Association of MMP-3 5A/6A gene polymorphism with susceptibility to carotid atherosclerosis

Association of MMP1 and MMP3 haplotypes with myocardial infarction and echocardiographic parameters of the left ventricle

BACKGROUND

Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to ischemia and afterward to left ventricular (LV) remodeling. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) and -3 (MMP3) belong to the family of endopeptidases and together they can dissolve most of the components of the extracellular matrix. MMP1 and MMP3 variants have been investigated solely in association with ischemic heart disease and LV dysfunction, but not in haplotype. The aims of this study were to investigate the association of haplotypes inferred from MMP1 rs1799750 (-1607 1G/2G; NC_000011.9:g.102670497del) and MMP3 rs35068180 (-1612 5A/6A; NC_000011.9:g.102715952dup) with MI and their effect on the change in echocardiographic parameters of LV structure and function in patients within 6 months after MI.

METHODS

The study included 325 patients with the first MI and 283 healthy controls. Gene variants were detected by PCR-RFLP method. Parameters of LV structure and function were assessed by conventional 2D echocardiography, 3-5 days and 6 months after the first MI, on a subgroup of 160 patients. Haplotype analysis was performed with Thesias software.

RESULTS

Haplotypes 2G-5A and 1G-6A were significantly and independently associated with MI compared with the reference haplotype 2G-6A (adjusted, p = 0.009 and p = 0.026, respectively). After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, MMP1 and MMP3 haplotypes lost their association with the change in LV long diameter and stroke volume within 6 months after MI.

CONCLUSION

MMP1 and MMP3 haplotypes are strongly associated with MI. Further studies are needed to validate this result and to examine their association with echocardiographic parameters of LV structure and function after MI.

The associations between red cell distribution width and plasma proteins in a general population

BACKGROUND

High red cell distribution width (RDW) has been increasingly recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Our aim was to explore the associations between RDW and plasma proteins implicated in the pathogenesis of CVD using a targeted proteomics panel.

METHODS

RDW and 88 plasma proteins were measured in a population-based cohort study (n = 4726), Malmö Diet and Cancer-Cardiovascular Cohort (MDC-CC). A random 2/3 of the cohort was used as discovery sample and remaining 1/3 was used for replication. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the associations between RDW and plasma proteins, with adjustments for age, sex, and other potential confounders. Proteins with Bonferroni-corrected significant associations with RDW in the discovery sub-cohort were validated in the replication cohort.

RESULTS

Thirteen of 88 plasma proteins had significant associations with RDW in the discovery sample, after multivariate adjustments. Eleven of them were also significant in the replication sample, including SIR2-like protein 2 (SIRT2), stem cell factor (SCF, inversely), melusin (ITGB1BP2), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), CD40 ligand (CD40-L), urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor (U-PAR) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3).

CONCLUSIONS

Several proteins from this targeted proteomics panel were associated with RDW in this cohort. These proteins could potentially be linked to the increased cardiovascular risk in individuals with high RDW.

Tissue inhibitor of the metalloproteinases-3 gene polymorphisms and carotid plaque susceptibility in the Han Chinese population

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are endogenous inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases that are involved in normal cellular processes and in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Our purpose was to evaluate the polymorphisms of the TIMP-3 genes for their associations with carotid plaques or with serum protein levels in the Han Chinese population. Two promoter variants, -915A/G (rs2234921) and -1296T/C (rs9619311), were genotyped in 548 subjects with no plaques, 462 subjects with echogenic plaques, and 427 subjects with mixture plaques. The serum TIMP-3 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was a strong linkage disequilibrium between -1296T/C and -915A/G (D' = 1.0, r² = 0.991). The individuals with the genotype (TC+CC) were 1.8 times more likely to have mixture plaques than the individuals with the TT genotype (P = 0.001, OR: 1.836, 95%CI: 1.269-2.665). The frequency of the C allele in the mixture plaque group was significantly higher than in the no plaque group (P = 0.009, CI: 1.119-2.187). We observed a significant elevation of the TIMP-3 levels in the serum of patients affected with mixture plaques compared to those with no plaques (P = 0.013). The current data suggest that genetic variation in the TIMP-3 genes may contribute to individual differences in mixture plaque susceptibility in the Han Chinese population.

Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis: A Review on Heritability and Genetics

Carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, and therefore, assessing the genetic versus environmental background of CAS traits is of key importance. Carotid intima-media-thickness and plaque characteristics seem to be moderately heritable, with remarkable differences in both heritability and presence or severity of these traits among ethnicities. Although the considerable role of additive genetic effects is obvious, based on the results so far, there is an important emphasis on non-shared environmental factors as well. We aimed to collect and summarize the papers that investigate twin and family studies assessing the phenotypic variance attributable to genetic associations with CAS. Genes in relation to CAS markers were overviewed with a focus on genetic association studies and genome-wide association studies. Although the role of certain genes is confirmed by studies conducted on large populations and meta-analyses, many of them show conflicting results. A great focus should be on future studies elucidating the exact pathomechanism of these genes in CAS in order to imply them as novel therapeutic targets.

Association between matrix metalloproteinase family gene polymorphisms and risk of ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 29 studies

BACKGROUND

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a complex and devastating vascular disease that has become one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Several studies have shown the association between matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family gene polymorphisms and IS. However, the results have been indecisive.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between Matrix Metalloproteinase gene polymorphisms and risk of IS.

METHODS

A literature search for eligible candidate gene studies published before, 28 June 2017, was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases. The following combinations of main keywords were used: ('Matrix Metalloproteinase' or 'MMP' or 'Stromelysin-1' or 'Gelatinase b') AND ('ischemic stroke' or 'IS') AND ('single nucleotide polymorphism' or 'gene polymorphism' or 'SNP'). Fixed or random effects models were used to estimate the Pooled Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical analysis was carried out by using STATA version 13.0 software.

RESULTS

Total 29 studies were included in our meta-analysis. A significant association was observed for MMP-9 (-1562C/T) (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.53; p value = 0.01) and MMP-12 (-1082 A/G) (OR 2.55; 95% CI 1.75 to 3.71; p value<0.001) gene polymorphisms and risk of IS. No significant association was found for any of the MMP-1(-1607 1G/2G), MMP-2 (-1306C/T) & (-735C/T) and MMP-3 (-1612 5A/6A) gene polymorphisms with the risk of IS.

CONCLUSION

Our meta-analysis suggests that MMP-9 (-1562C/T) and MMP-12 (-1082 A/G) gene polymorphisms could be a risk factor for IS while MMP-1 (-1607 1G/2G), MMP-2 (-1306C/T) & (-735C/T) and MMP-3 (-1612 5A/6A) have no association with the risk of causing IS. However, large prospective studies with sufficient power are required to validate our findings.

Association of the matrix metalloproteinase-3 polymorphisms rs679620 and rs3025058 with ischemic stroke risk: a meta-analysis

PURPOSE

The relationship of the matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) polymorphisms rs679620 and rs3025058 with ischemic stroke has received much attention. The aim of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis of published case-control studies to evaluate the cumulative evidence.

METHODS

We performed a search of ISI Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were appropriately derived from fixed-effects or random-effects models.

RESULTS

We identified seven eligible studies including 5,204 subjects. The pooled analysis showed that the MMP-3 rs679620 A allele carriers had increased risk of ischemic stroke compared with homozygotes for the G allele in Asians (AA + GA vs GG: OR =1.42, 95% CI: 1.05-1.91, P=0.022). Concerning the rs3025058 polymorphism, the results did not suggest an association between rs3025058 genotypes and ischemic stroke risk (5A5A + 6A5A vs 6A6A: OR =1.04, 95% CI: 0.73-1.47, P=0.844; 5A5A vs 6A5A + 6A6A: OR =1.14, 95% CI: 0.74-1.77, P=0.556; and 5A5A vs 6A6A: OR =1.11, 95% CI: 0.68-1.80, P=0.677). In subgroup analysis by ethnicity, no statistically significant associations were demonstrated for rs3025058 in Asians and Caucasians, respectively. There was no evidence for publication bias.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that the rs679620 A allele carriers have increased risk of ischemic stroke in Asians, but there is no association between rs3025058 and ischemic stroke risk.

MMP3 -1171 5A/6A Promoter Genotype Influences Serum MMP3 Levels and Is Associated with Deep Venous Thrombosis

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of MMP3 (matrix metalloproteinase-3) gene polymorphism and protein expression in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) among Chinese Han population.

METHODS

A total of 280 subjects were included in this study and categorized as case group (144 DVT patients) and control group (136 healthy individuals). Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to detect MMP3 promoter -1171 5A>6A genotype and allele frequencies. MMP3 serum levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SPSS version 18.0 statistical software was used for data analysis.

RESULTS

There was significant difference in genotype frequencies of MMP3 gene -1171 5A>6A between the case group and the control group (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, the 6A allele on MMP3 -1171 5A>6A may be associated with increased risk of DVT (odds ratio 1.961, 95% confidence interval 1.309-2.939, P < 0.01). The MMP3 serum level in DVT patients was markedly higher than the control group (case group: 28.45 ± 10.97 vs.

CONTROL GROUP

18.18 ± 9.03, P < 0.05). Serum MMP3 level in DVT patients carrying 5A/6A and 6A/6A genotypes was higher than the control group (P < 0.05). The bilateral calf circumference difference was significantly higher in DVT patients than the control group among all the genotypes at MMP3 gene -1171 5A>6A (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

MMP3 gene -1171 5A>6A polymorphism and upregulated protein expression may be associated with DVT risk in Chinese Han population.

Serum levels and polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in carotid artery atherosclerosis: higher MMP-9 levels are associated with plaque vulnerability

CONTEXT

Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate serum levels and genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) -1, -3 and -9 in patients submitted to carotid endarterectomy.

METHODS

Genetic polymorphisms were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP); serum levels were measured using ELISA; histological sections were stained with Picrosirius Red to analyze the fibrous cap thickness, lipid core and collagen content and with hematoxylin--eosin to detect the presence of intraplaque hemorrhage.

RESULTS

MMP-9 serum levels were significantly higher in patients with a thinner fibrous cap (p = 0.033) or acute or recent intraplaque hemorrhage (p = 0.008) on histology, as well as in patients with previous stroke (p = 0.009) or peripheral vascular disease (p = 0.049). No consistent associations were observed between different MMP genotypes and fibrous cap thickness, lipid core, collagen content or intraplaque hemorrhage.

CONCLUSIONS

MMP-9 serum levels were consistently associated with markers of carotid atherosclerosis and lesion vulnerability, whereas specific MMP genotypes were not.

Effect of the +781C/T polymorphism in the interleukin-8 gene on atherosclerotic cerebral infarction, and its interaction with smoking and drinking

OBJECTIVE

The aims of this study were to investigate the association between the +781C/T polymorphism of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and atherosclerotic cerebral infarction and the interaction between the +781C/T polymorphism and smoking or drinking in cerebral infarction in the Han Chinese population.

METHODS

We investigated the +781C/T polymorphism of IL-8 in 308 consecutive Han Chinese patients who were diagnosed with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction and in 294 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. The patients were classified using the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP) classification. The patients and subjects' histories of smoking and drinking were recorded, and atherosclerosis (AS) of the internal carotid artery (ICA) was evaluated in the patients. The +781C/T polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis.

RESULTS

The +781C/T polymorphism and allele frequencies were not significantly different between the patients and controls and were not significantly associated with the OCSP classifications. We found that the 781C allele was significantly associated with AS of the ICA in the patients (p = 0.017), and the CT genotype was more prevalent in patients without AS of the ICA (p = 0.035). No interactions were observed between the +781C/T polymorphism and smoking or drinking.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrated that the +781C/T polymorphism of IL-8 did not play a role and had no interaction with smoking or drinking in the occurrence of cerebral infarction in the Han Chinese population. However, the C allele and the CT genotype might be associated with AS of the ICA in patients with ischemic stroke.

The polymorphisms of the MMP-1 and the MMP-3 genes and the risk of pelvic organ prolapse

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS

To investigate the associations between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) type 1G/2G at position -1607/-1608 of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 gene and SNP type 5A/6A at position -1612/-1617 of the MMP-3 gene and the development of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in women.

METHODS

133 patients with symptomatic POP were included in the study group. The control group consisted of 132 women with a normal pelvic floor. 1G/2G MMP-1 and 5A/6A MMP-3 SNPs were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragments length polymorphism analysis.

RESULTS

When estimated individually none of the investigated SNPs were associated with POP. The combined MMP-1/MMP-3 SNP analysis showed that the following polymorphic pairs were overrepresented in women with POP: 1G/2G -5A/6A, 2G/2G -5A/6A, 2G/2G -5A/5A, 1G/1G -6A/6A, p=0.005.

CONCLUSIONS

The combined effect of -1607/-1608 MMP-1 and -1612/-1617 MMP-3 SNPs may contribute to the development of POP in some women.

Hemodialysis removes uremic toxins that alter the biological actions of endothelial cells

Chronic kidney disease is linked to systemic inflammation and to an increased risk of ischemic heart disease and atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction associates with hypertension and vascular disease in the presence of chronic kidney disease but the mechanisms that regulate the activation of the endothelium at the early stages of the disease, before systemic inflammation is established remain obscure. In the present study we investigated the effect of serum derived from patients with chronic kidney disease either before or after hemodialysis on the activation of human endothelial cells in vitro, as an attempt to define the overall effect of uremic toxins at the early stages of endothelial dysfunction. Our results argue that uremic toxins alter the biological actions of endothelial cells and the remodelling of the extracellular matrix before signs of systemic inflammatory responses are observed. This study further elucidates the early events of endothelial dysfunction during toxic uremia conditions allowing more complete understanding of the molecular events as well as their sequence during progressive renal failure.

MMP-3 (5A/6A) polymorphism does not influence human smooth muscle cell invasion

BACKGROUND

Stromelysin (MMP-3) is an important regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) invasion, a key contributor to saphenous vein (SV) bypass graft failure. The 5A allele of the common -1612 MMP-3 5A/6A promoter polymorphism reportedly confers increased promoter activity, MMP-3 tissue expression, and susceptibility to a number of vascular pathologies. The aim of this study was to determine whether the MMP-3 5A/6A polymorphism directly influences endogenous MMP-3 expression levels and, consequently, cell invasion, in SV-derived SMC cultured from patients with different genotypes.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Genotyping of 226 patients revealed -1612 MMP-3 5A/6A genotype frequencies of 20.8% 5A/5A, 52.7% 5A/6A, and 26.5% 6A/6A. Using a standardized, controlled protocol, we investigated cytokine- and growth factor-induced MMP-3 expression (real-time polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR], ELISA) and SV-SMC invasion (Boyden chamber with Matrigel barrier) using cultured SV-SMC from patients with different MMP-3 genotypes.

RESULTS

Despite observing a strong correlation between MMP-3 mRNA levels and MMP-3 protein secretion, no significant differences were apparent in MMP-3 expression levels or cell invasion between cells with different MMP-3 5A/6A genotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that the MMP-3 5A/6A promoter polymorphism in isolation does not influence levels of MMP-3 secretion or cellular invasion in human SV-SMC.