnostic procedures are still silent. The key question remains as to whether S100B is merely leaked from injured cells or is released in concomitance with both physiological and pathological conditions, participating at high concentrations in the events leading to cell injury. In this respect, S100B levels in biological fluids have been shown to increase in physiological conditions characterized by stressful physical and mental activity, suggesting that it may be physiologically regulated and raised during conditions of stress, with a putatively active role. This possibility makes this protein a candidate not only for a biomarker but also for a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
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24
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Michetti F, Bruschettini M, Frigiola A, Abella R, Giamberti A, Marchese N, Mangraviti S, Melioli G, Baldari A, Bruschettini P, Gazzolo D. Saliva S100B in professional sportsmen: High levels at resting conditions and increased after vigorous physical activity. Clin Biochem 2010; 44:245-7. [PMID: 20970414 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological dysfunction is a key medical concern in professional sportsmen (PSM). We investigated whether saliva S100B concentrations in PSM and healthy controls are modified before and after training. METHODS We conducted a case-control-study in 75 patients (25 PSM vs 50 controls) in which S100B saliva concentrations were expressed as absolute values and percentage of change (%) from samples drawn before (T0) and after (T1) training. RESULTS No differences (P>0.05) between groups were found regarding clinical, monitoring and laboratory parameters. S100B both in PSM and controls was higher at T1 when compared to T0 (P<0.01). In PSM, S100B was higher than controls (P<0.001) at T0 and T1. S100B% at T0-T1 was higher (P<0.001) in PSM and in controls and between PSM and controls (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increased saliva S100B levels in PSM before and after training suggest a paracrine/autocrine protein's role connected to stressing activity, which becomes especially evident in PSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Gazzolo D, Abella R, Frigiola A, Giamberti A, Tina G, Nigro F, Florio P, Colivicchi M, Temporini F, Ricotti A, Li Volti G, Galvano F. Neuromarkers and unconventional biological fluids. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23 Suppl 3:66-9. [PMID: 20836729 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2010.507960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Perinatal S100B Protein Assessment in Human Unconventional Biological Fluids: A Minireview and New Perspectives. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2010; 2010:703563. [PMID: 20634930 PMCID: PMC2903947 DOI: 10.1155/2010/703563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence is now available on the use of S100B protein as a valuable marker of brain damage and its role as a neurotrophic factor. Bearing in mind, among different S100B protein properties that are still being investigated, the possibility of measuring this protein in different biological fluids renders it suitable for use in several disciplines. This is the case with perinatal medicine where even more noninvasive techniques are particularly desirable in order to ensure the minimal handling diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In this setting, the present minireview reports data on the presence and the usefulness of S100B protein as brain damage marker and as a neurotrophic factor in the so-called unconventional biological fluids such as saliva and human milk, respectively. Results offer new possibilities for the use of S100B in perinatal medicine as a key-protein for the investigations focusing on central nervous system development and damage.
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Pawluski JL, Galea LAM, Brain U, Papsdorf M, Oberlander TF. Neonatal S100B protein levels after prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Pediatrics 2009; 124:e662-70. [PMID: 19786426 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated neonatal S100B levels as a biomarker of prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure. METHODS Maternal (delivery; N = 53) and neonatal (cord; N = 52) serum S100B levels were compared between prenatally SSRI-exposed (maternal, N = 36; neonatal, N = 37; duration: 230 +/- 71 days) and nonexposed (maternal, N = 17; neonatal, N = 15) groups. Measures of maternal depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed during the third trimester (33-36 weeks), and neonatal outcomes, including Apgar scores, birth weight, gestational age at birth, and symptoms of poor neonatal adaptation, were recorded. RESULTS S100B levels were significantly lower in prenatally SSRI-exposed neonates than in nonexposed neonates, controlling for gestational age and third-trimester maternal mood (P = .036). In contrast, SSRI-exposed mothers had significantly higher maternal serum S100B levels, compared with nonexposed mothers (P = .014), even controlling for maternal mood in the third trimester. S100B levels were not associated with maternal or neonatal drug levels, duration of prenatal exposure, demographic variables, or risk for poor neonatal adaptation. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal SSRI exposure was associated with decreased neonatal serum S100B levels, controlling for prenatal maternal mood. Neonatal S100B levels did not reflect neonatal behavioral outcomes and were not related to pharmacologic indices. These findings are consistent with prenatal alcohol and cocaine exposures, which also alter central serotonin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Pawluski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Musumeci M, Betta P, Magro E, Isaia T, Simpore J, Romeo DM, Musumeci S. S100B concentration in colostrums of Burkinabe and Sicilian women. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2008; 5:15. [PMID: 18498658 PMCID: PMC2423355 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the S100B concentration in colostrums of 51 Burkinabe and 30 Sicilian women, still living in their countries, and in case of a difference to search for its explanations, considering also ethnic differences. The concentration of S100B, in colostrums of the first three days from the delivery, was assessed with commercial immunoluminometric assay. The production of colostrums was significantly higher in Burkinabe women, where the colostrums S100B levels in the first day of lactation showed to be at 24 h higher than those of Sicilian mothers (672.21 ± 256.67 ng/ml vs 309.36 ± 65.28 ng/ml) and progressively decreased reaching the values of Sicilian mothers in the second and third day (204.31 ± 63.25 ng/ml and 199.42 ± 45.28 ng/ml, respectively). Correlation was found between the level of S100B and the length of stage II (duration of expulsive phase of delivery), but the correlation with pain was found only in Burkinabe women. The S100B level in colostrums of Burkinabe mothers differs from that of Sicilians only in the first day of lactation, and in consideration that Burkinabe women produce more colostrums, their newborns receive, during the first days of life, an higher amount of S100B. The elevated quantity of S100B ingested by Burkinabe newborn in the first days of life could promote the physiological postnatal brain adaptation and maturation in the precarious delivery condition of African infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Musumeci
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy.
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Gardiner J, Overall R, Marc J. Do salivary neurotrophic factors provide neurotrophic support to neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems including nerves innervating papillae on the tongue? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bihy.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Friel LA, Romero R, Edwin S, Nien JK, Gomez R, Chaiworapongsa T, Kusanovic JP, Tolosa JE, Hassan SS, Espinoza J. The calcium binding protein, S100B, is increased in the amniotic fluid of women with intra-amniotic infection/inflammation and preterm labor with intact or ruptured membranes. J Perinat Med 2007; 35:385-93. [PMID: 17624933 PMCID: PMC2587429 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2007.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE S100B is produced by glia of the central and peripheral nervous systems and is considered a marker of neurologic injury in the perinatal period. Indeed, increased neonatal urine S100B concentration is associated with adverse neurological outcomes including intraventricular hemorrhage and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, while elevated adult serum concentrations are associated with infectious diseases/sepsis. The objective of this study was to determine whether amniotic fluid (AF) S100B concentrations change with advancing gestational age and intra-amniotic infection (IAI). STUDY DESIGN S100B concentration was measured in the AF of women in midtrimester, at term, and in pregnancies with preterm labor and intact membranes (PTL) or preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), with and without IAI. Placental pathology was performed and neonatal outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS (1) AF S100B concentration did not change during gestation; (2) patients with IAI had significantly higher AF S100B concentration than those without IAI following an episode of PTL or PPROM and; (3) neonates who had morbidity/mortality had had an elevated AF S100B concentration; however, this could be explained by the association with intra-amniotic infection/inflammation. Thus, AF S100B concentration was not an independent predictor of neonatal morbidity or fetal/neonatal death. CONCLUSIONS An elevated concentration of AF S100B may reflect intra-amniotic infection/inflammation and not necessarily fetal neurologic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A. Friel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Corresponding authors: Lara A. Friel, MD/PhD and Roberto Romero, MD, Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, 4 Brush South/Hutzel Women's Hospital 3990 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, Phone: (313) 993−2700, Fax: (313) 993−2694, E-mail:
| | - Roberto Romero
- The Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- The Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Corresponding authors: Lara A. Friel, MD/PhD and Roberto Romero, MD, Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, 4 Brush South/Hutzel Women's Hospital 3990 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, Phone: (313) 993−2700, Fax: (313) 993−2694, E-mail:
| | - Sam Edwin
- The Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jyh Kae Nien
- The Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ricardo Gomez
- Sotero del Rio Hospital, Center for Perinatal Diagnosis and Research, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- The Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jorge E. Tolosa
- Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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