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Hagiwara M, Policeni B, Juliano AF, Agarwal M, Burns J, Dubey P, Friedman ER, Gule-Monroe MK, Jain V, Lam K, Patino M, Rath TJ, Shian B, Subramaniam RM, Taheri MR, Zander D, Corey AS. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Sinonasal Disease: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2022; 19:S175-S193. [PMID: 35550800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article presents guidelines for initial imaging utilization in patients presenting with sinonasal disease, including acute rhinosinusitis without and with suspected orbital and intracranial complications, chronic rhinosinusitis, suspected invasive fungal sinusitis, suspected sinonasal mass, and suspected cerebrospinal fluid leak. CT and MRI are the primary imaging modalities used to evaluate patients with sinonasal disease. Given its detailed depiction of bony anatomy, CT can accurately demonstrate the presence of sinonasal disease, bony erosions, and anatomic variants, and is essential for surgical planning. Given its superior soft tissue contrast, MRI can accurately identify clinically suspected intracranial and intraorbital complications, delineate soft tissue extension of tumor and distinguish mass from obstructed secretions.The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari Hagiwara
- Neuroradiology Fellowship Program Director, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.
| | - Bruno Policeni
- Panel Chair, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amy F Juliano
- Panel Vice-Chair and Director of Research and Academic Affairs, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ACR Chair NI-RADS Committee
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- Fellowship Program Director, Froedtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Judah Burns
- Residency Program Director, Diagnostic Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Prachi Dubey
- Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Alternate Councilor, Texas Radiological Society; and Member, ACR Neuroradiology Commission
| | | | - Maria K Gule-Monroe
- Medical Director of Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vikas Jain
- Assistant Program Director of Radiology Residency Program, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kent Lam
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia; Rhinology and Paranasal Sinus Committee Member, American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Consultant to the Board, American Rhinologic Society
| | - Maria Patino
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tanya J Rath
- Division Chair of Neuroradiology, Education Director of Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona; President of the Eastern Neuroradiological Society
| | - Brian Shian
- Primary Care Physician, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Rathan M Subramaniam
- University of Otago, Dunedin, Otepoti, New Zealand; Co-Chair, ACR Committee on Practice Parameters and Technical Standards - Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
| | - M Reza Taheri
- Director of Neuroradiology, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - David Zander
- Chief of Head and Neck Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Amanda S Corey
- Specialty Chair, Atlanta VA Health Care System and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Shelesko EV, Kravchuk AD, Kapitanov DN, Chernikova NA, Zinkevich DN. [A modern approach to the diagnosis of nasal liquorrhea]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEĬROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2019; 82:103-111. [PMID: 29927432 DOI: 10.17116/neiro2018823103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nasal liquorrhea is cerebrospinal fluid leakage from cerebrospinal fluid spaces of the cerebral cavity into the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses due to congenital or acquired abnormalities of the skull base bones and meninges of various etiologies. The severity of liquorrhea varies from hidden manifestations to profuse leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the nasal cavity. The diagnosis of overt nasal liquorrhea is not problematic, but the diagnosis of latent liquorrhea is a challenge. In this case, the disease leads to potentially fatal complications, such as meningitis (the risk amounts to 10-37%), pneumocephaly, pneumonia, etc. These peculiarites give rise to two main tasks: early diagnosis confirming liquorrhea and accurate identification of the CSF fistula location when planning further surgical management. PURPOSE The study purpose was to review and comparatively analyze all modern methods of diagnosing nasal liquorrhea as well as to substantiate the most effective and promising approaches and algorithms. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included papers in English and Russian found in the Pubmed database and related to the diagnosis of basal liquorrhea of different etiology and localization. RESULTS This review demonstrates that diagnostic tests vary widely in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, invasiveness, and cost. Given all the criteria, detection of beta-2 transferrin or beta-trace protein is the best method for confirming nasal liquorrhea, and high-resolution computed tomography is the best technique for localization of the abnormality. CONCLUSION Based on the review, we suggest a diagnostic algorithm for nasal liquorrhea. However, the evidence presented in this review is unfortunately not very reliable, which indicates the existing need for more accurate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Shelesko
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str., 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047
| | - A D Kravchuk
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str., 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047
| | - D N Kapitanov
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str., 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047
| | - N A Chernikova
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str., 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047
| | - D N Zinkevich
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str., 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047
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Eljazzar R, Loewenstern J, Dai JB, Shrivastava RK, Iloreta AM. Detection of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks: Is There a Radiologic Standard of Care? A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg 2019; 127:307-315. [PMID: 30797912 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.01.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks traditionally involves laboratory testing of markers and appropriate imaging. Surgical localization can be difficult, and the inability to accurately localize skull base defects leads to increased rates of repair failure and complications. Many imaging techniques localizing and identifying CSF leaks have been proposed. Comparisons of current and investigational imaging techniques used to localize CSF leaks are reviewed. METHODS A comprehensive and systematic search through PubMed, Scopus, and reference lists from relevant articles was completed to identify literature on sensitivities of different imaging methods for localization and detection of CSF leaks. Prospective, retrospective, and case series published since 1995 that addressed imaging techniques for CSF leaks confined to the skull base were included. Sensitivities of each major imaging technique proposed were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS In total, 133 studies initially were screened from 2125 studies on preliminary search. Of these, 38 studies were included based on inclusion criteria. Studies were segregated by imaging modality. A total of 1000 patients with CSF leaks subsequently were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Although radionuclide cisternography has been the historical standard, recent imaging techniques have emerged considering the low sensitivity. Computed tomography cisternography with contrast also has low sensitivity, even in active leaks. Although high-resolution computed tomography is commonly the initial study of choice, magnetic resonance imaging methods, particularly 3-dimensional imaging, may prove to be a more sensitive study of choice. Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging combination methods may show promise in localizing CSF leaks. Stratifying by status and etiology may be an important determinant. Further studies investigating various imaging techniques for localizing CSF leaks are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Loewenstern
- Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer B Dai
- Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raj K Shrivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alfred M Iloreta
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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Oakley GM, Alt JA, Schlosser RJ, Harvey RJ, Orlandi RR. Diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: an evidence-based review with recommendations. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2015; 6:8-16. [PMID: 26370330 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic strategies employed for cases of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea vary widely due to limited evidence-based guidance. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases from January 1990 through September 2014, to examine 9 diagnostic and localization modalities for CSF rhinorrhea. Benefit-harm assessments, value judgments and recommendations were made based on the available evidence. Study exclusion criteria were language other than English, pre-1990 studies, case reports, and nonrhinologic leak. All authors agreed on recommendations through an iterative process. RESULTS We reviewed 68 studies examining 9 practices pertinent to the diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea, with a highest aggregate grade of evidence of C. The literature does not support the use of the ring sign, glucose testing, radionuclide cisternography (RNC), or computed tomography cisternography (CTC) for identification of CSF leak. Beta-2 transferrin is the most reliable confirmatory test for CSF leak. High-resolution CT (HRCT) is then recommended as the first-line study for localization. Magnetic resonance cisternography (MRC) should be used for CSF leak identification as a second line for each of these if beta-2 transferrin is not available or if HRCT is ambiguous. Intrathecal fluorescein (IF) may also be of benefit in certain clinical scenarios. CONCLUSION Despite relatively low levels of evidence, recommendations for the diagnosis and management of CSF rhinorrhea can be made based on the current literature. Higher-level studies are needed to better determine optimal diagnostic and clinical management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen M Oakley
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jeremiah A Alt
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Richard J Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard R Orlandi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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