Association of hsp70-2 (+1267A/G), hsp70-hom (+2437T/C), HMOX-1 (number of GT repeats) and TNF-alpha (+489G/A) polymorphisms with COPD in Croatian population

Association between single-nucleotide polymorphism of cytokines genes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Cytokines, which are the main regulators of immune responses, play crucial roles in inflammatory diseases such as COPD. Moreover, certain genetic variations can alter cytokine expression, and changes in cytokine level or function can affect disease susceptibility. Therefore, investigating the association between genetic variations and disease progression can be useful for prevention and treatment. Several studies have explored the association between common genetic variations in cytokine genes and COPD susceptibility. In this study, we summarized the reported studies and, where possible, conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the genetic association between various cytokines and COPD pathogenesis. We extracted relevant articles from PubMed and Google Scholar databases using a standard systematic search strategy. We included a total of 183 studies from 78 separate articles that evaluated 50 polymorphisms in 12 cytokine genes in this study. Our analysis showed that among all reported cytokine polymorphisms (including TNF-α, TGF-β, IL1, IL1RN, IL4, IL4R, IL6, IL10, IL12, IL13, IL17, IL18, IL27, and IL33), only four variants, including TNF-α-rs1800629, TGF-β1-rs6957, IL13-rs1800925, and IL6-rs1800796, were associated with the risk of COPD development. This updated meta-analysis strongly supports the association of TNF-α-rs1800629, TGF-β1-rs6957, IL13-rs1800925, and IL6-rs1800796 variants with a high risk of COPD.

Association Between TNF-α-308, +489, -238 Polymorphism, and COPD Susceptibility: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis

The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) polymorphism may play an important role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) susceptibility. However, the results are still inconclusive. Eligible studies were searched in Cochrane Library database, EMBASE, Pudmed, Web of science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database. Finally, a total of 27 case-control studies with 3473 COPD cases and 4935 controls were included in the present analysis. We also performed trial sequential analysis (TSA) to confirm our results. Overall, association between TNF-α-308G/A polymorphism and COPD susceptibility was identified in allelic model (A vs. G, OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.01-1.45, p = 0.04) when smoking status was not adjusted. In ethnicity subgroup analysis, we found that the TNF-α -308G/A polymorphism was associated to COPD among Asians (GA vs. GG, OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.04-1.77, p = 0.02) when smoking status was not adjusted. However, no significant association was found in Asian smokers or Caucasian smokers. In conclusion, our study suggest that TNF-α-308 GA genotype is related to COPD in the Asian population. In addition, the TNF-α+489G/A, - 238G/A variants do not increase the risk of COPD. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42021273980.

Increased HSP70 and TLR2 Gene Expression and Association of HSP70 rs6457452 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism with the Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Croatian Population

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) engages Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 when found in the extracellular compartment and contributes to inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Since there is growing evidence for the genetic risk factors for COPD, the gene expression of HSP70, TLR2 and TLR4 was determined, as well as the association between HSP70, TLR2 and TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms, (SNPs) and COPD. The gene expression was assessed in peripheral blood cells of 137 COPD patients and 95 controls by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), while a total of nine SNPs were genotyped by TaqMan allelic discrimination real-time PCR. HSP70 and TLR2 gene expression was increased in COPD patients compared to the controls, regardless of the disease severity and smoking status of participants. The rs6457452 SNP of HSP70 was associated with COPD, indicating the protective role of the T allele (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.24-0.89, p = 0.022). Furthermore, COPD C/T heterozygotes showed a decreased HSP70 mRNA level compared to COPD C/C homozygotes. In conclusion, HSP70 and TLR2 may have a role in the pathogenesis of COPD, and the HSP70 rs6457452 variant might influence the genetic susceptibility to COPD in the Croatian population.

Differential expression of heat shock proteins and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in A549 alveolar epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract

NEW FINDINGS

What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of cigarette smoke on cell death, oxidative damage, expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in A549 alveolar epithelial cells? What is the main finding and its importance? Cigarette smoke induces cytotoxicity and oxidative damage to A549 cells, increases expression of different HSPs and activates MAPK signalling pathways. This could be related to inflammatory response and apoptosis observed in lungs of patients with smoking-related diseases.

ABSTRACT

Cigarette smoking is one of the main risk factors for development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We previously reported that cigarette smoke (CS) induces damage to proteins and their ineffective degradation. Here, we hypothesize that CS could induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in lung epithelial cells through alterations of heat shock protein (HSP) expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways. We exposed A549 alveolar epithelial cells to various concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Higher concentrations of CSE caused apoptosis of A549 cells after 4 h, while after 24 h cell viability was decreased, and lactate dehydrogenase in cell culture medium was increased as well as the number of necrotic cells. Concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) were elevated, while total thiol groups were decreased. Changes in the expression of HSPs (HSP70, HSP32 and HSP27) were time-dependent. After 6 h, CSE caused an increase in the expression of HSP70 and HSP32, while after 8 h all examined HSPs were up-regulated and remained increased up to 48 h. Treatment of A549 cells with CSE stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 in a dose-dependent manner, while c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation was not detected. By using specific inhibitors, we demonstrated that MAPKs and HSPs interplay in CSE effects. In conclusion, our results show that MAPKs and HSPs are involved in the mechanism underlying CSE-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage to A549 alveolar epithelial cells. These processes could be related to inflammatory response and apoptosis observed in lungs of patients with smoking-related diseases, such as COPD.

PON1 gene polymorphisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Aims

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised with oxidative stress. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme, coded by PON1 gene, with distinctive antiatherogenic and antioxidative roles. We aimed to investigate the frequencies of Q192R, L55M and −108C>T polymorphisms and association of those polymorphisms with paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in patients with COPD.

Methods

PON1 genotype was determined by PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism method. PON1 activity was measured by paraoxon and phenylacetate.

Results

Only −108C>T polymorphism resulted in significantly different distribution of genotypes and alleles, with higher frequency of TT genotype and T allele in patients compared with control subjects. Moreover, T allele (OR 2.29 (95% CI 1.54 to 3.41); p<0.001) as well as TT genotype (OR 5.00 (95% CI 2.19 to 11.43); p<0.001) showed an association with the disease. −108C>T polymorphism was suggested as a significant diagnostic predictor for the disease (OR (95% CI) 2.65 (1.53 to 4.59), p=0.001), with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.90 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.93) and with 83.90% of correctly classified cases.

Conclusions

Higher frequency of TT genotype and T allele could contribute to the observed reduction of PON1 activity in patients with COPD. T allele and TT genotype are associated with COPD, and the PON1−108C>T polymorphism could be a potential predictor of the disease.

Genetic polymorphism of heme oxygenase 1 promoter in the occurrence and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis

Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) plays an important role in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the association of HMOX1 length polymorphism in promoter region to the risk and severity of COPD has not been well studied. In this study, we searched the databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and extracted the information from related articles. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to study the effect of HMOX1 polymorphism on the risk and severity of COPD. As a result, nine studies were included for this meta‐analysis. Higher frequencies of L allele and type I genotype (containing at least one L allele) were found in patients with COPD (for L allele, OR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.32–3.11, P = 0.001; for type I genotype, OR 1.82, 95% CI: 1.28–2.61, P = 0.001), especially in Asian population (for L allele, OR 2.23, 95% CI: 1.68–2.95, P < 0.001; for type I genotype, OR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.51–2.70, P < 0.001). Genotyping method, source of control subjects, literature quality and language also affected the results to some extent. However, there was little difference in HMOX1 genotypes distribution in patients with COPD with different severity. Our study indicated L allele and type I genotype were related to the susceptibility but not the severity of COPD.

Polymorphisms in Heat Shock Proteins A1B and A1L (HOM) as Risk Factors for Oesophageal Carcinoma in Northeast India

BACKGROUND

To investigate polymorphisms in heat shock proteins A1B and A1L (HOM) and associated risk of oesophageal carcinoma in Northeast India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study includes oesophageal cancer (ECA) patients attending general outpatient department (OPD) and endoscopic unit of Gauhati Medical College. Patients were diagnosed based on endoscopic and histopathological findings. Genomic DNA was typed for HSPA1B1267 and HSPA1L2437 SNPs using the polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

RESULTS

A total of 78 cases and 100 age-sex matched healthy controls were included in the study with a male: female ratio of 5:3 and a mean age of 61.4±8.5 years. Clinico-pathological evaluation showed 84% had squamous cell carcinoma and 16% were adenocarcinoma. Dysphagia grades 4 (43.5%) and 5 (37.1%) were observed by endoscopic and hispathological evaluation. The frequency of genomic variation of A1B from wild type A/A to heterozygous A/G and mutant G/G showed a positive association [chi sq=19.9, p= <0.05] and the allelic frequency also showed a significant correlation [chi sq=10.3, with cases vs. controls, OR=0.32, p≤0.05]. The genomic variation of A1L from wild T/T to heterozygous T/C and mutant C/C were found positively associated [chi sq= 7.02, p<0.05] with development of ECA. While analyzing the allelic frequency, there was no significant association [chi sq= 3.19, OR=0.49, p=0.07]. Among all the risk factors, betel quid [OR =9.79, Chi square= 35.0, p<0.05], tobacco [OR = 2.95, chi square=10.6, p<0.05], smoking [OR=3.23, chi square=10.1, p<0.05] demonstrated significant differences between consumers vs. non consumers regarding EC development. Alcohol did not show any significant association [OR= 1.34, chi square=0.69, p=0.4] independently.

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded that the present study provides marked evidence that polymorphisms of HSP70 A1B and HSP70 A1L genes are associated with the development of ECA in a population in Northeast India, A1B having a stronger influence. Betel quid consumption was found to be a highly significant risk factor, followed by smoking and tobacco chewing. Although alcohol was not a potent risk factor independently, alcohol consumption along with tobacco, smoking and betel nut was found to contribute to development of ECA.

Analysis of heat shock protein 70 gene polymorphisms Mexican patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease of unknown etiology. Genetic variation within different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci contributes to the susceptibility to IPF. The effect of 70 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70) gene polymorphisms in the susceptibility to IPF is unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the association between HSP70 polymorphisms and IPF susceptibility in the Mexican population.

Methods

Four HSP70 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were evaluated using real time PCR assays in 168 IPF patients and 205 controls: +2763 C>T of HSPA1L (rs2075800), +2437 of HSP HSPA1L A>G (rs2227956), +190 of HSPA1A G>C (rs1043618) and +1267 of HSPA1B G>A (rs1061581).

Results

The analysis of the recessive model revealed a significant decrease in the frequency of the genotype HSPA1B AA (rs1061581) in IPF patients (OR = 0.27, 95 % CI = 0.13–0.57, Pc = 0.0003) when compared to controls. Using a multivariate logistic regression analysis in a codominant model the HSPA1B (rs1061581) GA and AA genotypes were associated with a lower risk of IPF compared with GG (OR = 0.22, 95 % CI = 0.07–0.65; p = 0.006 and OR = 0.17, 95 % CI = 0.07–0.41; p = <0.001). Similarly, HSPA1L (rs2227956) AG genotype (OR = 0.34, 95 % CI = 0.12–0.99; p = 0.04) and the dominant model AG + GG genotypes were also associated with a lower risk of IPF (OR = 0.24, 95 % CI = 0.08–0.67; p = 0.007). In contrast, the HSPA1L (rs2075800) TT genotype was associated with susceptibility to IPF (OR = 2.52, 95 % CI = 1.32–4.81; p = 0.005).

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that HSPA1B (rs1061581), HSPA1L (rs2227956) and HSPA1 (rs1043618) polymorphisms are associated with a decreased risk of IPF.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0127-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Polymorphisms of anti-lipopolysaccharide factors in the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus and their association with resistance/susceptibility to Vibrio alginolyticus

Anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) is an important antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that can bind and neutralize major component of Gram-negative bacteria cell wall, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Seven isoforms of anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (PtALF1-7) were previously identified from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus in our laboratory. Here, polymorphisms of PtALF1-7 were detected and their association with resistance/susceptibility to Vibrio alginolyticus (a main Gram-negative bacteria causing high mortality in P. trituberculatus) were investigated. We identified 127, 96, 103, 53 and 158 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genomic fragments of PtALF1-3, PtALF4, PtALF5, PtALF6 and PtALF7, respectively. Among them, totally sixteen SNPs were significantly associated with resistance/susceptibility to V. alginolyticus (P < 0.05). Of these sixteen SNPs, most were located in introns and noncoding exons, while two synonymous SNPs and one nonsynonymous SNP were in coding exons. Additionally, simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were only identified in introns and noncoding exons of PtALF4, PtALF5 and PtALF7. Although no significant difference of allele frequencies was found, these SSRs had different polymorphic alleles according to the repeat number between susceptible and resistant stocks. After further confirmation, polymorphisms investigated here might be applied as potential molecular markers for future selection of resistant strains to diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria.