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Yuan X, Shen G, Xiao H, Wang Z, Ma Y, Qin X. Netrin-1 and RGMa: Novel Regulators of Atherosclerosis-Related Diseases. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023:10.1007/s10557-023-07478-5. [PMID: 37439909 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Neuronal guidance proteins (NGPs) have been demonstrated to guide the elongation of neuronal axonal growth cones in the developing central nervous system. Non-neuronal functions of NGPs have also been described, especially in relation to atherosclerosis. FINDINGS Netrin-1 and repulsive guidance molecule a (RGMa) are NGPs that have been shown to regulate endothelial cell adhesion and angiogenesis, macrophage migration and apoptosis, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) phenotypic dedifferentiation and mobility, chemokine activities, and inflammatory responses during atherosclerosis initiation and progression. PURPOSES However, mechanistic studies have generated controversy about the specific role of Netrin-1 in atherosclerosis due to the diversity of its structure, receptors and cell sources, and the actions of RGMa in atherosclerosis have not been reported in previous reviews. Therefore, the current work reviews the evidence for roles of Netrin-1 and RGMa in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and discusses potential therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing, Yuzhong District, China
| | - Guanru Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing, Yuzhong District, China
| | - Hongmei Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing, Yuzhong District, China
| | - Zijie Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing, Yuzhong District, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing, Yuzhong District, China
| | - Xinyue Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing, Yuzhong District, China.
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Bruikman CS, Vreeken D, Hoogeveen RM, Bom MJ, Danad I, Pinto-Sietsma SJ, van Zonneveld AJ, Knaapen P, Hovingh GK, Stroes ESG, van Gils JM. Netrin-1 and the Grade of Atherosclerosis Are Inversely Correlated in Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:462-472. [PMID: 31801376 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Netrin-1 has been shown to play a role in the initiation of atherosclerosis in mice models. However, little is known about the role of Netrin-1 in humans. We set out to study whether Netrin-1 is associated with different stages of atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: Plasma Netrin-1 levels were measured in different patient cohorts: (1) 22 patients with high cardiovascular risk who underwent arterial wall inflammation assessment using positron-emission tomography / computed tomography, (2) 168 patients with a positive family history of premature atherosclerosis in whom coronary artery calcium scores were obtained, and (3) 104 patients with chest pain who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography imaging to evaluate plaque vulnerability and burden. Netrin-1 plasma levels were negatively correlated with arterial wall inflammation (β, -0.01 [95% CI, 0.02 to -0.01] R2, 0.61; P<0.0001), and concentrations of Netrin-1 were significantly lower when atherosclerosis was present compared with individuals without atherosclerosis (28.01 versus 10.51 ng/mL, P<0.001). There was no difference in Netrin-1 plasma concentrations between patients with stable versus unstable plaques (11.17 versus 11.74 ng/mL, P=0.511). However, Netrin-1 plasma levels were negatively correlated to total plaque volume (β, -0.09 [95% CI, -0.11 to -0.08] R2, 0.57, P<0.0001), calcified plaque volumes (β, -0.10 [95% CI, -0.12 to -0.08] R2, 0.53; P<0.0001), and noncalcified plaque volumes (β, -0.08 [95% CI, -0.10 to -0.06] R2, 0.41; P<0.0001). Treatment of inflammatory stimulated endothelial cells with plasma with high Netrin-1 level resulted in reduced endothelial inflammation and consequently, less monocyte adhesion. CONCLUSIONS Netrin-1 plasma levels are lower in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis and in patients with arterial wall inflammation. Netrin-1 is not associated with plaque vulnerability; however, it is negatively correlated to plaque burden, suggesting that Netrin-1 is involved in some, but not all, stages of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Bruikman
- From the Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef, the Netherlands (C.S.B., R.M.H., S.J.P.-S., G.K.H., E.S.G.S.)
| | - Dianne Vreeken
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (D.V., A.J.v.Z., J.M.v.G.)
| | - Renate M Hoogeveen
- From the Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef, the Netherlands (C.S.B., R.M.H., S.J.P.-S., G.K.H., E.S.G.S.)
| | - Michiel J Bom
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Boelelaan, the Netherlands (M.J.B., I.D., P.K.)
| | - Ibrahim Danad
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Boelelaan, the Netherlands (M.J.B., I.D., P.K.)
| | - Sara-Joan Pinto-Sietsma
- From the Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef, the Netherlands (C.S.B., R.M.H., S.J.P.-S., G.K.H., E.S.G.S.)
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (D.V., A.J.v.Z., J.M.v.G.)
| | - Paul Knaapen
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Boelelaan, the Netherlands (M.J.B., I.D., P.K.)
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- From the Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef, the Netherlands (C.S.B., R.M.H., S.J.P.-S., G.K.H., E.S.G.S.)
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- From the Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef, the Netherlands (C.S.B., R.M.H., S.J.P.-S., G.K.H., E.S.G.S.)
| | - Janine M van Gils
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (D.V., A.J.v.Z., J.M.v.G.)
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Zhang H, Vreeken D, Bruikman CS, van Zonneveld AJ, van Gils JM. Understanding netrins and semaphorins in mature endothelial cell biology. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:1-10. [PMID: 30240825 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Netrins and semaphorins are known as neuronal guidance molecules that are important to the facilitate patterning of the nervous system in embryonic development. In recent years, their function has been broadened to guide development in other systems, including the vascular system, where netrins and semaphorins critically contribute to the development of the vascular system. Evidence is accumulating that these guidance cues are also of critical importance in the biology of the mature endothelium by regulating the maintenance of endothelial quiescence. Here we review our current insights into the roles of netrins and semaphorins in endothelial cell survival, self-renewing, barrier function, response to wall shear stress, and control of the vascular tone. We also provide suggestions for future research into the functions of netrins and semaphorins in mature endothelial cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dianne Vreeken
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline S Bruikman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Janine M van Gils
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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