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Kato T, Sasaki A, Nakazawa K. Short-and long-latency afferent inhibition of the human leg motor cortex by H-reflex subthreshold electrical stimulation at the popliteal fossa. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:249-261. [PMID: 36481937 PMCID: PMC9870969 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In humans, peripheral sensory stimulation inhibits subsequent motor evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation; this process is referred to as short- or long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI or LAI, respectively), depending on the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) length. Although upper limb SAI and LAI have been well studied, lower limb SAI and LAI remain under-investigated. Here, we examined the time course of the soleus (SOL) muscle MEP following electrical tibial nerve (TN) stimulation at the popliteal fossa at ISIs of 20-220 ms. When the conditioning stimulus intensity was three-fold the perceptual threshold, MEP amplitudes were inhibited at an ISI of 220 ms, but not at shorter ISIs. TN stimulation just below the Hoffman (H)-reflex threshold intensity inhibited MEP amplitudes at ISIs of 30, 35, 100, 180 and 200 ms. However, the relationship between MEP inhibition and the P30 latency of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) did not show corresponding ISIs at the SEP P30 latency that maximizes MEP inhibition. To clarify whether the site of afferent-induced MEP inhibition occurs at the cortical or spinal level, we examined the time course of SOL H-reflex following TN stimulation. H-reflex amplitudes were not significantly inhibited at ISIs where MEP inhibition occurred but at an ISI of 120 ms. Our findings indicate that stronger peripheral sensory stimulation is required for lower limb than for upper limb SAI and LAI and that lower limb SAI and LAI are of cortical origin. Moreover, the direct pathway from the periphery to the primary motor cortex may contribute to lower limb SAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 153-8902 Tokyo, Japan ,grid.54432.340000 0001 0860 6072Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083 Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- grid.54432.340000 0001 0860 6072Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 153-8902 Tokyo, Japan
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Akaiwa M, Matsuda Y, Soma Y, Shibata E, Saito H, Sasaki T, Sugawara K. The relationships between motor behavior and sensory gating in the ball rotation task. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2659-2666. [PMID: 35951094 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
During voluntary muscle contraction, sensory information induced by electrostimulation of the nerves supplying the contracting muscle is inhibited and the amplitude of the corresponding somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) decreases. This phenomenon is called "gating." The reduction of the SEP amplitude is reportedly significantly larger when task performance is high. However, the relationship between dexterous movement skills and gating remains unclear. In this study, we investigated through a ball rotation (BR) task how dexterous movement skills affect the SEP amplitudes. Thirty healthy subjects performed the BR task comprising the rotation of two wooden balls as quickly as possible. We estimated the median number of ball rotations for each participant and classified the participants into two (fast and slow) groups based on the results. Moreover, we recorded SEPs, while the subjects performed BR tasks or rested. SEP amplitude reduction (P45) was significantly larger in the fast than in the slow group. We also observed that the P45 amplitude during the BR task was attenuated even more so in the case of the participants with better dexterous movement skills. Our results suggest that the participants with better dexterous movement skills might display stronger somatosensory information suppression because of increasing the motor cortex activity and the afferent input during the BR task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Akaiwa
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuya Matsuda
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuta Soma
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kashiwaba Neurosurgical Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Eriko Shibata
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Eniwa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugawara
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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3
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Kato T, Kaneko N, Sasaki A, Endo N, Yuasa A, Milosevic M, Watanabe K, Nakazawa K. Corticospinal excitability and somatosensory information processing of the lower limb muscle during upper limb voluntary or electrically induced muscle contractions. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1810-1824. [PMID: 35274383 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural interactions between upper and lower limbs underlie motor coordination in humans. Specifically, upper limb voluntary muscle contraction can facilitate spinal and corticospinal excitability of the lower limb muscles. However, little remains known on the involvement of somatosensory information in arm-leg neural interactions. Here, we investigated effects of voluntary and electrically induced wrist flexion on corticospinal excitability and somatosensory information processing of the lower limbs. In Experiment 1, we measured transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of the resting soleus (SOL) muscle at rest or during voluntary or neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)-induced wrist flexion. The wrist flexion force was matched to 10% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). We found that SOL MEPs were significantly increased during voluntary, but not NMES-induced, wrist flexion, compared to the rest (P < 0.001). In Experiment 2, we examined somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) following tibial nerve stimulation under the same conditions. The results showed that SEPs were unchanged during both voluntary and NMES-induced wrist flexion. In Experiment 3, we examined the modulation of SEPs during 10%, 20%, and 30% MVC voluntary wrist flexion. During 30% MVC voluntary wrist flexion, P50-N70 SEP component was significantly attenuated compared to the rest (P = 0.003). Our results propose that the somatosensory information generated by NMES-induced upper limb muscle contractions may have a limited effect on corticospinal excitability and somatosensory information processing of the lower limbs. However, voluntary wrist flexion modulated corticospinal excitability and somatosensory information processing of the lower limbs via motor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Kaneko
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Endo
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yuasa
- Department of rehabilitation medicine I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Matija Milosevic
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Arts, Design & Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Peters S, Brown KE, Garland SJ, Staines WR, Handy TC, Francisco BA, Boyd LA. Cortical processing of irrelevant somatosensory information from the leg is altered by attention during early movement preparation. Brain Res 2019; 1707:45-53. [PMID: 30468723 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to actively suppress, or gate, irrelevant sensory information is needed for safe and efficient walking in sensory-rich environments. Both attention and the late phase of motor preparation alter somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in healthy adults. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of attention on the processing of irrelevant somatosensory information during the early phase of preparation of plantarflexion movements. Young healthy individuals received tibial nerve stimulation while electroencephalography (EEG) recorded SEPs over the Cz electrode. Three conditions were tested in both legs: 1) Rest, 2) Attend To the stimulated limb, and 3) Attend Away from the stimulated limb. In conditions 2 and 3, vibration (80 Hz) was applied over the medial soleus muscle to cue voluntary plantarflexion movements of the stimulated (Attend To) or non-stimulated leg (Attend Away). Only SEPs delivered during early preparation were averaged for statistical analysis. Results demonstrated a main effect of condition for the N40 and N70 indicating that SEP amplitudes in the Attend To condition were smaller than rest (p ≤ 0.02). For the P50, no interaction effects or main effects were found (p ≥ 0.08). There was no main effect of leg for any component measured. The results indicate that gating of irrelevant sensory information during early preparation occurs in the leg when attention is directed within the same limb. If attention alters the somatosensory stimuli from a leg movement, then directing attention may affect safe community walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Peters
- Graduate Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 212 - 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Katlyn E Brown
- Graduate Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 212 - 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - S Jayne Garland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Health Sciences Building, Room 200, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - W Richard Staines
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Todd C Handy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Beatrice A Francisco
- Graduate Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 212 - 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 212 - 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Ball, Vancouver, BC, V6T IZ3, Canada
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Peters S, Brown KE, Garland SJ, Staines WR, Handy TC, Boyd LA. Suppression of somatosensory stimuli during motor planning may explain levels of balance and mobility after stroke. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:3534-3551. [PMID: 30151944 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The ability to actively suppress, or gate, irrelevant sensory information is required for safe and efficient walking in sensory-rich environments. Both motor attention and motor planning alter somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in healthy adults. This study's aim was to examine the effect of motor attention on processing of irrelevant somatosensory information during plantar flexion motor planning after stroke. Thirteen healthy older adults and 11 individuals with stroke participated. Irrelevant tibial nerve stimulation was delivered while SEPs were recorded over Cz, overlaying the leg portion of the sensorimotor cortex at the vertex of the head. Three conditions were tested in both legs: (1) Rest, (2) Attend To, and (3) Attend Away from the stimulated limb. In conditions 2 and 3, relevant vibration cued voluntary plantar flexion movements of the stimulated (Attend To) or non-stimulated (Attend Away) leg. SEP amplitudes were averaged during motor planning per condition. Individuals with stroke did not show attention-mediated gating of the N40 component associated with irrelevant somatosensory information during motor planning. It may be that dysfunction in pathways connecting to area 3b explains the lack of attention-mediated gating of the N40. Also, attention-mediated gating during motor planning explained significant and unique variance in a measure of community balance and mobility combined with response time. Thus, the ability to gate irrelevant somatosensory information appears important for stepping in both older adults and after stroke. Our data suggest that therapies that direct motor attention could positively impact walking after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Peters
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katlyn E Brown
- Graduate Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Jayne Garland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Richard Staines
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Todd C Handy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Peters S, Ivanova TD, Lakhani B, Boyd LA, Staines WR, Handy TC, Garland SJ. Symmetry of cortical planning for initiating stepping in sub-acute stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:787-796. [PMID: 29453170 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined motor planning for stepping when the paretic leg was either stepping or standing (to step with the non-paretic leg), to understand whether difficulty with balance and walking post-stroke could be attributed to poor motor planning. METHODS Individuals with stroke performed self-initiated stepping. Amplitude and duration of the movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) was measured from Cz. Electromyography (EMG) of biceps femoris (BF) and rectus femoris (RF) were collected. RESULTS There were no differences between legs in stepping speed, MRCP or EMG parameters. The MRCPs when stepping with the paretic leg and the non-paretic leg were correlated. When the paretic leg was stepping, the MRCP amplitude correlated with MRCP duration, indicating a longer planning time was accompanied by higher cognitive effort. Slow steppers had larger MRCP amplitudes stepping with the paretic leg and longer MRCP durations stepping with the non-paretic leg. CONCLUSIONS MRCP measures suggest that motor planning for initiating stepping are similar regardless of which limb is stepping. Individuals who stepped slowly had greater MRCP amplitudes and durations for planning. SIGNIFICANCE Individuals who step slowly may require more time and effort to plan a movement, which may compromise their safety in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Peters
- Graduate Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 212 - 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tanya D Ivanova
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Health Sciences Building, Room 200, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 212 - 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Bimal Lakhani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 212 - 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 212 - 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T IZ3, Canada
| | - W Richard Staines
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Todd C Handy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S Jayne Garland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Health Sciences Building, Room 200, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 212 - 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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7
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Modulation of somatosensory evoked potentials during force generation and relaxation. Exp Brain Res 2012; 219:227-33. [PMID: 22460200 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the modulation of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) during precisely controlled force generation and force relaxation in a visuomotor tracking task. Subjects were instructed to track a target line with a line that represented their own force generated by grip movement with the right hand as accurately as possible during concurrent electrical stimulation. The target force line moved up continuously from 0 to 20 % of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) (the force generation phase: FG phase) and moved down from 20 to 0 % of MVC (the force relaxation phase: FR phase) in 7 s at a constant velocity. We separately obtained SEPs following electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist in each phase. During the visuomotor tracking task, compared with the stationary condition, the N30 at Fz and P27 at C3' showed a significant reduction in amplitude in the FG and FR phases. In addition, the N30 and P27 were significantly smaller in amplitude in the FG than FR phase. Although the average amount of force exertion was the same in the FG and FR phases, the modulation of SEP amplitude was larger in the FG phase. These results indicated that sensorimotor integration in the somatosensory area was dependent on the context of movement exertion.
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Wasaka T, Kida T, Nakata H, Akatsuka K, Kakigi R. Characteristics of sensori-motor interaction in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices in humans: a magnetoencephalography study. Neuroscience 2007; 149:446-56. [PMID: 17869442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied sensori-motor interaction in the primary (SI) and secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) using magnetoencephalography. Since SII in both hemispheres was activated following unilateral stimulation, we analyzed SIIc (contralateral to stimulation) as well as SIIi (ipsilateral to stimulation). Four tasks were performed in human subjects in which a voluntary thumb movement of the left or right hand was combined with electrical stimulation applied to the index finger of the left or right hand: L(M)-L(S) (movement of the left thumb triggered stimulation to the left finger), L(M)-R(S) (movement of the left thumb triggered electrical stimulation to the right finger), R(M)-R(S) (movement of the right thumb triggered electrical stimulation to the right finger), and R(M)-L(S) (movement of the right thumb triggered electrical stimulation to the left finger). Stimulation to the index finger only (S condition) was also recorded. In SI, the amplitude of N20m and P35m was significantly attenuated in the R(M)-R(S) and L(M)-L(S) tasks compared with the S condition, but that for other tasks showed no change, corresponding to a conventional gating phenomenon. In SII, the R(M)-L(S) task significantly enhanced the amplitude of SIIc but reduced that of SIIi compared with the S condition. The L(M)-L(S) and R(M)-R(S) tasks caused a significant enhancement only in SIIi. The L(M)-R(S) task enhanced the amplitude only in SIIc. The laterality index showed that SII modulation with voluntary movement was more dominant in the hemisphere ipsilateral to movement but was not affected by the side of stimulation. These results provided the characteristics of activities in somatosensory cortices, a simple inhibition in SI but complicated changes in SII depending on the side of movement and stimulation, which may indicate the higher cognitive processing in SII.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wasaka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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