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Enhanced neutrophil apoptosis accompanying myeloperoxidase release during hemodialysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21747. [PMID: 33303892 PMCID: PMC7728788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocompatibility of hemodialysis (HD) systems have been considerably improved. However, mortality and morbidity rates of patients have remained high, raising questions regarding the biocompatibility of current systems. In the present study, 70 patients on regular HD (51 males; mean age, 63 years; median duration of HD, 18 months) with high-performance membrane (polysulfone, 77%; polymethylmethacrylate, 23%) at Tohoku University Hospital were examined. Blood samples before and after HD, were subjected to measure apoptosis cells of white blood cells, plasma levels of the following molecules: myeloperoxidase (MPO), pentraxin 3 (PTX3), angiogenin, complements, and 17 cytokines. The main findings were as follows: significant decreases in leukocyte counts by dialysis, significant increases in apoptosis-positive leukocytes by dialysis (neutrophils and monocytes), and significant decrease in plasma angiogenin accompanying increase in plasma MPO and PTX3 levels, with no or only marginal changes in plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and complement products by dialysis. The findings underlined the unsolved issue of bio-incompatibility of HD systems, and suggest the possible pathology of neutrophil apoptosis accompanying MPO release for the development of microinflammation in patients on HD.
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Zatta M, Di Bella S, Bottazzi B, Rossi F, D'Agaro P, Segat L, Fabbiani M, Mantovani A, Luzzati R. Determination of pentraxin 3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid during central nervous system infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 39:665-670. [PMID: 31813079 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute phase protein; its plasmatic levels significantly rise during severe infections. Data on PTX3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with central nervous system (CNS) infections are lacking. We aimed (a) to assess the diagnostic potential of measuring CSF PTX3 levels in patients with CNS infections and (b) to establish CSF PTX3 cutoffs to distinguish between bacterial and aseptic meningoencephalitis (ROC curve). PTX3 levels were measured in CSF from 19 patients admitted to Trieste Hospital, Italy, with CNS infection. A diagnosis of bacterial infection and aseptic meningoencephalitis was made in 7 (37%) and 12 (63%) patients, respectively. Subjects with bacterial infections showed significantly higher PTX3 levels (13.5 vs 1.27 ng/mL in aseptic meningoencephalitis, p = 0.010). We identified two different CSF PTX3 levels cutoffs. (1) The best cutoff to maximise Youden's J was 9.6 ng/mL with a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value (NPV) of 71.4%, 91.4%, 83.3%, 84.6%, respectively. (2) The cutoff with higher NPV (100%) was 3.6 ng/mL; a diagnosis of bacterial infections was obtained in 0% patients with CSF PTX3 levels < 3.6 ng/mL vs 58% of those with CSF PTX3 levels ≥ 3.6 ng/mL (p = 0.017). CSF PTX3 levels are higher in bacterial meningitis than aseptic meningoencephalitis. A cutoff of 3.6 ng/mL of CSF PTX3 has a high NPV and can be used to exclude bacterial CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zatta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Stefano Di Bella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center and Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pierlanfranco D'Agaro
- Department Reproductive, Developmental and Public Health Sciences, UCO Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ludovica Segat
- Department Reproductive, Developmental and Public Health Sciences, UCO Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Fabbiani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center and Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Ozer Balin S, Sagmak Tartar A, Uğur K, Kilinç F, Telo S, Bal A, Balin M, Akbulut A. Pentraxin-3: A new parameter in predicting the severity of diabetic foot infection? Int Wound J 2019; 16:659-664. [PMID: 30767386 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic values of pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) in patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers (IDFU) as well as to assess the association between PTX-3 levels and IDFU severity. This study included 60 IDFU patients (Group 1), 45 diabetic patients without DFU (Group 2), and 45 healthy controls. Patients with IDFU were divided into mild, moderate, and severe subgroups based on classification of clinical severity. Patients who underwent amputation were also documented. Blood samples were collected to determine PTX-3 levels. PTX-3 levels in healthy controls, Group 1, and Group 2 were 5.83 (3.41-20) ng/mL, 1.47 (0.61-15.13) ng/mL, and 3.26 (0.67-20) ng/mL, respectively. A negative correlation between plasma PTX-3 and glucose levels was found. There were significant differences in terms of procalcitonin (PCT) and PTX-3 levels in the subgroup analysis of Group 1. The PTX-3 level in patients who did or did not undergo amputation was 4.1 (0.8-13.7) and 1 (0.6-15.1) ng/mL, respectively. Results suggest that PTX-3 is a particularly effective marker in patients with IDFU, both in terms of predicting disease severity and assisting in the decision to perform amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safak Ozer Balin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ayse Sagmak Tartar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kader Uğur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Faruk Kilinç
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Selda Telo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ali Bal
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Balin
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Akbulut
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Ahmmed B, Khan MN, Nisar MA, Kampo S, Zheng Q, Li Y, Yan Q. Tunicamycin enhances the suppressive effects of cisplatin on lung cancer growth through PTX3 glycosylation via AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:431-442. [PMID: 30483742 PMCID: PMC6317655 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is an inflammatory molecule related to cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Many studies have highlighted the significance of glycosylated molecules in immune modulation, inflammation and cancer progression. Moreover, aberrant glycosylation of cancer cells is linked to chemoresistance. This study aimed to develop effective therapeutic strategies for deglycosylation of PTX3 (dePTX3) in order to enhance chemosensitivity to cisplatin (Cis) in lung cancer treatment. The A549 and SPCA1 cells were used to determine the role of PTX3 glycosylation in lung cancer growth. Our results revealed that PTX3 was higher in both human lung cancer tissues and serum in comparison with control. Furthermore, we found that deglycosylated PTX3 (dePTX3) by tunicamycin (TM), which is N-glycan precursor biosynthesis blocker, and PNGase F significantly reduced the survival and migration of lung cancer cells. To further confirm this, we also generated glycosylation-site mutant of PTX3 (mPTX3) to characterize the loss of glyco-function. dePTX3 and TM enhanced the suppressive effects of Cis on lung cancer cell growth, migration and invasion compared to individual treatment. Treatment with a combination of TM and Cis significantly inactivated AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway and induced apoptosis. In conclusion, these findings suggest that PTX3 is an important mediator of lung cancer progression, and dePTX3 by TM enhances the anticancer effects of Cis. The deglycosylation in chemotherapy may represent a potential novel therapeutic strategy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulbul Ahmmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Noman Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Azhar Nisar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Sylvanus Kampo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Qiu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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Zhang D, Xi M, Chen L, Huang Y, Mao P. PTX3 in serum induces renal mesangial cell proliferation but has no effect on apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:1193-1198. [PMID: 29434706 PMCID: PMC5774436 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) on the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis in human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs). Small interfering (si)RNA was designed and synthesized to inhibit the expression of endogenous PTX3, and the effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of HMCs were detected by flow cytometry and an MTT assay. Western blot analysis was used to detect the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) proteins in HMCs with PTX3 knockdown. Three siRNAs targeting PTX3 were individually transfected into HMCs for 48 h, and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR demonstrated that the relative mRNA expression of PTX3 was significantly decreased in all groups by up to 79.62% of that in the control group (P<0.05). Following transfection with PTX3-siRNA, the viability of an HMC line was significantly decreased in comparison with that of a control group transfected with scrambled siRNA. However, PTX3-siRNA did not significantly effect early and late apoptotic cell populations in HMCs compared with those in the control. Endogenous PTX3 interference was found to significantly decrease p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. In conclusion, silencing of PTX3, inhibited the proliferation of HMCs via MAPK pathways, but exerted no effect on the apoptosis of HMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Minhui Xi
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai 201200, P.R. China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Peiju Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
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Heldal TF, Ueland T, Jenssen T, Hartmann A, Reisaeter AV, Aukrust P, Michelsen A, Åsberg A. Inflammatory and related biomarkers are associated with post-transplant diabetes mellitus in kidney recipients: a retrospective study. Transpl Int 2018; 31:510-519. [PMID: 29341300 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the association between selected inflammatory-related biomarkers and post-transplant hyperglycemia in kidney transplant recipients. This retrospective analysis comprises 852 patients receiving a kidney transplant at the Norwegian national transplant center between 2007 and 2012, all having a normal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) before transplantation. A diagnostic OGTT was performed 10 weeks post-transplant to examine the association between inflammation-related biomarkers and two-hour plasma glucose (2HPG) by multivariable linear regression models adjusting for BMI, age, graft function, fasting insulin levels, dosage of prednisolone, and concentration of calcineurin inhibitors. Six of 20 biomarkers were significantly associated with 2HPG in multivariate analyses showing strong associations with soluble tumor necrosis factor type 1 (P = 0.027), Pentraxin 3 (P = 0.019), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (P = 0.024), and endothelial protein C receptor (P = 0.001). These associated markers reflect several distinct but also overlapping pathways including activation of tumor necrosis factor, macrophages, and endothelial cells. The multinomial logistic regression model showed a clear association between the inflammatory biomarkers and post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM). The association between a range of inflammation markers and PTDM suggests that these markers may be target for future studies on pathogenesis and perhaps also treatment of PTDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn F Heldal
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Jenssen
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anders Hartmann
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna V Reisaeter
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Renal Registry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Renal Registry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Badr EAE, Hamoda GE, Tayel SI, Elshayeb EI. Association of genetic variants of pentraxin 3 rs3816527 with hypertension in Chronic kidney disease patients. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 425:203-212. [PMID: 27838804 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a nearly constant feature and both a cause and a consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Atherosclerotic lesions showed a marked expression of pentraxin 3 on the surface of lumen and in the plaque. The aim was to assess the correlation of exon 2 of pentraxin 3 gene SNP rs3816527 with hypertension with CKD. The study was conducted on 110 CKD patients (60 patients with and 50 patients without hypertension) and 40 healthy subjects as control. Laboratory investigations including the measurement of fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, and indices of oxidative stress, liver function tests, and renal function tests were done. Genotyping of pentraxin 3 gene SNP rs3816527 was done by real-time PCR. There was a significant difference between CKD patients with hypertension and the subjects in the control group regarding systolic and diastolic BP, urea, creatinine, GFR, TG, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and total antioxidant levels (p < 0.001). There is a statistically significant difference between CKD patients with hypertension and the other studied groups regarding the frequencies of AA genotype and A allele of exon 2 SNP of pentraxin 3 gene compared to CC genotype and C allele (wild type) (p < 0.001), while there was significant difference between CKD patients without hypertension and control (p > 0.05). Pentraxin 3 AA genotype SNP rs3816527 can be considered as a potential biomarker and a risk factor for CKD patients, especially hypertensive patients, and specifically as an independent predictor of hypertension in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A E Badr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin ElKom, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Ghada E Hamoda
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin ElKom, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Safaa I Tayel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin ElKom, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed I Elshayeb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin ElKom, Egypt
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8
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Kocyigit I, Unal A, Elcik D, Korkar H, Sen A, Yasan M, Eroglu E, Sipahioglu M, Tokgoz B, Oymak O. Association Between Cardiac Valvular Calcification and Serum Fetuin-A Levels in Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:1398-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pentraxin 3 as a prognostic biomarker in patients with systemic inflammation or infection. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:421429. [PMID: 25530683 PMCID: PMC4235333 DOI: 10.1155/2014/421429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a key component of the humoral arm of the innate immune system. PTX3 is produced locally in response to proinflammatory stimuli. We reviewed the usefulness of systemic levels of PTX3 in critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, and bacteremia, focusing on its diagnostic and prognostic value. Methods. A PubMed search on PTX3 was conducted. The list of papers was narrowed to original studies of critically ill patients. Eleven papers on original studies of critically ill patients that report on PTX3 in SIRS, sepsis, or bacteremia were identified. Results. Systematic levels of PTX3 have little diagnostic value in critically ill patients with SIRS, sepsis, or bacteremia. Systemic levels of PTX3, however, have superior prognostic power over other commonly used biological markers in these patients. Systemic levels of PTX3 correlate positively with markers of organ dysfunction and severity-of-disease classification system scores. Finally, systemic levels of PTX3 remain elevated in the acute phase and decreased on recovery. Notably, the age of the patients and underlying disease affect systemic levels of PTX3. Conclusions. The diagnostic value of PTX3 is low in patients with sepsis. Systemic levels of PTX3 have prognostic value and may add to prognostication of patients with SIRS or sepsis, complementing severity-of-disease classification systems and other biological markers.
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Biology of Human Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:881-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lech M, Rommele C, Anders HJ. Pentraxins in nephrology: C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P and pentraxin-3. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:803-11. [PMID: 23243042 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Every clinician uses C-reactive protein (CRP) levels as a biomarker for systemic inflammation in acute disorders. Nephrologists also consider CRP levels as a predictor for overall mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease. But what is the biological function of CRP? CRP is a member of the family of pentraxins, which are small pentameric innate immunity effector proteins. Pentraxins are absent or weakly expressed during homeostasis. However, the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor induce CRP and serum amyloid P (SAP) in hepatocytes, whereas the long pentraxins, such as pentraxin (PTX)-3, are produced in peripheral tissues and monocytic phagocytes. Pentraxins opsonize pathogens or other particles such as dead cells, for their phagocytic clearance or induce pathogen killing in extracellular compartments. In this review, we discuss the immunoregulatory properties of the different members of the pentraxin family. We discuss the evolving evidence demonstrating their roles in acute and chronic forms of kidney disease and the significance of SAP and PTX3 as additional biomarkers of innate immune activation and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Lech
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich-LMU, Ziemssenstr 1 D-80336, Munich, Germany
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Daigo K, Hamakubo T. Host-protective effect of circulating pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and complex formation with neutrophil extracellular traps. Front Immunol 2012; 3:378. [PMID: 23248627 PMCID: PMC3521240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a soluble pattern recognition receptor which is classified as a long-pentraxin in the pentraxin family. It is known to play an important role in innate immunity, inflammatory regulation, and female fertility. PTX3 is synthesized by specific cells, primarily in response to inflammatory signals. Among these various cells, neutrophils have a unique PTX3 production system. Neutrophils store PTX3 in neutrophil-specific granules and then the stored PTX3 is released and localizes in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Although certain NET components have been identified, such as histones and anti-microbial proteins, the detailed mechanisms by which NETs localize, as well as capture and kill microbes, have not been fully elucidated. PTX3 is a candidate diagnostic marker of infection and vascular damage. In severe infectious diseases such as sepsis, the circulating PTX3 concentration increases greatly (up to 100 ng/mL, i.e., up to 100-fold of the normal level). Even though it is clearly implied that PTX3 plays a protective role in sepsis and certain other disorders, the detailed mechanisms by which it does so remain unclear. A proteomic study of PTX3 ligands in septic patients revealed that PTX3 forms a complex with certain NET component proteins. This suggests a role for PTX3 in which it facilitates the efficiency of anti-microbial protein pathogen clearance by interacting with both pathogens and anti-microbial proteins. We discuss the possible relationships between PTX3 and NET component proteins in the host protection afforded by the innate immune response. The PTX3 complex has the potential to be a highly useful diagnostic marker of sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Daigo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
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