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Squintani G, Geroin C, Pasquali A, Cavazzana E, Segatti A, Lippolis M, Bonetto C, Antelmi E, Tinazzi M. Abnormalities of the Descending Inhibitory Nociceptive Pathway in Functional Motor Disorders. Mov Disord 2024; 39:905-910. [PMID: 38469903 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a common disabling non-motor symptom affecting patients with functional motor disorders (FMD). OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore ascending and descending nociceptive pathways with laser evoked potentials (LEPs) in FMD. METHODS We studied a "bottom-up and top-down" noxious paradigm applying a conditioned pain modulation (CPM) protocol and recorded N2/P2 amplitude in 21 FMD and 20 controls following stimulation of both right arm and leg at baseline (BS) (bottom-up), during heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS) with ice test (top-down) and post-HNCS. RESULTS We found a normal ascending pathway, but reduced CPM response (lower reduction of the N2/P2 amplitude) in FMD patients, by stimulating both upper and lower limbs. The N2/P2 amplitude ratio*100 (between the HNCS and BS) was significantly higher in patients with FMD than HC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that pain in FMD possibly reflects a descending pain inhibitory control impairment, therefore, providing a novel venue to explore the pathophysiology of pain in FMD. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Squintani
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Christian Geroin
- Neurology Unit, Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessia Pasquali
- Neurology Unit, Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cavazzana
- Neurology Unit, Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessia Segatti
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Marianna Lippolis
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonetto
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Antelmi
- Neurology Unit, Movement Disorder Division, Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Neurology Unit, Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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2
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Manto M, Argyropoulos GPD, Bocci T, Celnik PA, Corben LA, Guidetti M, Koch G, Priori A, Rothwell JC, Sadnicka A, Spampinato D, Ugawa Y, Wessel MJ, Ferrucci R. Consensus Paper: Novel Directions and Next Steps of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation of the Cerebellum in Health and Disease. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 21:1092-1122. [PMID: 34813040 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in multiple closed-loops circuitry which connect the cerebellar modules with the motor cortex, prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortical areas, and contribute to motor control, cognitive processes, emotional processing, and behavior. Among them, the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway represents the anatomical substratum of cerebellum-motor cortex inhibition (CBI). However, the cerebellum is also connected with basal ganglia by disynaptic pathways, and cerebellar involvement in disorders commonly associated with basal ganglia dysfunction (e.g., Parkinson's disease and dystonia) has been suggested. Lately, cerebellar activity has been targeted by non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to indirectly affect and tune dysfunctional circuitry in the brain. Although the results are promising, several questions remain still unsolved. Here, a panel of experts from different specialties (neurophysiology, neurology, neurosurgery, neuropsychology) reviews the current results on cerebellar NIBS with the aim to derive the future steps and directions needed. We discuss the effects of TMS in the field of cerebellar neurophysiology, the potentials of cerebellar tDCS, the role of animal models in cerebellar NIBS applications, and the possible application of cerebellar NIBS in motor learning, stroke recovery, speech and language functions, neuropsychiatric and movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium.,Service Des Neurosciences, UMons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Georgios P D Argyropoulos
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy.,ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Via di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Pablo A Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Louise A Corben
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville. Victoria, Australia
| | - Matteo Guidetti
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy.,Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy.,ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Via di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Anna Sadnicka
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, St George's University of London, London, UK.,Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Danny Spampinato
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Maximilian J Wessel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Ferrucci
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy. .,ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Via di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Squintani G, Rasera A, Segatti A, Concon E, Bonetti B, Valeriani M, Tinazzi M. Conditioned pain modulation affects the N2/P2 complex but not the N1 wave: A pilot study with laser-evoked potentials. Eur J Pain 2020; 25:550-557. [PMID: 33170987 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'pain-inhibits-pain' effect stems from neurophysiological mechanisms involving endogenous modulatory systems termed diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) or conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) components, the N2/P2 complex, and the N1 wave, reflect the medial and lateral pain pathway, respectively: anatomically, the lateral thalamic nuclei (LT) project mainly to the somatosensory cortex (N1 generator), while the medial thalamic nuclei (MT) are bound to the limbic cortices (N2/P2 generators). METHODS We applied a CPM protocol in which the test stimulus was laser stimulation and the conditioning stimulus was a cold pressor test. LEPs recordings were obtained from 15 healthy subjects in three different conditions: baseline, during heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS) and post-HNCS. RESULTS We observed a significant reduction in N2/P2 amplitude during HNCS and a return to pre-test amplitude post-HNCS, whereas the N1 wave remained unchanged during and post-HNCS. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CPM affects only the medial pain system. The spinothalamic tract (STT) transmits to both the LT and the MT, while the spinoreticulothalamic (SRT) projects only to the MT. The reduction in the amplitude of the N2/P2 complex and the absence of change in the N1 wave suggest that DNIC inhibition on the dorsal horn neurons affects only pain transmission via the SRT, while the neurons that give rise to the STT are not involved. The N1 wave can be a reliable neurophysiological parameter for assessment of STT function in clinical practice, as it does not seem to be influenced by CPM. SIGNIFICANCE No reports have described the effect of DNIC on lateral and medial pain pathways. We studied the N1 wave and the N2/P2 complex to detect changes during a CPM protocol. We found a reduction in the amplitude of the N2/P2 complex and no change in the N1 wave. This suggests that the DNIC inhibitory effect on dorsal horns neurons affects only pain transmission via the SRT, whereas the neurons that give rise to the STT are not involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Squintani
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasera
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Motor Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessia Segatti
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Concon
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Bruno Bonetti
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Motor Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Buentjen L, Vicheva P, Chander BS, Beccard SA, Coutts C, Azañón E, Stenner MP, Deliano M. Spatial Filtering of Electroencephalography Reduces Artifacts and Enhances Signals Related to Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS). Neuromodulation 2020; 24:1317-1326. [PMID: 32969569 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES How spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in its different modes suppresses pain is poorly understood. Mechanisms of action may reside locally in the spinal cord, but also involve a larger network including subcortical and cortical brain structures. Tonic, burst, and high-frequency modes of SCS can, in principle, entrain distinct temporal activity patterns in this network, but finally have to yield specific effects on pain suppression. Here, we employ high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and recently developed spatial filtering techniques to reduce SCS artifacts and to enhance EEG signals specifically related to neuromodulation by SCS. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recorded high-density resting-state EEGs in patients suffering from pain of various etiologies under different modes of SCS. We established a pipeline for the robust spectral analysis of oscillatory brain activity during SCS, which includes spatial filtering for attenuation of pulse artifacts and enhancement of brain activity potentially modulated by SCS. RESULTS In sensor regions responsive to SCS, neuromodulation strongly reduced activity in the theta and low alpha range (6-10 Hz) in all SCS modes. Results were consistent in all patients, and in accordance with thalamocortical dysrhythmia hypothesis of pain. Only in the tonic mode showing paresthesia as side effect, SCS also consistently and strongly reduced high-gamma activity (>84 Hz). CONCLUSIONS EEG spectral analysis combined with spatial filtering allows for a spatially and temporally specific assessment of SCS-related, neuromodulatory EEG activity, and may help to disentangle therapeutic and side effects of SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Buentjen
- Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petya Vicheva
- Translational Behavioral Physiology Group, Combinatorial Neuroimaging Core Facility (CNI), Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - B S Chander
- AG Physiology of Motor Control, Department of Behavioral Neurology, LIN, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Christopher Coutts
- Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Elena Azañón
- Somatosensory & Body Lab, Department of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Max-Philipp Stenner
- AG Physiology of Motor Control, Department of Behavioral Neurology, LIN, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Deliano
- Translational Behavioral Physiology Group, Combinatorial Neuroimaging Core Facility (CNI), Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
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5
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de Tommaso M, Betti V, Bocci T, Bolognini N, Di Russo F, Fattapposta F, Ferri R, Invitto S, Koch G, Miniussi C, Piccione F, Ragazzoni A, Sartucci F, Rossi S, Arcara G, Berchicci M, Bianco V, Delussi M, Gentile E, Giovannelli F, Mannarelli D, Marino M, Mussini E, Pauletti C, Pellicciari MC, Pisoni A, Raggi A, Valeriani M. Pearls and pitfalls in brain functional analysis by event-related potentials: a narrative review by the Italian Psychophysiology and Cognitive Neuroscience Society on methodological limits and clinical reliability-part I. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2711-2735. [PMID: 32388645 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are obtained from the electroencephalogram (EEG) or the magnetoencephalogram (MEG, event-related fields (ERF)), extracting the activity that is time-locked to an event. Despite the potential utility of ERP/ERF in cognitive domain, the clinical standardization of their use is presently undefined for most of procedures. The aim of the present review is to establish limits and reliability of ERP medical application, summarize main methodological issues, and present evidence of clinical application and future improvement. The present section of the review focuses on well-standardized ERP methods, including P300, Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), Mismatch Negativity (MMN), and N400, with a chapter dedicated to laser-evoked potentials (LEPs). One section is dedicated to proactive preparatory brain activity as the Bereitschaftspotential and the prefrontal negativity (BP and pN). The P300 and the MMN potentials have a limited but recognized role in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment and consciousness disorders. LEPs have a well-documented usefulness in the diagnosis of neuropathic pain, with low application in clinical assessment of psychophysiological basis of pain. The other ERP components mentioned here, though largely applied in normal and pathological cases and well standardized, are still confined to the research field. CNV, BP, and pN deserve to be largely tested in movement disorders, just to explain possible functional changes in motor preparation circuits subtending different clinical pictures and responses to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Tommaso
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Betti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology & NeuroMi, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE - Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.,Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Piccione
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Aldo Ragazzoni
- Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Fondazione PAS, Scandicci, Florence, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Section of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (SI-BIN Lab), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arcara
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bianco
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Delussi
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gentile
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Section of Psychology - Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Mannarelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marino
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Elena Mussini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Psychology & NeuroMi, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Raggi
- Unit of Neurology, G.B. Morgagni - L. Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Neurology Ward Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy. .,Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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The Reorganization of Insular Subregions in Individuals with Below-Level Neuropathic Pain following Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:2796571. [PMID: 32211038 PMCID: PMC7085828 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2796571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the reorganization of insular subregions in individuals suffering from neuropathic pain (NP) after incomplete spinal cord injury (ISCI) and further to disclose the underlying mechanism of NP. Method The 3D high-resolution T1-weighted structural images and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) of all individuals were obtained using a 3.0 Tesla MRI system. A comparative analysis of structure and function connectivity (FC) with insular subareas as seeds in 10 ISCI individuals with below-level NP (ISCI-P), 11 ISCI individuals without NP (ISCI-N), and 25 healthy controls (HCs) was conducted. Associations between the structural and functional alteration of insula subregions and visual analog scale (VAS) scores were analyzed using the Pearson correlation in SPSS 20. Results Compared with ISCI-N patients, when the left posterior insula as the seed, ISCI-P showed increased FC in right cerebellum VIIb and cerebellum VIII, Brodmann 37 (BA 37). When the left ventral anterior insula as the seed, ISCI-P indicated enhanced FC in right BA18 compared with ISCI-N patients. These increased FCs positively correlated with VAS scores. Relative to HCs, ISCI-P presented increased FC in the left hippocampus when the left dorsal anterior insula was determined as the seed. There was no statistical difference in the volume of insula subregions among the three groups. Conclusion Our study indicated that distinctive patterns of FC in each subregion of insula suggest that the insular subareas participate in the NP processing through different FC following ISCI. Further, insula subregions could serve as a therapeutic target for NP following ISCI.
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Abnormal Circadian Modification of A δ-Fiber Pathway Excitability in Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome. Pain Res Manag 2019; 2019:5408732. [PMID: 31827655 PMCID: PMC6885267 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5408732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by unpleasant sensations generally localized to legs, associated with an urge to move. A likely pathogenetic mechanism is a central dopaminergic dysfunction. The exact role of pain system is unclear. The purpose of the study was to investigate the nociceptive pathways in idiopathic RLS patients. We enrolled 11 patients (mean age 53.2 ± 19.7 years; 7 men) suffering from severe, primary RLS. We recorded scalp laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) to stimulation of different sites (hands and feet) and during two different time conditions (daytime and nighttime). Finally, we compared the results with a matched control group of healthy subjects. The Aδ responses obtained from patients did not differ from those recorded from control subjects. However, the N1 and the N2-P2 amplitudes' night/day ratios after foot stimulation were increased in patients, as compared to controls (N1: patients: 133.91 ± 50.42%; controls: 83.74 ± 34.45%; p = 0.016; Aδ-N2-P2: patients: 119.15 ± 15.56%; controls: 88.42 ± 23.41%; p = 0.003). These results suggest that RLS patients present circadian modifications in the pain system, which are not present in healthy controls. Both sensory-discriminative and affective-emotional components of pain experience show parallel changes. This study confirms the structural integrity of Aδ nociceptive system in idiopathic RLS, but it also suggests that RLS patients present circadian modifications in the pain system. These findings could potentially help clinicians and contribute to identify new therapeutic approaches.
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Bocci T, De Carolis G, Ferrucci R, Paroli M, Mansani F, Priori A, Valeriani M, Sartucci F. Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ctDCS) Ameliorates Phantom Limb Pain and Non-painful Phantom Limb Sensations. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:527-535. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01020-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Valeriani M, Pazzaglia C, Rizzo V, Quartarone A, Vollono C. Laser evoked potential amplitude and laser-pain rating reduction during high-frequency non-noxious somatosensory stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:920-925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Kisler LB, Gurion I, Granovsky Y, Sinai A, Sprecher E, Shamay-Tsoory S, Weissman-Fogel I. Can a single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation targeted to the motor cortex interrupt pain processing? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195739. [PMID: 29630681 PMCID: PMC5891059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulatory role of the primary motor cortex (M1), reflected by an inhibitory effect of M1-stimulation on clinical pain, motivated us to deepen our understanding of M1’s role in pain modulation. We used Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)-induced virtual lesion (VL) to interrupt with M1 activity during noxious heat pain. We hypothesized that TMS-VL will effect experimental pain ratings. Three VL protocols were applied consisting of single-pulse TMS to transiently interfere with right M1 activity: (1) VLM1- TMS applied to 11 subjects, 20 msec before the individual’s first pain-related M1 peak activation, as determined by source analysis (sLORETA), (2) VL-50 (N = 16; TMS applied 50 ms prior to noxious stimulus onset), and (3) VL+150 (N = 16; TMS applied 150 ms after noxious stimulus onset). Each protocol included 3 conditions ('pain-alone', ' TMS-VL', and ‘SHAM-VL’), each consisted of 30 noxious heat stimuli. Pain ratings were compared, in each protocol, for TMS-VL vs. SHAM-VL and vs. pain-alone conditions. Repeated measures analysis of variance, corrected for multiple comparisons revealed no significant differences in the pain ratings between the different conditions within each protocol. Therefore, our results from this exploratory study suggest that a single pulse TMS-induced VL that is targeted to M1 failed to interrupt experimental pain processing in the specific three stimulation timing examined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Bareket Kisler
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilan Gurion
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yelena Granovsky
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alon Sinai
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elliot Sprecher
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Irit Weissman-Fogel
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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11
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An K, Lim S, Lee HJ, Kwon H, Kim M, Gohel B, Kim J, Kim K. Magnetoencephalographic study of event-related fields and cortical oscillatory changes during cutaneous warmth processing. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1972-1981. [PMID: 29363226 PMCID: PMC5947665 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoreception is an important cutaneous sense, which plays a role in the maintenance of our body temperature and in the detection of potential noxious heat stimulation. In this study, we investigated event‐related fields (ERFs) and neural oscillatory activities, which were modulated by warmth stimulation. We developed a warmth stimulator that could elicit a warmth sensation, without pain or tactile sensation, by using a deep‐penetrating 980‐nm diode laser. The index finger of each participant (n = 24) was irradiated with the laser warmth stimulus, and the cortical responses were measured using magnetoencephalography (MEG). The ERFs and oscillatory responses had late latencies (∼1.3 s and 1.0–1.5 s for ERFs and oscillatory responses, respectively), which could be explained by a slow conduction velocity of warmth‐specific C‐fibers. Cortical sources of warmth‐related ERFs were seen in the bilateral primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (SI and SII), posterior part of the anterior cingulate cortex (pACC), ipsilateral primary motor, and premotor cortex. Thus, we suggested that SI, SII, and pACC play a role in processing the warmth sensation. Time–frequency analysis demonstrated the suppression of the alpha (8–13 Hz) and beta (18–23 Hz) band power in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex. We proposed that the suppressions in alpha and beta band power are involved in the automatic response to the input of warmth stimulation and sensorimotor interactions. The delta band power (1–4 Hz) increased in the frontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices. The power changes in delta band might be related with the attentional processes during the warmth stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung‐min An
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lim
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
- Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Lee
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
- Department of PhysicsPusan National UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyukchan Kwon
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Min‐Young Kim
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Bakul Gohel
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Eun Kim
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
- Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Kiwoong Kim
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
- Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
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12
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Bocci T, De Carolis G, Paroli M, Barloscio D, Parenti L, Tollapi L, Valeriani M, Sartucci F. Neurophysiological Comparison Among Tonic, High Frequency, and Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation: Novel Insights Into Spinal and Brain Mechanisms of Action. Neuromodulation 2018; 21:480-488. [PMID: 29314454 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an effective option for neuropathic pain treatment. New technological developments, as high-frequency (HF) and theta burst stimulation (TBS), have shown promising results, although putative mechanisms of action still remain debated. METHODS thirty patients with lower back pain were enrolled and underwent LF, HF, and TBS. Laser evoked potentials (LEPs) were recorded by using a Nd:YAG laser. Amplitudes and latencies of the main two components (N1, N2/P2) were compared among different experimental sessions. Changes in resting motor threshold (RMT), cortical silent period (cSP), short intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were also evaluated. RESULTS TBS dampened LEP amplitudes compared with LF (N1: p = 0.032; N2/P2: p < 0.0001) and HF stimulation (N1: p = 0.029; N2/P2: p < 0.0001, Holm-Sidak post-hoc test). Concurrently, TBS increased N1 latency, when compared with baseline and LF stimulation (p = 0.009 and 0.0033). Whereas RMT and SICI did not change among experimental conditions, TBS significantly prolonged cSP duration compared with baseline (p = 0.002), LF (p = 0.048), and HF-SCS (p = 0.016); finally, both HF (p = 0.004) and TBS (p = 0.0039) increased ICF. CONCLUSION TBS modulates medial and lateral pain pathways through distinct mechanisms, possibly involving both GABA(a)ergic and Glutamatergic networks at an intracortical level. These results may have implications for therapy and for the choice of best stimulation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Bocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Neurophysiopathology, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Mery Paroli
- Pain Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Barloscio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Neurophysiopathology, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Parenti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Neurophysiopathology, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Tollapi
- Pain Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Division of Neurology, Ospedale Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Neurophysiopathology, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Evaluation of afferent pain pathways in adrenomyeloneuropathic patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 129:507-515. [PMID: 29367165 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy may have dysfunctions of visual, auditory, motor and somatosensory pathways. We thought on examining the nociceptive pathways by means of laser evoked potentials (LEPs), to obtain additional information on the pathophysiology of this condition. METHODS In 13 adrenomyeloneuropathic patients we examined LEPs to leg, arm and face stimulation. Normative data were obtained from 10 healthy subjects examined in the same experimental conditions. We also examined brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), pattern reversal full-field visual evoked potentials (VEPs), motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). RESULTS Upper and lower limb MEPs and SEPs, as well as BAEPs, were abnormal in all patients, while VEPs were abnormal in 3 of them (23.1%). LEPs revealed abnormalities to stimulation of the face in 4 patients (30.7%), the forearm in 4 patients (30.7%) and the leg in 10 patients (76.9%). CONCLUSIONS The pathologic process of adrenomyeloneuropathy is characterized by a preferential involvement of auditory, motor and somatosensory tracts and less severely of the visual and nociceptive pathways. This non-inflammatory distal axonopathy preferably damages large myelinated spinal tracts but there is also partial involvement of small myelinated fibres. SIGNIFICANCE LEPs studies can provide relevant information about afferent pain pathways involvement in adrenomyeloneuropathic patients.
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14
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Naro A, Bramanti P, Bramanti A, Calabrò RS. Assessing pain in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness: Are we heading in the right direction? Conscious Cogn 2017; 55:148-155. [PMID: 28865377 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The deterioration of sensory-motor integration within the pain matrix in patients with chronic Disorders of Consciousness (DoC) is one of the principal mechanisms responsible for non-conscious pain perception. The present study aimed to assess whether the variability in the inter-peak interval (IPI) between the N2 and P2 components of laser evoked potentials (LEP) could represent an objective marker of the behavioral responsiveness to nociceptive stimulation, as measured by the Nociception Coma Scale-Revised (NCS-R), and regardless of the sensory part of pain processing. We found that only IPI variability showed a significant correlation with NCS-R score, independently of the stimulation intensity (that influences the sensory part of pain processing). It was thus concluded that IPI variability might represent an objective measure of pain processing, which may help clinicians in the development of effective pain management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
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15
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Bocci T, Santarcangelo E, Vannini B, Torzini A, Carli G, Ferrucci R, Priori A, Valeriani M, Sartucci F. Cerebellar direct current stimulation modulates pain perception in humans. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:597-609. [PMID: 25777683 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-140453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cerebellum is involved in a wide number of integrative functions, but its role in pain experience and in the nociceptive information processing is poorly understood. In healthy volunteers we evaluated the effects of transcranial cerebellar direct current stimulation (tcDCS) by studying the changes in the perceptive threshold, pain intensity at given stimulation intensities (VAS:0-10) and laser evoked potentials (LEPs) variables (N1 and N2/P2 amplitudes and latencies). METHODS Fifteen subjects were studied before and after anodal, cathodal and sham tcDCS. LEPs were obtained using a neodymium:yttrium-aluminium-perovskite (Nd:YAP) laser and recorded from the dorsum of the left hand. VAS was evaluated by delivering laser pulses at two different intensities, respectively two and three times the perceptive threshold. RESULTS Cathodal polarization dampened significantly the perceptive threshold and increased the VAS score, while the anodal one had opposite effects. Cathodal tcDCS increased significantly the N1 and N2/P2 amplitudes and decreased their latencies, whereas anodal tcDCS elicited opposite effects. Motor thresholds assessed through transcranial magnetic stimulation were not affected by cerebellar stimulation. CONCLUSIONS tcDCS modulates pain perception and its cortical correlates. Since it is effective on both N1 and N2/P2 components, we speculate that the cerebellum engagement in pain processing modulates the activity of both somatosensory and cingulate cortices. Present findings prompt investigation of the cerebellar direct current polarization as a possible novel and safe therapeutic tool in chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Bocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrica Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vannini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Torzini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cisanello Neurology Unit, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Carli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Roberta Ferrucci
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Division of Neurology, Ospedale Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cisanello Neurology Unit, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy
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16
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Betti V, Aglioti SM. Dynamic construction of the neural networks underpinning empathy for pain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:191-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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18
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Hüllemann P, Watfeh R, Shao YQ, Nerdal A, Binder A, Baron R. Peripheral sensitization reduces laser-evoked potential habituation. Neurophysiol Clin 2015; 45:457-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2015.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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19
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Wright H, Li X, Fallon NB, Giesbrecht T, Thomas A, Harrold JA, Halford JCG, Stancak A. Heightened eating drive and visual food stimuli attenuate central nociceptive processing. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1323-33. [PMID: 25475348 PMCID: PMC4346715 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00504.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hunger and pain are basic drives that compete for a behavioral response when experienced together. To investigate the cortical processes underlying hunger-pain interactions, we manipulated participants' hunger and presented photographs of appetizing food or inedible objects in combination with painful laser stimuli. Fourteen healthy participants completed two EEG sessions: one after an overnight fast, the other following a large breakfast. Spatio-temporal patterns of cortical activation underlying the hunger-pain competition were explored with 128-channel EEG recordings and source dipole analysis of laser-evoked potentials (LEPs). We found that initial pain ratings were temporarily reduced when participants were hungry compared with fed. Source activity in parahippocampal gyrus was weaker when participants were hungry, and activations of operculo-insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, and cerebellum were smaller in the context of appetitive food photographs than in that of inedible object photographs. Cortical processing of noxious stimuli in pain-related brain structures is reduced and pain temporarily attenuated when people are hungry or passively viewing food photographs, suggesting a possible interaction between the opposing motivational forces of the eating drive and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Wright
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nicholas B Fallon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Joanne A Harrold
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jason C G Halford
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrej Stancak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
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20
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Pazzaglia C, Valeriani M. Brain-evoked potentials as a tool for diagnosing neuropathic pain. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:759-71. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Test–Retest Reliability of Contact Heat-Evoked Potentials From Cervical Dermatomes. J Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 29:70-5. [DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0b013e318246ada2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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22
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Truini A, Vergari M, Biasiotta A, La Cesa S, Gabriele M, Di Stefano G, Cambieri C, Cruccu G, Inghilleri M, Priori A. Transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation inhibits nociceptive spinal pathway conduction and increases pain tolerance in humans. Eur J Pain 2012; 15:1023-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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23
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Valeriani M, Pazzaglia C, Ferraro D, Virdis D, Rotellini S, Le Pera D, Testani E, Minciotti I, Balestri M, Vigevano F, Vollono C. Evidence of different spinal pathways for the warmth evoked potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122:2469-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Epidermal neural crest stem cell (EPI-NCSC)--mediated recovery of sensory function in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:186-98. [PMID: 20414748 PMCID: PMC2887506 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that epidermal neural crest stem cell (EPI-NCSC) transplants in the contused spinal cord caused a 24% improvement in sensory connectivity and a substantial recovery of touch perception. Furthermore we present a novel method for the ex vivo expansion of EPI-NCSC into millions of stem cells that takes advantage of the migratory ability of neural crest stem cells and is based on a new culture medium and the use of microcarriers. Functional improvement was shown by two independent methods, spinal somatosensory evoked potentials (SpSEP) and the Semmes-Weinstein touch test. Subsets of transplanted cells differentiated into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Unilateral injections of EPI-NCSC into the lesion of midline contused mouse spinal cords elicited bilateral improvements. Intraspinal EPI-NCSC did not migrate laterally in the spinal cord or invade the spinal roots and dorsal root ganglia, thus implicating diffusible factors. EPI-NCSC expressed neurotrophic factors, angiogenic factors, and metalloproteases. The strength of EPI-NCSC thus is that they can exert a combination of pertinent functions in the contused spinal cord, including cell replacement, neuroprotection, angiogenesis and modulation of scar formation. EPI-NCSC are uniquely qualified for cell-based therapy in spinal cord injury, as neural crest cells and neural tube stem cells share a higher order stem cell and are thus ontologically closely related.
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Mechanisms of neuropathic pain in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1 A: A laser-evoked potential study. Pain 2010; 149:379-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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Ellingson BM, Kurpad SN, Schmit BD. Characteristics of mid- to long-latency spinal somatosensory evoked potentials following spinal trauma in the rat. J Neurotrauma 2009; 25:1323-34. [PMID: 18976168 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and implement a new technique for repeated monitoring of spinal mid- to long-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SpSEPs) during sciatic nerve stimulation following recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Results of this study showed significant reproducibility of SpSEP components between specimens (analysis of variance [ANOVA], p > 0.05) and recording days (ANOVA, p > 0.700) using this technique. SpSEP amplitudes were significantly reduced (approximately 50% of uninjured amplitude, ANOVA, p < 0.001) following SCI and remained depressed for 10 weeks post-injury. SpSEP amplitude following high-intensity stimuli (> 1 mA) correlated with BBB locomotor score (Pearson, R > 0.353, P < 0.001). Characteristics of the mid- to long-latency SpSEPs suggest these components may reflect the integrity of the lateral pain pathway within the spinothalamic tract (STT). The technique and data presented in this study may be useful in future studies aimed at quantifying spinal cord integrity following injury and treatment using the rat model of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Ellingson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, USA
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