Use of machine learning to select texture features in investigating the effects of axial loading on T
2-maps from magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar discs.
EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2021;
31:1979-1991. [PMID:
34718864 DOI:
10.1007/s00586-021-07036-3]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Recent advances in texture analysis and machine learning offer new opportunities to improve the application of imaging to intervertebral disc biomechanics. This study employed texture analysis and machine learning on MRIs to investigate the lumbar disc's response to loading.
METHODS
Thirty-five volunteers (30 (SD 11) yrs.) with and without chronic back pain spent 20 min lying in a relaxed unloaded supine position, followed by 20 min loaded in compression, and then 20 min with traction applied. T2-weighted MR images were acquired during the last 5 min of each loading condition. Custom image analysis software was used to segment discs from adjacent tissues semi-automatically and segment each disc into the nucleus, anterior and posterior annulus automatically. A grey-level, co-occurrence matrix with one to four pixels offset in four directions (0°, 45°, 90° and 135°) was then constructed (320 feature/tissue). The Random Forest Algorithm was used to select the most promising classifiers. Linear mixed-effect models and Cohen's d compared loading conditions.
FINDINGS
All statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed in the nucleus and posterior annulus in the 135° offset direction at the L4-5 level between lumbar compression and traction. Correlation (P2-Offset, P4-Offset) and information measure of correlation 1 (P3-Offset, P4-Offset) detected significant changes in the nucleus. Statistically significant changes were also observed for homogeneity (P2-Offset, P3-Offset), contrast (P2-Offset), and difference variance (P4-Offset) of the posterior annulus.
INTERPRETATION
MRI textural features may have the potential of identifying the disc's response to loading, particularly in the nucleus and posterior annulus, which appear most sensitive to loading.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Diagnostic: individual cross-sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding.
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