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Song J, Zhu N, Pan X, Guo L, Kong X. Expression and significance of cathepsin C and cathepsin D during pregnancy and Preeclampsia. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:92. [PMID: 37794357 PMCID: PMC10548605 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin C (Cat C) is involved in the inflammatory-immune system and can be degraded by cathepsin D (Cat D). Preeclampsia (PE) and the inflammation-immunity relationship is currently a hot research topic, but there are still few studies. The aim was to investigate the expression and significance of Cat C and D in the serum of nonpregnant women, patients in various stages of pregnancy and patients with PE, and in the placenta of patients with normal pregnancy and PE. METHODS Sixty young healthy nonpregnant women were selected: 180 normal pregnant women, including 60 each in the first, second, and third trimesters, and 100 women with PE, including 39 women with severe preeclampsia. The levels of Cat C and D in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expression levels of Cat C and D in placentas were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS The serum of Cat C in the first trimester was significantly lower than that in the nonpregnant group (P < 0.001), whereas Cat D was significantly higher than that in the nonpregnant group (P < 0.01). The levels of Cat C and D in the second trimester and third trimester were significantly higher than those in the first trimester (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in Cat C and D between the second trimester and third trimester. The levels of Cat C in the serum and placentas of patients with PE were significantly higher than those in the third trimester (P < 0.001) and positively correlated with the severity of PE (P < 0.001), whereas the levels of Cat D in the serum and placentas of patients with PE were significantly lower than those in the third trimester (P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with the severity of PE (P < 0.001). Age, primigravida proportion, and body mass index were significantly higher in the PE group than in the control group (P < 0.05), which were high-risk factors for PE. CONCLUSIONS Cat C and D are associated with the maintenance of normal pregnancy. In patients with preeclampsia, a significant increase in Cat C and a significant decrease in Cat D levels may lead to the occurrence and development of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhe Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xinchen Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Guo
- School of Nursing and School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Mokkala K, Gustafsson J, Vahlberg T, Vreugdenhil ACE, Ding L, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Plat J, Laitinen K. Serum CathepsinD in pregnancy: Relation with metabolic and inflammatory markers and effects of fish oils and probiotics. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1292-1300. [PMID: 35304048 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Elevated circulating levels of CathepsinD (CatD) have been linked to metabolic deviations including liver inflammation. We investigated 1) whether supplementation with probiotics and/or fish oil affects CatD and 2) whether the CatD concentration would associate with gestational diabetes (GDM), low-grade inflammation, lipid metabolism, body fat % and dietary composition. METHODS AND RESULTS Overweight/obese pregnant women (n = 438) were randomized into fish oil + placebo, probiotics + placebo, fish oil + probiotics or placebo + placebo groups. Fish oil contained 1.9 g docosahexaenoic acid and 0.22 g eicosapentaenoic acid and probiotics were Lacticaseibacillusrhamnosus HN001 (formerly Lactobacillusrhamnosus HN001) and Bifidobacteriumanimalis ssp. lactis 420, 1010 colony-forming units each). Serum CatD levels were analysed by ELISA, GlycA and lipid metabolites by NMR, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) by immunoassay, and intakes of energy yielding nutrients and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from food diaries at both early and late pregnancy. GDM was diagnosed by OGTT. CatD concentrations did not differ between the intervention groups or by GDM status. Multivariable linear models revealed that body fat % and GlycA affected CatD differently in healthy women and those with GDM. CONCLUSION The serum CatD concentration of pregnant women was not modified by this dietary intervention. Serum CatD was influenced by two parameters, body fat and low grade inflammation, which were dependent on the woman's GDM status. CLINICAL TRIAL REG. NO: NCT01922791, clinicaltrials.gov (secondary analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Mokkala
- Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Gustafsson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Vahlberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anita C E Vreugdenhil
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lingling Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Anık İlhan G, Yıldızhan B. Evaluation of serum cathepsin B, D, and L concentrations in women with late-onset preeclampsia. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 16:91-94. [PMID: 31360581 PMCID: PMC6637779 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2019.40460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study was to assess serum cathepsin B, D, and L concentrations in women with late-onset preeclampsia. Materials and Methods: One hundred forty pregnant women were enrolled in the study, of which 100 subjects were preeclamptic and 40 were healthy controls. Serum concentrations of cathepsin B, D, and L were measured and compared between the preeclamptic and control groups. Results: Cathepsin B and D concentrations were significantly higher in the preeclamptic group compared with the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of cathepsin L concentrations. Cathepsin B concentrations were significantly higher in women with preeclampsia with severe features compared with those with preeclampsia alone. Conclusion: Women with late-onset preeclampsia have significantly higher serum cathepsin B and D concentrations than controls. Cathepsin B and D may be promising biomarkers in women with late-onset preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Anık İlhan
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Begüm Yıldızhan
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
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Gutiérrez JA, Gómez I, Chiarello DI, Salsoso R, Klein AD, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Role of proteases in dysfunctional placental vascular remodelling in preeclampsia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165448. [PMID: 30954558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a syndrome characterised by vascular dysfunction, impaired angiogenesis, and hypertension during pregnancy. Even when the precise pathophysiology of preeclampsia remains elusive, impaired vascular remodelling and placental angiogenesis in the placental villi and defective trophoblast invasion of the uterus are proposed as crucial mechanisms in this syndrome. Reduced trophoblast invasion leads to reduced uteroplacental blood flow and oxygen availability and increased oxidative stress. These phenomena trigger the release of soluble factors into the maternal and foetoplacental circulation that are responsible of the clinical features of preeclampsia. New blood vessels generation as well as vascular remodelling are mechanisms that require expression and activity of different proteases, including matrix metalloproteases, a-disintegrin and metalloproteases, and a-disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs. These proteases exert proteolysis of the extracellular matrix. Additionally, cathepsins, a family of proteolytic enzymes, are primarily located in lysosomes but are also released by cells to the extracellular space. This review focuses on the role that these proteases play in the regulation of the uterine trophoblast invasion and the placental vascular remodelling associated with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Gutiérrez
- Cellular Signaling and Differentiation Laboratory (CSDL), School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510157, Chile; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Isabel Gómez
- Cellular Signaling and Differentiation Laboratory (CSDL), School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Delia I Chiarello
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Rocío Salsoso
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Andrés D Klein
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7590943, Chile
| | - Enrique Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, 4029, Queensland, Australia; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yeon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Medical School, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Increased Cathepsin D Correlates with Clinical Parameters in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:5286408. [PMID: 29375176 PMCID: PMC5742441 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5286408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cathepsin D has been recently implicated in insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between cathepsin D and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Methods Circulating cathepsin D levels and metabolic variables were measured in 98 cases and 98 controls. Myocardial performance index "Tei index" that reflects both left ventricular systolic and diastolic function was measured with Doppler echocardiography in cases. Results Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes demonstrated significantly higher circulating cathepsin D concentrations than controls (median level: 227 ng/ml versus 174 ng/ml, P < 0.01). In newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, a significant correlation was found between cathepsin D levels and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) (r = 0.25, P = 0.01). In contrast, no significant correlation was found between cathepsin D levels and clinical parameters in the control group (all P > 0.05). Interestingly, correlation analysis revealed a positive association between cathepsin D levels and Tei index in type 2 diabetes (r = 0.22, P = 0.03). Conclusions Increased levels of circulating cathepsin D are closely linked with the presence of type 2 diabetes, and cathepsin D might serve as a novel biomarker for cardiac dysfunction in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
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Zhong Y, Chen AF, Zhao J, Gu YJ, Fu GX. Serum levels of cathepsin D, sirtuin1, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase are correlatively reduced in elderly healthy people. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:641-5. [PMID: 26462844 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Nowadays, cathepsins have been reported to be related to aging. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between serum levels of cathepsin D (CTSD) and human aging. METHODS In the present study, we analyzed the serum levels of CTSD and its relation with levels of sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, which were known having an important role in aging. This study recruited 90 healthy subjects (62 men and 28 women), which were subdivided into three groups with respect to age: young (about 19 years old, n = 30), middle-age (about 40 years old, n = 30), and aged (above 65 years old, n = 30). Altered serum levels of CTSD and SIRT1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and eNOS activity was assessed by the conversion of 14(C)-L-arginine to 14(C)-L-citrulline. RESULTS Elderly subjects had significantly lower CTSD, SIRT1, and eNOS than younger ones. Serum levels of CTSD were negatively correlated with age. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between serum levels of CTSD, eNOS, and SIRT1. CONCLUSIONS This study shows lower serum CTSD values in elderly subjects than in younger subjects. This is the first to demonstrate age-related changes in cathepsin D levels in humans and the association between SIRT1 and eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhong
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yi Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Alex F Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, No. 147 Health Road, Zhujing Town, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201500, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jia Gu
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, No. 147 Health Road, Zhujing Town, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201500, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Xiang Fu
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yi Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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Kim HY, Kim BW, Kim YJ. Elevated serum cathepsin B concentration in pregnant women is associated with preeclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 294:1145-1150. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-016-4129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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