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Haegler P, Joerin L, Krähenbühl S, Bouitbir J. Hepatocellular Toxicity of Imidazole and Triazole Antimycotic Agents. Toxicol Sci 2018; 157:183-195. [PMID: 28329820 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity has been described for all antimycotic azoles currently marketed. A possible mechanism involving mitochondrial dysfunction has been postulated for ketoconazole, but not for the other azoles. The aim of the current investigations was to study the toxicity of different azoles in human cell models and to find out mechanisms of their toxicity. In HepG2 cells, posaconazole and ketoconazole were cytotoxic starting at 20 and 50 µM and decreased the cellular ATP content starting at 5 and 10 µM, respectively. In HepaRG cells, cytotoxicity started at 20 and 100 µM for posaconazole and ketoconazole, respectively, and was slightly accentuated by cytochrome P450 3A4 induction with rifampicin and 1A2 with 3-methylcholantrene. Voriconazole and fluconazole were not cytotoxic. In isolated mouse liver mitochondria, ketoconazole impaired membrane potential and complex I activity, whereas the other azoles were not toxic. In HepG2 cells exposed for 24 h, both posaconazole and ketoconazole (but not fluconazole or voriconazole) decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired the function of enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain, were associated with mitochondrial superoxide accumulation, decreased mitochondrial DNA and induced apoptosis. In HepG2 cells with mitochondrial dysfunction induced by the vitamin B12 antagonist hydroxy-cobalamin[c-lactam], cytotoxicity and/or ATP depletion was more accentuated than in untreated cells. We conclude that ketoconazole and posaconazole are mitochondrial toxicants starting at concentrations, which can be reached in vivo. Cytotoxicity and ATP depletion are more accentuated in cells with mitochondrial damage, suggesting that preexisting mitochondrial dysfunction is a susceptibility factor for hepatotoxicity associated with these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Haegler
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Joerin
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Inhibition of CBLB protects from lethal Candida albicans sepsis. Nat Med 2016; 22:915-23. [PMID: 27428901 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections claim an estimated 1.5 million lives each year. Mechanisms that protect from fungal infections are still elusive. Recognition of fungal pathogens relies on C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) and their downstream signaling kinase SYK. Here we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase CBLB controls proximal CLR signaling in macrophages and dendritic cells. We show that CBLB associates with SYK and ubiquitinates SYK, dectin-1, and dectin-2 after fungal recognition. Functionally, CBLB deficiency results in increased inflammasome activation, enhanced reactive oxygen species production, and increased fungal killing. Genetic deletion of Cblb protects mice from morbidity caused by cutaneous infection and markedly improves survival after a lethal systemic infection with Candida albicans. On the basis of these findings, we engineered a cell-permeable CBLB inhibitory peptide that protects mice from lethal C. albicans infections. We thus describe a key role for Cblb in the regulation of innate antifungal immunity and establish a novel paradigm for the treatment of fungal sepsis.
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Heusinkveld HJ, van den Berg M, Westerink RHS. In vitro dopaminergic neurotoxicity of pesticides: a link with neurodegeneration? Vet Q 2015; 34:120-31. [PMID: 25506807 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2014.980934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Around the globe, chemical compounds are used to treat or repel pests and plagues that pose a threat to food and feed production. From epidemiological studies, it is known that there is a link between exposure to certain chemical classes of these so-called pesticides and the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease in humans. However, which particular compound(s) account for this link or what underlying mechanisms are involved is still largely unresolved. The degenerative process in Parkinson's disease is largely limited to the dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. Cellular mechanisms that are implicated in parkinsonian neurodegeneration include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, disturbance of intracellular calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. A major characteristic that distinguishes the dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia from other dopaminergic neurons is a particular reliance on intracellular calcium for spontaneous activity. Considering the energy consuming nature of maintenance of the intracellular calcium homeostasis and its involvement in life and death of a neuron, this may explain the specific vulnerability of this neuronal population. Despite a large variation in primary mechanism of action it has been demonstrated that pesticides from different classes disturb intracellular calcium homeostasis, thus interfering with intracellular calcium signalling. This relates to altered dopaminergic signalling, disturbed protein homeostasis and increased oxidative stress. Therefore, effects of (mixtures of) pesticides on the intracellular calcium homeostasis may play a role in the development of Parkinson's disease in humans. Although human exposure to pesticides via e.g. food often occurs in complex mixtures, (human) risk assessment is largely based on the assessment of single compounds. The discovery of common modes of action across different classes of pesticides therefore underpins the urgency of development of new models and approaches in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm J Heusinkveld
- a Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , 3508 TD Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Zhang C, Cheng J, Jiang Y, Liu J. Application of caspofungin in China compared with amphotericin B and fluconazole. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014; 10:737-41. [PMID: 25228811 PMCID: PMC4164385 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s47146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infection has increased in the past 2 decades in China. There are three classes of antifungal drugs, polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins, that are applied frequently in China. Caspofungin, which disrupts the fungal cell wall glucan formation through inhibiting the enzyme 1,3-β-glucan synthase, is one of the echinocandins. According to the results of clinical practices applied in China, caspofungin has shown to be superior to the other two classes of antifungal drugs, due to its efficacy in treating fungal infection (15% superior to fluconazole); fewer adverse events such as infusion-related reaction, hepatic dysfunction, and vomiting (25%-50% lower incidence rate); rapid resolution of symptoms (about 3 days quicker than amphotericin B); and absence of antagonism in combination with other antifungal drugs. However, caspofungin will remain as a second-line antifungal drug in the near future because of its high price and the policy of health insurance reimbursement in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Health Reform and Development, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaoying Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jiang
- National Management Center of 12320 Health Hotline, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Vadlapatla RK, Patel M, Paturi DK, Pal D, Mitra AK. Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:561-80. [PMID: 24521092 PMCID: PMC4516223 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.883379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complete delineation of the HIV-1 life cycle has resulted in the development of several antiretroviral drugs. Twenty-five therapeutic agents belonging to five different classes are currently available for the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Advent of triple combination antiretroviral therapy has significantly lowered the mortality rate in HIV patients. However, fungal infections still represent major opportunistic diseases in immunocompromised patients worldwide. AREAS COVERED Antiretroviral drugs that target enzymes and/or proteins indispensable for viral replication are discussed in this article. Fungal infections, causative organisms, epidemiology and preferred treatment modalities are also outlined. Finally, observed/predicted drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals are summarized along with clinical recommendations. EXPERT OPINION Concomitant use of amphotericin B and tenofovir must be closely monitored for renal functioning. Due to relatively weak interactive potential with the CYP450 system, fluconazole is the preferred antifungal drug. High itraconazole doses (> 200 mg/day) are not advised in patients receiving booster protease inhibitor (PI) regimen. Posaconazole is contraindicated in combination with either efavirenz or fosamprenavir. Moreover, voriconazole is contraindicated with high-dose ritonavir-boosted PI. Echinocandins may aid in overcoming the limitations of existing antifungal therapy. An increasing number of documented or predicted drug-drug interactions and therapeutic drug monitoring may aid in the management of HIV-associated opportunistic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Krishna Vadlapatla
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Mitesh Patel
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Durga K Paturi
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- Professor of Pharmacy, Chairman-Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vice-Provost for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Missouri Curators’, 2464 Charlotte Street HSB 5258, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA, Tel: +1 816 235 1615; Fax: +1 816 235 5779;
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Houard J, Aumelas A, Noël T, Pages S, Givaudan A, Fitton-Ouhabi V, Villain-Guillot P, Gualtieri M. Cabanillasin, a new antifungal metabolite, produced by entomopathogenic Xenorhabdus cabanillasii JM26. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:617-20. [PMID: 23756685 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, fungi have emerged as a major cause of human disease. Fungal infections are associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, and are now recognized as an important public health problem. Gram-negative bacterial strains of genus Xenorhabdus are known to form symbiotic associations with soil-dwelling nematodes of the Steinernematidae family. We describe here the discovery of a new antifungal metabolite, cabanillasin, produced by Xenorhabdus cabanillasii. We purified this molecule by cation-exchange chromatography and reverse-phase chromatography. We then determined the chemical structure of cabanillasin by homo- and heteronuclear NMR and MS-MS. Cabanillasin was found to be active against yeasts and filamentous fungi involved in opportunistic infections.
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