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Ramirez VJ, Bazrgari B, Spencer A, Gao F, Samaan MA. Influence of Repetitions-to-Failure Deadlift on Lumbo-Pelvic Coordination, With and Without Body Armor. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00461. [PMID: 38917029 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ramirez, VJ, Bazrgari, B, Spencer, A, Gao, F, and Samaan, MA. Influence of repetitions-to-failure deadlift on lumbo-pelvic coordination, with and without body armor. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Repetition-to-failure (RTF) deadlift is a training modality for building lifting capacity that is often implemented by service members to maintain a minimum level of physical fitness. Despite its physiological benefits, little is known about the effects of RTF on the biomechanics of lumbar spine. Additionally, the effects of heavy deadlift training with body armor are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RTF deadlift on lumbo-pelvic coordination and posture, with and without body armor. Twenty-three healthy subjects, recreational powerlifters, were recruited for this study. Kinematics of the trunk and pelvis were measured using a 3D motion capture system while subjects conducted RTF deadlifts with a 68-kg low-handle hexagonal bar with and without a simulated body armor (22.68 kg). Lumbo-pelvic coordination was characterized using a vector coding approach and coupling angle variability (CAV) using circular statistics, over 3 equally divided segments of the lifting phase. More specifically, the coupling angle values were used to determine the coordination pattern between the thorax and pelvis. Trunk and pelvis ranges of motion and the amount of in-phase lumbo-pelvic coordination pattern increased with RTF deadlift. Additionally, CAV of the first and the third segments of deadlift cycle increased with RTF deadlift. Increase in variability of lumbo-pelvic coordination and peak trunk flexion (i.e., indication of increased mechanical demand of lifting on the spine), as a result of RTF deadlifting, can have deleterious soft tissue responses and contribute to an increase in risk of lower back injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Ramirez
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Babak Bazrgari
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Alexander Spencer
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Fan Gao
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Michael A Samaan
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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2
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Yasar MN, Sica M, O'Flynn B, Tedesco S, Menolotto M. A dataset for fatigue estimation during shoulder internal and external rotation movements using wearables. Sci Data 2024; 11:433. [PMID: 38678019 PMCID: PMC11055894 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Wearable sensors have recently been extensively used in sports science, physical rehabilitation, and industry providing feedback on physical fatigue. Information obtained from wearable sensors can be analyzed by predictive analytics methods, such as machine learning algorithms, to determine fatigue during shoulder joint movements, which have complex biomechanics. The presented dataset aims to provide data collected via wearable sensors during a fatigue protocol involving dynamic shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) movements. Thirty-four healthy subjects performed shoulder IR and ER movements with different percentages of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force until they reached the maximal exertion. The dataset includes demographic information, anthropometric measurements, MVIC force measurements, and digital data captured via surface electromyography, inertial measurement unit, and photoplethysmography, as well as self-reported assessments using the Borg rating scale of perceived exertion and the Karolinska sleepiness scale. This comprehensive dataset provides valuable insights into physical fatigue assessment, allowing the development of fatigue detection/prediction algorithms and the study of human biomechanical characteristics during shoulder movements within a fatigue protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Nur Yasar
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland.
| | - Marco Sica
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland.
| | - Brendan O'Flynn
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Salvatore Tedesco
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Matteo Menolotto
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
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Kazemi Z, Arjmand N, Mazloumi A, Karimi Z, Keihani A, Ghasemi MS. Effect of muscular fatigue on the cumulative lumbar damage during repetitive lifting task: a comparative study of damage calculation methods. ERGONOMICS 2024; 67:566-581. [PMID: 37418312 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2234678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Several methods have been put forward to quantify cumulative loads; however, limited evidence exists as to the subsequent damages and the role of muscular fatigue. The present study assessed whether muscular fatigue could affect cumulative damage imposed on the L5-S1 joint. Trunk muscle electromyographic (EMG) activities and kinematics/kinetics of 18 healthy male individuals were evaluated during a simulated repetitive lifting task. A traditional EMG-assisted model of the lumbar spine was modified to account for the effect of erector spinae fatigue. L5-S1 compressive loads for each lifting cycle were estimated based on varying (i.e. actual), fatigue-modified, and constant Gain factors. The corresponding damages were integrated to calculate the cumulative damage. Moreover, the damage calculated for one lifting cycle was multiplied by the lifting frequency, as the traditional approach. Compressive loads and the damages obtained through the fatigue-modified model were predicted in close agreement with the actual values. Similarly, the difference between actual damages and those driven by the traditional approach was not statistically significant (p = 0.219). However, damages based on a constant Gain factor were significantly greater than those based on the actual (p = 0.012), fatigue-modified (p = 0.017), and traditional (p = 0.007) approaches.Practitioner summary: In this study, we managed to include the effect of muscular fatigue on cumulative lumbar damage calculations. Including the effect of muscular fatigue leads to an accurate estimation of cumulative damages while eliminating computational complexity. However, using the traditional approach also appears to provide acceptable estimates for ergonomic assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Kazemi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Navid Arjmand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Mazloumi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zanyar Karimi
- Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Keihani
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Larson DJ, Brown SHM. Effects of trunk extensor muscle fatigue on repetitive lift (re)training using an augmented tactile feedback approach. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:1919-1934. [PMID: 36636970 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2168769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Augmented tactile and performance feedback has been used to (re)train a modified lifting technique to reduce lumbar spine flexion, which has been associated with low back disorder development during occupational repetitive lifting tasks. However, it remains unknown if the presence of trunk extensor neuromuscular fatigue influences learning of this modified lifting technique. Therefore, we compared the effectiveness of using augmented tactile and performance feedback to reduce lumbar spine flexion during a repetitive lifting task, in both unfatigued and fatigued states. Participants completed repetitive lifting tests immediately before and after training, and 1-week later, with half of the participants completing training after fatiguing their trunk extensor muscles. Both groups demonstrated learning of the modified lifting technique as demonstrated by increased thorax-pelvis coordination variability and reduced lumbar range of motion variability; however, experiencing trunk extensor neuromuscular fatigue during lift (re)training may have slight negative influences on learning the modified lifting technique. Practitioner summary: An augmented lift (re)training paradigm using tactile cueing and performance feedback regarding key movement features (i.e. lumbar spine flexion) can effectively (re)train a modified lifting technique to reduce lumbar flexion and redistribute motion to the hips and knees. However, performing (re)training while fatigued could slightly hinder learning this lifting technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Larson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Stephen H M Brown
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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Kazemi Z, Mazloumi A, Arjmand N, Keihani A, Karimi Z, Ghasemi MS, Kordi R. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Spine Kinematics, Kinetics, and Trunk Muscle Activities During Fatigue-Induced Repetitive Lifting. HUMAN FACTORS 2022; 64:997-1012. [PMID: 33497290 DOI: 10.1177/0018720820983621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spine kinematics, kinetics, and trunk muscle activities were evaluated during different stages of a fatigue-induced symmetric lifting task over time. BACKGROUND Due to neuromuscular adaptations, postural behaviors of workers during lifting tasks are affected by fatigue. Comprehensive aspects of these adaptations remain to be investigated. METHOD Eighteen volunteers repeatedly lifted a box until perceived exhaustion. Body center of mass (CoM), trunk and box kinematics, and feet center of pressure (CoP) were estimated by a motion capture system and force-plate. Electromyographic (EMG) signals of trunk/abdominal muscles were assessed using linear and nonlinear approaches. The L5-S1 compressive force (Fc) was predicted via a biomechanical model. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to examine the effects of five blocks of lifting cycle (C1 to C5) and lifting trial (T1 to T5), as independent variables, on kinematic, kinetic, and EMG-related measures. RESULTS Significant effects of lifting trial blocks were found for CoM and CoP shift in the anterior-posterior direction (respectively p < .001 and p = .014), trunk angle (p = .004), vertical box displacement (p < .001), and Fc (p = .005). EMG parameters indicated muscular fatigue with the extent of changes being muscle-specific. CONCLUSION Results emphasized variations in most kinematics/kinetics, and EMG-based indices, which further provided insight into the lifting behavior adaptations under dynamic fatiguing conditions. APPLICATION Movement and muscle-related variables, to a large extent, determine the magnitude of spinal loading, which is associated with low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ramin Kordi
- 48439 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Lamooki SR, Cavuoto LA, Kang J. Adjustments in Shoulder and Back Kinematics during Repetitive Palletizing Tasks. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5655. [PMID: 35957219 PMCID: PMC9370918 DOI: 10.3390/s22155655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive task performance is a leading cause of musculoskeletal injuries among order-picking workers in warehouses. The repetition of lifting tasks increases the risk of back and shoulder injuries among these workers. While lifting in this industry is composed of loaded and unloaded picking and placing, the existing literature does not address the separate analysis of the biomechanics of the back and shoulder for these events. To that end, we investigated the kinematics of the back and shoulder movements of nine healthy male participants who performed three sessions of a simulated de/palletization task. Their back and shoulder kinematics were sensed using an optical motion capture system to determine the back inclination and shoulder flexion. Comparison of the kinematics between the first and last sessions indicated statistically significant changes in the timings, angles, coordination between the back and shoulder, and moments around the shoulder (p<0.05). The majority of the significant changes were observed during the loaded events, which confirms the importance of the separation of these events for biomechanical analysis. This finding suggests that focusing worker evaluation on the loaded periods can provide important information to detect kinematic changes that may affect musculoskeletal injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeb R. Lamooki
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Lora A. Cavuoto
- Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jiyeon Kang
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
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Ramirez VJ, Bazrgari B, Gao F, Samaan M. Low Back Biomechanics during Repetitive Deadlifts: A Narrative Review. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2022. [PMID: 34875981 DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2021.2015642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONSHeavy deadlifting is used as a screening tool or training protocol for recruitment and retention in physically-demanding occupations, especially in the military. Spinal loads experienced during heavy deadlifts, particularly shearing forces, are well above recommended thresholds for lumbar spine injury in occupational settings. Although members of the noted occupation likely have stronger musculoskeletal systems compared to the general population, experiencing shearing forces that are 2 to 4 times larger than the threshold of injury, particularly under repetitive deadlift, may transform a screening tool or training protocol to an occupationally-harmful physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babak Bazrgari
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael Samaan
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Oppici L, Grütters K, Garofolini A, Rosenkranz R, Narciss S. Deliberate Practice and Motor Learning Principles to Underpin the Design of Training Interventions for Improving Lifting Movement in the Occupational Sector: A Perspective and a Pilot Study on the Role of Augmented Feedback. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:746142. [PMID: 34796319 PMCID: PMC8593185 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.746142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spine posture during repetitive lifting is one of the main risk factors for low-back injuries in the occupational sector. It is thus critical to design appropriate intervention strategies for training workers to improve their posture, reducing load on the spine during lifting. The main approach to train safe lifting to workers has been educational; however, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown that this approach does not improve lifting movement nor reduces the risk of low back injury. One of the main limitations of this approach lies in the amount, quality and context of practice of the lifting movement. In this article, first we argue for integrating psychologically-grounded perspectives of practice design in the development of training interventions for safe lifting. Principles from deliberate practice and motor learning are combined and integrated. Given the complexity of lifting, a training intervention should occur in the workplace and invite workers to repeatedly practice/perform the lifting movement with the clear goal of improving their lifting-related body posture. Augmented feedback has a central role in creating the suitable condition for achieving such intervention. Second, we focus on spine bending as risk factor and present a pilot study examining the benefits and boundary conditions of different feedback modalities for reducing bending during lifting. The results showed how feedback modalities meet differently key requirements of deliberate practice conditions, i.e., feedback has to be informative, individualized and actionable. Following the proposed approach, psychology will gain an active role in the development of training interventions, contributing to finding solutions for a reduction of risk factors for workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Oppici
- Psychology of Learning and Instruction, Department of Psychology, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Tactile Internet With Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kim Grütters
- Psychology of Learning and Instruction, Department of Psychology, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alessandro Garofolini
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Rosenkranz
- Centre for Tactile Internet With Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Acoustic and Haptic Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Narciss
- Psychology of Learning and Instruction, Department of Psychology, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Tactile Internet With Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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9
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Mawston G, Holder L, O'Sullivan P, Boocock M. Flexed lumbar spine postures are associated with greater strength and efficiency than lordotic postures during a maximal lift in pain-free individuals. Gait Posture 2021; 86:245-250. [PMID: 33799053 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inspite of common lifting advice to maintain a lordotic posture, there is debate regarding optimal lumbar spine posture during lifting. To date, the influence of lumbar posture on trunk muscle recruitment, strength and efficiency during high intensity lifting has not been fully explored. RESEARCH QUESTION How do differences in lumbar posture influence trunk extensor strength (moment), trunk muscle activity, and neuromuscular efficiency during maximal lifting? METHODS Twenty-six healthy participants adopted three lumbar postures (maximal extension (lordotic), mid-range (flat-back), and fully flexed) in a free lifting position. Motion analysis and force measurements were used to determine the back extensor, hip and knee moments. Surface electromyography (EMG) of three trunk extensors and the internal obliques were recorded. Neuromuscular efficiency (NME) was expressed as a ratio of normalised extensor moment to normalised EMG. RESULTS Significantly higher back extensor moments were exerted when moving from an extended to mid-range, and from a mid-range to fully flexed lumbar posture. This was accompanied by a decrease in activity across all three back extensor muscles (P < 0.001) resulting in a higher NME of these muscles in more flexed postures. Change in lumbar posture did not influence hip or knee moments or internal oblique activation. SIGNIFICANCE A flexed-back posture is associated with increased strength and efficiency of the back muscles compared to a lordotic posture. These findings further question the manual handling advice to lift with a lordotic lumbar spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Mawston
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Department of Physiotherapy, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand.
| | - Laura Holder
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Department of Physiotherapy, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Peter O'Sullivan
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Boocock
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Department of Physiotherapy, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
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10
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Boocock MG, Taylor S, Mawston GA. The influence of age on spinal and lower limb muscle activity during repetitive lifting. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2020; 55:102482. [PMID: 33147543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of age on upper erector spinae (UES), lower erector spinae (LES) and lower body (gluteus maximus; biceps femoris; and vastus lateralis) muscle activity during a repetitive lifting task. Twenty-four participants were assigned to two age groups: 'younger' (n = 12; mean age ± SD = 24.6 ± 3.6 yrs) and 'older' (n = 12; mean age = 46.5 ± 3.0 yrs). Participants lifted and lowered a box (13 kg) repetitively at a frequency of 10 lifts per minute for a maximum of 20 min. EMG signals were collected every minute and normalised to a maximum voluntary isometric contraction. A submaximal endurance test of UES and LES was used to assess fatigue. Older participants showed higher levels of UES and LES muscle activity (approximately 12-13%) throughout the task, but less fatigue compared to the younger group post-task completion. When lifting, lower-limb muscle activity was generally higher in older adults, although temporal changes were similar. While increased paraspinal muscle activity may increase the risk of back injury in older workers when repetitive lifting, younger workers may be more susceptible to fatigue-related effects. Education and training in manual materials handling should consider age-related differences when developing training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Boocock
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand.
| | - Steve Taylor
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Grant A Mawston
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
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Gruevski KM, Callaghan JP. The effect of age, prolonged seated work and sex on posture and perceived effort during a lifting task. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 89:103198. [PMID: 32658771 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of prolonged seated work, lift task, age and sex on normalized lumbar angles, thoracic angles, perceived effort and duration of lifts. A total of 17 young and 17 mature participants were recruited with an average (standard deviation) age of 23.8 (5.0) years and 63.7 (3.9) years, respectively. Participants completed 3 different floor to knuckle lifts before and following 90 min of seated work. The lifts included; (i) 7 kg symmetrical, (ii) 4.5 kg symmetrical and (iii) 4.5 kg asymmetrical. Prolonged seated work and age interacted to affect normalized peak lumbar angles (p = 0.0469) where older adults adopted 56(15)% flexion after seated work compared to 67(16)% among younger adults. Older adults took significantly longer to complete the lifting tasks compared to younger adults while age did not affect perceived effort across lifting tasks. Older workers may require age specific interventions given age specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Gruevski
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L-3G1, Canada
| | - Jack P Callaghan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L-3G1, Canada.
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12
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Kitagawa K, Nagasaki T, Nakano S, Hida M, Okamatsu S, Wada C. Optimal foot-position of caregiver based on muscle activity of lower back and lower limb while providing sit-to-stand support. J Phys Ther Sci 2020; 32:534-540. [PMID: 32884176 PMCID: PMC7443548 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.32.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] In caregivers, low load posture is necessary to prevent lower back pain during
patient handling activities such as sit-to-stand support. This study focused on the
foot-position of caregivers as an adjustable and useful parameter. A wide stance decreases
the stress on the lumbar vertebra. However, this foot-position increases loading of the
spinae erector muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of
anterior-posterior and lateral-medial distances between feet and activity of the spinae
erector muscles to determine the optimal foot-position for reducing stress on the lumbar
vertebra without increasing spinae erector muscle load. [Participants and Methods] Five
young male participants were asked to provide sit-to-stand support 10 times using nine
normalized foot-positions with different anterior-posterior and lateral-medial distances.
Surface electromyograms of the erector spinae and lower limb muscles were measured during
sit-to-stand support. [Results] The results showed that the optimal foot-position
(anterior-posterior 55%, lateral-medial 20% of body height) increased muscle activity
within the lower limb muscles compared with the lower back muscles and did not increase
loads on the erector spinae muscle. [Conclusion] Optimizing foot-position can reduce
stress on the lumbar vertebra without increasing load on the spinae erector muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Kitagawa
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology: 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagasaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Japan
| | - Sota Nakano
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyushu University of Nursing and Social Welfare, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Hida
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology: 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Japan
| | - Shogo Okamatsu
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology: 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Kitakyushu Rehabilitation College, Japan
| | - Chikamune Wada
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology: 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan
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13
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Martinez R, Assila N, Goubault E, Begon M. Sex differences in upper limb musculoskeletal biomechanics during a lifting task. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 86:103106. [PMID: 32342895 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Women experience higher prevalence of work-related upper limb musculoskeletal disorders compared to men. Previous studies have investigated the biological, kinematic and electromyographic sex-related differences during a lifting task but the actual differences in musculoskeletal loads remain unknown. We investigated the sex differences in three musculoskeletal indicators: the sum of muscle activations, the sum of muscle forces and the relative time spent beyond a shear-compression dislocation ratio. A musculoskeletal model was scaled on 20 women and 20 men lifting a 6 or 12kg box from hip to eye level. Women generated more muscle forces and activations than men, regardless of the lifted mass. Those differences occurred when the box was above shoulder level. In addition, women might spend more time beyond a shear-compression dislocation ratio. Our work suggests higher musculoskeletal loads among women compared to men during a lifting task, which could be the result of poor technique and strength difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Martinez
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada.
| | - Najoua Assila
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Etienne Goubault
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Mickaël Begon
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
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Claudon L, Desbrosses K, Gilles MA, Pichené-Houard A, Remy O, Wild P. Temporal leeway: can it help to reduce biomechanical load for older workers performing repetitive light assembly tasks? APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 86:103081. [PMID: 32174446 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current industrial production systems allow assembly of customised products which include additional elements distinguishing them from a reference model. This customisation can result in significant additional time constraints which compel workers to complete their tasks faster, which may pose problems for older workers. The objective of this laboratory study was to investigate the impact of restrictive or flexible pacing during assembly of customised products among groups of younger and older participants. The data gathered were used to analyse cycle-time, assembly performance, muscular load, and kinematic adaptations. The flexible pacing condition was found to improve production performance, increasing customised assembly cycle-time and reducing biomechanical load, for both young and older participants. However, as the task required fine manual dexterity, older participants were subjected to a higher biomechanical load, even in the flexible pacing scenario. These results should encourage assembly-line designers to allow flexible time constraints as much as possible and to be particularly attentive to the needs of older workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Claudon
- Working Life Department, Physiology - Movement - Work Laboratory, INRS (Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité), 1 rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre cedex, France
| | - K Desbrosses
- Working Life Department, Physiology - Movement - Work Laboratory, INRS (Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité), 1 rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre cedex, France
| | - M A Gilles
- Working Life Department, Physiology - Movement - Work Laboratory, INRS (Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité), 1 rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre cedex, France.
| | - A Pichené-Houard
- Working Life Department, Physiology - Movement - Work Laboratory, INRS (Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité), 1 rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre cedex, France
| | - O Remy
- Working Life Department, Physiology - Movement - Work Laboratory, INRS (Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité), 1 rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre cedex, France
| | - P Wild
- Working Life Department, Physiology - Movement - Work Laboratory, INRS (Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité), 1 rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre cedex, France
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15
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Callaghan SJ, Lockie RG, Andrews WA, Yu W, Chipchase RF, Nimphius S. The Effects of an Eight over Cricket Bowling Spell upon Pace Bowling Biomechanics and Performance within Different Delivery Lengths. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E200. [PMID: 31480269 PMCID: PMC6783939 DOI: 10.3390/sports7090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pace bowlers must often perform extended bowling spells with maximal ball release speed (BRS) while targeting different delivery lengths when playing a multi-day match. This study investigated the effect of an eight over spell upon pace bowling biomechanics and performance at different delivery lengths. Nine male bowlers (age = 18.8 ± 1.7 years) completed an eight over spell, while targeting different lengths (short: 7-10 m, good: 4-7 m, full: 0-4 m from the batter's stumps, respectively) in a randomized order. Trunk, knee and shoulder kinematics and ground reaction forces at front foot contact (FFC), as well as run-up velocity and BRS were measured. Paired sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.01), Hedges' g effect sizes, and statistical parametrical mapping were used to assess differences between mean variables from the first and last three overs. No significant differences (p = 0.05-0.98) were found in any discrete or continuous variables, with the magnitude of difference being trivial-to-medium (g = 0.00-0.73) across all variables. Results suggest pace bowlers sustain BRS through a single eight over spell while tolerating the repeatedly high whole-body biomechanical loads as suggested by maintaining the kinematics or technique at the assessed joints during FFC. Practically, the findings are advantageous for bowling performance and support current bowling load monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Callaghan
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Warren A Andrews
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Walter Yu
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Robert F Chipchase
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia.
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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16
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Gruevski KM, Callaghan JP. The effect of age on in-vivo spine stiffness, postures and discomfort responses during prolonged sitting exposures. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:917-927. [PMID: 30889363 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1596317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many industrialised working populations are ageing and prolonged sitting exposures are prevalent across occupational sectors. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of age and sex on passive spine stiffness, postures and discomfort in response to seated work. A total of 34 participants were recruited, with 17 older adults with an average age of (standard deviation) 63.7 (±3.9) years and 17 younger adults aged 23.8 (±5.0) years. Participants were asked to sit continuously for 90 min while typing. Baseline passive spine stiffness was higher in older adults at 40% flexion compared to younger adults (p = .0233). Older adults sat in less normalised flexion, at 33.4% (±16.4) compared to 60.9% (±20.2) in the younger group (p = .0003). Discomfort was higher among older adults in the neck, right shoulder and middle back regions (p < .0086). An understanding of age-specific responses to workplace exposures is essential to determine whether age-specific interventions are warranted. Practitioner summary: Older adults had higher passive spine stiffness and sat with less flexion during prolonged sitting. Discomfort was higher among older adults and occurred earlier in the simulation compared to younger participants, indicating that interventions, such as walking breaks may need to be implemented earlier during sitting for aged workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Gruevski
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Canada
| | - Jack P Callaghan
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Canada
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17
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Lafleur B, Weaver TB, Tondat A, Boscart V, Laing AC. Manual patient transfers: factors that influence decisions and kinematic strategies employed by nursing aides. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:565-574. [PMID: 30468405 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1550215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
While extensive literature has characterised factors that influence the acceptable mass of 'boxes' during MMH tasks, less is known about these factors when moving 'people' in healthcare settings. This study examined factors that influence decisions/approaches employed during manual patient transfers. Sixteen nursing aides manually-transferred a standardised 'patient'; patient mass was adjusted (using a weight vest) to determine a maximum acceptable patient mass for this task (massmax). Grip strength was the only worker characteristic significantly associated with massmax (r = 0.48). Older worker age was associated with smaller peak trunk flexion (r = -0.58) and shoulder abduction (r = -0.59), and greater trunk axial twist (r = 0.52). Workers emphasised that patient characteristics (e.g. physical/cognitive status) influenced their decisions when performing transfers. These findings extend previous literature by suggesting that grip strength is a useful predictor of perceived work capacity, older workers adapt protective postural strategies during patient transfers and worker-patient dynamics are crucial during this high-risk occupational task. Practitioner Summary: This study examined manual patient transfers performed by nursing aides. Worker grip strength (but not age or size) was associated with perceptions of maximum acceptable patient mass. Kinematic changes suggested more conservative strategies used by older workers. Workers emphasised that patient characteristics substantially influenced their decisions when performing transfer tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Lafleur
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada
| | - Tyler B Weaver
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada
| | - Alyssa Tondat
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada
| | - Veronique Boscart
- b Conestoga College , Schlegel Centre for Advancing Seniors Care , Kitchener , ON , Canada
- c Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging , Waterloo , ON , Canada
| | - Andrew C Laing
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada
- c Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging , Waterloo , ON , Canada
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18
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Gilles MA, Wild P. Grasping an object at floor-level: Is movement strategy a matter of age? APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2018; 70:34-43. [PMID: 29866323 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bending down to pick things up off the floor is something that we do every day. This multisegment task can be done in a considerable number of postural configurations because of the large number of degrees of freedom to be controlled when executing it. In this study where volunteers performed a repetitive bending task, multisegment kinematic analysis allowed us to identify seven different bending strategies. Most operators used more than one bending strategy, but no particular strategy-type was found to be specific for a specific age group. However, the number of strategies used by an operator decreased with increasing age. It therefore appears that this factor influences the variability of the strategies used when repeatedly executing a movement involving the lower limbs to collect small objects from floor-level. This decrease in movement variability in senior operators may contribute to their increased risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine A Gilles
- Département Homme au Travail, INRS Lorraine, 1, rue du Morvan, CS60027, 54 519, Vandœuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Pascal Wild
- Département Homme au Travail, INRS Lorraine, 1, rue du Morvan, CS60027, 54 519, Vandœuvre Cedex, France
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19
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Validation of an Inertial Sensor System for Physical Therapists to Quantify Movement Coordination During Functional Tasks. J Appl Biomech 2018; 34:23-30. [PMID: 28787248 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2016-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physical therapists evaluate patients' movement patterns during functional tasks; yet, their ability to interpret these observations consistently and accurately is unclear. Physical therapists would benefit from a clinic-friendly method for accurately quantifying movement patterns during functional tasks. Inertial sensors, which are inexpensive, portable sensors capable of monitoring multiple body segments simultaneously, are a relatively new rehabilitation technology. We sought to validate an inertial sensor system by comparing lower limb and lumbar spine kinematic data collected simultaneously with a commercial inertial sensor system and a motion camera system while 10 subjects performed functional tasks. Mean and peak segment angular displacement data were calculated and compared between systems. Mean angular displacement root mean square error between the systems across all tasks and segments was <5°. Mean differences in peak displacements were generally acceptable (<5°) for the femur, tibia, and pelvis segments for all tasks; however, the inertial system overestimated lumbar flexion compared to the motion camera system. These data suggest that the inertial system is capable of measuring angular displacements within 5° of a system widely accepted for its accuracy. Standardization of sensor placement, better attachment methods, and improvement of inertial sensor algorithms will further increase the accuracy of the system.
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Chen JA, Dickerson CR, Wells RP, Laing AC. Older females in the workforce - the effects of age on psychophysical estimates of maximum acceptable lifting loads. ERGONOMICS 2017; 60:1708-1717. [PMID: 28554263 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1335883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of older workers in the workforce is increasing substantially, and advanced age is associated with factors that could influence musculoskeletal injury risk and work capacity. This study's goals were to test whether psychophysical estimates of maximum acceptable weight of lift (liftmax) differed between younger and older workers, and to examine potential explanatory factors. Twenty-four female workers (half 50 + years; half 20-32 years) self-adjusted a box's mass to their perceived liftmax during four lifting tasks. Older workers' liftmax values were significantly lower (by approximately 24%) than their younger counterparts. There were no age-related differences in resting heart rate, or peak joint angles and final heart rate during the lifting trials. However, the older group demonstrated lower grip strength (by 24%), and lower heart rate reserve during the trials (by 18%). These results question whether current maximum acceptable lifting weights based on psychophysical information are appropriately protective for female workers greater than 50 years of age. Practitioner Summary: This psychophysical study demonstrated that older female workers (aged 50-63 years) selected maximum acceptable lift masses that were (on average) 24% lower than younger workers (aged 20-32 years), which corresponded with lower grip strength and heart rate reserve. Current maximum acceptable lifting weights based on psychophysical information may not protect female workers greater than 50 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade A Chen
- a Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Canada
| | - Clark R Dickerson
- a Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Canada
| | - Richard P Wells
- a Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Canada
| | - Andrew C Laing
- a Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Canada
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Beach TAC, Stankovic T, Carnegie DR, Micay R, Frost DM. Using verbal instructions to influence lifting mechanics - Does the directive "lift with your legs, not your back" attenuate spinal flexion? J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 38:1-6. [PMID: 29107836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
"Use your legs" is commonly perceived as sound advice to prevent lifting-related low-back pain and injuries, but there is limited evidence that this directive attenuates the concomitant biomechanical risk factors. Body segment kinematic data were collected from 12 men and 12 women who performed a laboratory lifting/lowering task after being provided with different verbal instructions. The main finding was that instructing participants to lift "without rounding your lower back" had a greater effect on the amount of spine flexion they exhibited when lifting/lowering than instructing them to lift "with your legs instead of your back" and "bend your knees and hips". It was concluded that if using verbal instructions to discourage spine flexion when lifting, the instructions should be spine- rather than leg-focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson A C Beach
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - Tatjana Stankovic
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - Danielle R Carnegie
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - Rachel Micay
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - David M Frost
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2W6, Canada.
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Ghezelbash F, Shirazi-Adl A, Arjmand N, El-Ouaaid Z, Plamondon A, Meakin J. Effects of sex, age, body height and body weight on spinal loads: Sensitivity analyses in a subject-specific trunk musculoskeletal model. J Biomech 2016; 49:3492-3501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Shojaei I, Vazirian M, Croft E, Nussbaum MA, Bazrgari B. Age related differences in mechanical demands imposed on the lower back by manual material handling tasks. J Biomech 2016; 49:896-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mawston GA, G. Boocock M. Lumbar posture biomechanics and its influence on the functional anatomy of the erector spinae and multifidus. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1179/1743288x15y.0000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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