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Augustsson J. Reflecting on Advances in Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Injury Prevention: Insights from Our Special Issue. Sports (Basel) 2023; 12:13. [PMID: 38251287 PMCID: PMC10818640 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
It is with great pleasure that we present this Editorial, marking the completion of our Special Issue on Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Injury Prevention [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Augustsson
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
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Oliver GD, Wasserberger K, de Swart A, Friesen K, Downs J, Bordelon N. Hip Range of Motion and Strength and Energy Flow During Windmill Softball Pitching. J Athl Train 2021; 56:280-285. [PMID: 33618349 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-145-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inadequate hip range of motion (ROM) and isometric strength (ISO) may interfere with energy flow through the kinetic chain and result in increased injury susceptibility. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of hip ROM and ISO with energy flow through the trunk and pitching-arm segments during the windmill softball pitch in youth athletes. A subsequent purpose was to examine the relationship between energy flow and pitch speed. DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A sample of 29 youth softball pitchers (age = 11.2 ± 1.3 years, height = 155.0 ± 10.4 cm, mass = 53.2 ± 12.6 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Bilateral hip internal-rotation and external-rotation (ER) ROM and ISO were measured. Net energy outflow and peak rates of energy outflow from the distal ends of the trunk, humerus, and forearm were calculated for the acceleration phase of the windmill softball pitch, and pitch speed was measured. RESULTS Regression analysis revealed an effect of drive-hip ER ISO on the net energy flow out of the distal ends of the trunk (P = .045) and humerus (P = .002). Specifically, increased drive-hip ER ISO was associated with increased net energy outflow from the trunk to the humerus and from the humerus to the forearm. No significant effects of hip ROM or other hip ISO measures were observed. Additionally, pitchers who achieved higher peak rates of distal outflow tended to achieve higher pitch speeds. CONCLUSIONS An association was present between drive-hip ER ISO and the net energy flow out of the distal ends of the trunk and humerus during the acceleration phase of the windmill softball pitch, emphasizing the importance of hip and lower body strength in executing the whole-body windmill pitch. Overall, energy-flow analysis is an interesting new way to analyze pitching mechanics and will aid in furthering our understanding of performance and injury risk in windmill softball pitching.
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Knee Joint Biomechanical Gait Data Classification for Knee Pathology Assessment: A Literature Review. Appl Bionics Biomech 2019; 2019:7472039. [PMID: 31217817 PMCID: PMC6536985 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7472039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to review the current literature on knee joint biomechanical gait data analysis for knee pathology classification. The review is prefaced by a presentation of the prerequisite knee joint biomechanics background and a description of biomechanical gait pattern recognition as a diagnostic tool. It is postfaced by discussions that highlight the current research findings and future directions. Methods The review is based on a literature search in PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, and Google Scholar on April 2019. Inclusion criteria admitted articles, written in either English or French, on knee joint biomechanical gait data classification in general. We recorded the relevant information pertaining to the investigated knee joint pathologies, the participants' attributes, data acquisition, feature extraction, and selection used to represent the data, as well as the classification algorithms and validation of the results. Results Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria for review. Conclusions The review reveals that the importance of medical applications of knee joint biomechanical gait data classification and recent progress in data acquisition technology are fostering intense interest in the subject and giving a strong impetus to research. The review also reveals that biomechanical data during locomotion carry essential information on knee joint conditions to infer an early diagnosis. This survey paper can serve as a useful informative reference for research on the subject.
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Filardi V. Stress shielding in the bony chain of leg in presence of varus or valgus knee. J Orthop 2015; 12:102-10. [PMID: 25972702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim was to assess how the stress shielding can influence the integrity and resistance of bones in presence of a misalignment. METHODS Three finite elements models have been developed: a normal one, and two varus and valgus knee ones. RESULTS The obtained results reveal interesting consequences deriving by a wrong disposition of parts which compose the skeletal chain of the leg. CONCLUSION The most dangerous conditions occur in the contact interface between pelvis and hip of the femur, for the valgus knee configuration, and for the varus one, at the contact interface around the knee zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Filardi
- Centro Attrazione Risorse Esterne e Creazione d'Impresa, University of Messina, Messina 98100, Italy
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Fuentes A, Hagemeister N, Ranger P, Heron T, de Guise JA. Gait adaptation in chronic anterior cruciate ligament-deficient patients: Pivot-shift avoidance gait. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011; 26:181-7. [PMID: 20965627 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of biomechanical adaptations of the knee during gait have been reported in ACL-deficient patients to cope with anteroposterior knee instability. However, strategies to prevent rotatory knee instability are less recognized. We hypothesized that ACL-deficient patients would make distinctive gait changes to prevent anterolateral rotatory knee instability. Specifically, we hypothesized that during the terminal stance phase of the gait cycle, ACL-deficient patients would reduce the internal rotation knee joint moment and exhibit a higher knee flexion angle. We call this altered gait a pivot-shift avoidance gait. We also hypothesized that patients would not be able to adapt their knee biomechanics as efficiently at a fast gait speed. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with chronic ACL deficiency and 15 healthy volunteers took part in a treadmill gait analysis. The terminal stance phase was analyzed under both comfortable and fast gait speed conditions. FINDINGS At both gait speeds, ACL-deficient patients significantly reduced the internal rotation knee joint moment and showed larger knee flexion angles during the terminal stance phase of the gait cycle than did the control group. However, the difference in the minimum knee flexion angle between groups under the fast gait speed condition was not statistically significant. INTERPRETATION ACL-deficient patients adopted the proposed pivot-shift avoidance gait, possibly to prevent anterolateral rotatory knee instability. The patients were not able to adapt their knee biomechanics as effectively during fast-paced walking. This study reinforces the pertinence of gait analysis in ACL-deficient knees to acquire more information about the function of the knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fuentes
- Laboratoire de recherche en imagerie et orthopédie, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Canada.
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Fong DT, Chan YY, Mok KM, Yung PS, Chan KM. Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2009; 1:14. [PMID: 19640309 PMCID: PMC2724472 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2555-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes the current understanding on acute ankle sprain injury, which is the most common acute sport trauma, accounting for about 14% of all sport-related injuries. Among, 80% are ligamentous sprains caused by explosive inversion or supination. The injury motion often happens at the subtalar joint and tears the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) which possesses the lowest ultimate load among the lateral ligaments at the ankle. For extrinsic risk factors to ankle sprain injury, prescribing orthosis decreases the risk while increased exercise intensity in soccer raises the risk. For intrinsic factors, a foot size with increased width, an increased ankle eversion to inversion strength, plantarflexion strength and ratio between dorsiflexion and plantarflexion strength, and limb dominance could increase the ankle sprain injury risk. Players with a previous sprain history, players wearing shoes with air cells, players who do not stretch before exercising, players with inferior single leg balance, and overweight players are 4.9, 4.3, 2.6, 2.4 and 3.9 times more likely to sustain an ankle sprain injury. The aetiology of most ankle sprain injuries is incorrect foot positioning at landing – a medially-deviated vertical ground reaction force causes an explosive supination or inversion moment at the subtalar joint in a short time (about 50 ms). Another aetiology is the delayed reaction time of the peroneal muscles at the lateral aspect of the ankle (60–90 ms). The failure supination or inversion torque is about 41–45 Nm to cause ligamentous rupture in simulated spraining tests on cadaver. A previous case report revealed that the ankle joint reached 48 degrees inversion and 10 degrees internal rotation during an accidental grade I ankle ligamentous sprain injury during a dynamic cutting trial in laboratory. Diagnosis techniques and grading systems vary, but the management of ankle ligamentous sprain injury is mainly conservative. Immobilization should not be used as it results in joint stiffness, muscle atrophy and loss of proprioception. Traditional Chinese medicine such as herbs, massage and acupuncture were well applied in China in managing sports injuries, and was reported to be effective in relieving pain, reducing swelling and edema, and restoring normal ankle function. Finally, the best practice of sports medicine would be to prevent the injury. Different previous approaches, including designing prophylactice devices, introducing functional interventions, as well as change of games rules were highlighted. This paper allows the readers to catch up with the previous researches on ankle sprain injury, and facilitate the future research idea on sport-related ankle sprain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tp Fong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,The Hong Kong Jockey Club Sports Medicine and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yue-Yan Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,The Hong Kong Jockey Club Sports Medicine and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kam-Ming Mok
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,The Hong Kong Jockey Club Sports Medicine and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Patrick Sh Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,The Hong Kong Jockey Club Sports Medicine and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kai-Ming Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,The Hong Kong Jockey Club Sports Medicine and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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