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Elyasi H, Ghanbari M, Nadri F. Investigation of the Adverse Health Effects of Cell Phone Radiation and Propose Solutions to Minimize Them: A Systematic Review. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2024; 28:18-22. [PMID: 38783888 PMCID: PMC11111148 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_89_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, mobile phones are one of the most common devices emitting electromagnetic radiation and are available to more than seven billion people in different age groups around the world. The effects of electromagnetic radiation on biological systems have been studied for several years. In this systematic review to find relevant articles, international databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Cochrane were used since 2007-2022 by selecting appropriate keywords. The result revealed that exposure to cell phone radiation can lead to disturb in the metabolic activity of the cerebellum by increasing the migration of granulosa cells, decrease the water around the fetus in pregnant women, decrease in the number of blood plates, increasing levels of ALT and AST that they are the key biomarkers of liver damage, decrease of phagocytosis and induced apoptosis of neutrophils, changes at the level of glucose and even at the microscopic level of pancreas this may be a predisposing factor for diabetes, increment in tissue temperature in all depth of the brain tissue, EMF increase the volume, weight, and atresia follicles of the ovaries of the children, also it can cause oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, etc. Mobile phone radiation is harmful and depends on its intensity, frequency, wave type, and exposure duration. It can cause different biological effects in humans. Due to the uncertainty of the results and mechanism of the effect of these waves, research in this field is still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Elyasi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghanbari
- Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farshad Nadri
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah, Iran
- Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Hikosaka O, Yugeta A, Matsuda SI, Fisicaro F, Ugawa Y, Hoshino K, Nomura Y. Age- and sex-related oculomotor manifestation of dopamine deficiency in Segawa disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 157:73-87. [PMID: 38064930 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the oculomotor manifestations of Segawa disease (SD), considered to represent mild dopamine deficiency and discuss their pathophysiological basis. METHODS We recorded visually- (VGS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks in 31 SD patients and 153 age-matched control subjects to study how basal ganglia (BG) dysfunction in SD evolves with age for male and female subjects. RESULTS SD patients were impaired in initiating MGS, showing longer latencies with occasional failure. Patients showed impaired ability to suppress reflexive saccades; saccades to cues presented in MGS were more frequent and showed a shorter latency than in control subjects. These findings were more prominent in male patients, particularly between 13 and 25 years. Additionally, male patients showed larger delay in MGS latency in trials preceded by saccades to cue than those unpreceded. CONCLUSIONS The findings can be explained by a dysfunction of the BG-direct pathway impinging on superior colliculus (SC) due to dopamine deficiency. The disturbed inhibitory control of saccades may be explained by increased SC responsivity to visual stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE Oculomotor abnormalities in SD can be explained by dysfunction of the BG inhibitory pathways reaching SC, with a delayed maturation in male SD patients, consistent with previous pathological/physiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Medical Physiology, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Hideki Fukuda
- Segawa Memorial Neurological Clinic for Children, 2-8 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Section of Neuronal Networks, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda 20892-4435, MD, USA
| | - Akihiro Yugeta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Francesco Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Piazza Università, 2, 95131 Catalina, Italy
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hoshino
- Segawa Memorial Neurological Clinic for Children, 2-8 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nomura
- Yoshiko Nomura Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
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Tokushige SI, Matsuda S, Inomata-Terada S, Hamada M, Ugawa Y, Tsuji S, Terao Y. Premature saccades: A detailed physiological analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 132:63-76. [PMID: 33254099 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Premature saccades (PSs) are those made with latencies too short for the direction and amplitude to be specifically programmed. We sought to determine the minimum latency needed to establish accurate direction and amplitude, and observed what occurs when saccades are launched before this minimum latency. METHODS In Experiment 1, 249 normal subjects performed the gap saccade task with horizontal targets. In Experiment 2, 28 normal subjects performed the gap saccade task with the targets placed in eight directions. In Experiment 3, 38 normal subjects, 49 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 10 patients with spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD) performed the gap saccade task with horizontal targets. RESULTS In Experiment 1, it took 100 ms to accurately establish saccade amplitudes and directions. In Experiment 2, however, the latencies needed for accurate amplitude and direction establishment were both approximately 150 ms. In Experiment 3, the frequencies of PSs in patients with PD and SCD were lower than those of normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS The saccade amplitudes and directions are determined simultaneously, 100-150 ms after target presentation. PSs may result from prediction of the oncoming target direction or latent saccade activities in the superior colliculus. SIGNIFICANCE Saccade direction and amplitude are determined simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Tokushige
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Neurology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22, Higashigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0022, Japan
| | - Satomi Inomata-Terada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of NeuroRegeneration, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Neurology, The University of Tokyo and International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3, Kozunomori, Narita-shi, Chiba-ken 286-8686, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Sugiyama Y, Inomata-Terada S, Tokushige SI, Hamada M, Ugawa Y. Recording Horizontal Saccade Performances Accurately in Neurological Patients Using Electro-oculogram. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29608147 DOI: 10.3791/56934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electro-oculogram (EOG) has been widely used for clinical eye movement recording, especially horizontal saccades, although the video-oculography (VOG) has largely taken the place of it nowadays due to its higher spatial accuracy. However, there are situations in which EOG has clear advantages over VOG, e.g., subjects with narrow eye clefts or having cataract lenses, and patients with movement disorders. The present article shows that if properly implemented, EOG can achieve an accuracy almost as good as VOG with substantial stability for recording, while circumventing problems associated with VOG recording. The present paper describes a practical method for recording horizontal saccades using oculomotor paradigms with high accuracy and stability by EOG in neurological patients. The necessary measures are to use an Ag-AgCl electrode with a wide plastic fringe capable of reducing noise, and to wait for sufficient light adaptation to occur. This waiting period also helps to lower the impedance between the electrodes and the skin, thereby ensuring stable signal recorded as time goes by. Furthermore, re-calibration is performed as needed during the task performance. Using this method, the experimenter can avoid drifts of signals, as well as contamination of artifacts or noise from the electromyogram and electroencephalogram, and can collect sufficient data for clinical evaluation of saccades. Thus when implemented, EOG can still be a method of high practicability that can be widely applied to neurological patients, but may be effective also for studies in normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University;
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Altuntas G, Sadoglu D, Ardic S, Yilmaz H, Imamoglu M, Turedi S. Acute effects of the electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phones on attention in emergency physicians. Am J Emerg Med 2017; 36:455-460. [PMID: 29157789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of the electromagnetic waves (EMW) emitted by mobile phones on attention in emergency physicians. METHODS This single-center, prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical study was performed among emergency physicians in a tertiary hospital. Thirty emergency physicians were enrolled in the study. Initial d2 test was applied in the evaluation of attention and concentration of all the physicians, who were randomly assigned into one of two groups. The control group members hold mobile phones in 'off' mode to their left ears for 15min. The members of the intervention group hold mobile phones in 'on' mode to their left ears for 15min, thus exposing them to 900-1800MHz EMW. The d2 test was re-applied to both groups after this procedure. Differences in attention and concentration levels between the groups were compared. RESULTS Difference between initial and final d2 test in total performance (TN-E, p=0.319), in total number of figures marked (TN, p=0.177), in test performance percentile (PR, p=0.619) and in attention fluctuation (FR, p=0.083) were similar between the groups. However, difference in the number of figures missed (E1 selective attention, p=0.025), difference between numbers of incorrectly marked figures (E2, p=0,018) and difference in focus levels (E, p=0.016) were significantly in favor of the intervention group. CONCLUSION According to our study findings, the EMW emitted by mobile phones has no deleterious effect on the attention and concentration levels of emergency physicians, and even has a positive impact on selective attention levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkan Altuntas
- Rize Public Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Davut Sadoglu
- University of Health Science, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Senol Ardic
- University of Health Science, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hakan Yilmaz
- University of Health Science, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Department of Psychology, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Melih Imamoglu
- Rize Public Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Turedi
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey.
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Nikzad S, Mahmoudi G, Amini P, Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi M, Vahdat-Moaddab A, Sharafi SM, Hojaji-Najafabadi L, Hosseinzadeh A. Effects of radiofrequency radiation in the presence of gold nanoparticles for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. J Renal Inj Prev 2017; 6:103-108. [PMID: 28497084 PMCID: PMC5423275 DOI: 10.15171/jrip.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The most common type of kidney cancer is renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for more than 80% of all kidney cancers.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation in the presence of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for the treatment of RCC.
Materials and Methods: Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cancer cells were divided into 6 groups. Various tests were performed on HEK cells in the presence of RF and GNPs. In order to investigate the radiation effects on the cells’ survival, MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol–2-yl)-2,5-iphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay was performed at different days during and post-irradiation period. The repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) method was used for statistical analysis of the cells’ survival using SPSS version 16.0. A significant level of 0.05 was considered to the tests.
Results: Using the ANOVA test, a significant decrease in cell’s survival was seen in the RF exposed group 3 compared to the control group (P=0.035). While, differences were not significant between RF exposed group 2 and the control group (P>0.05). A significant decrease in cell’s survival in the RF exposed groups 5 (P=0.025) and 6 (P=0.018) at the presence of GNP compared to the control group was seen.
Conclusion: Results of this study showed that, this method can be efficiently used for RCC treatment as an alternative to nephrectomy. More follow up in vivo studies on mammalians are needed to investigate the potential of the presented method for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoora Nikzad
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Golshan Mahmoudi
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Payam Amini
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering & Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technologies, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Seyedeh Maryam Sharafi
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Hojaji-Najafabadi
- Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Hosseinzadeh
- Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, and, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Tokushige SI, Inomata-Terada S, Ugawa Y. How Saccade Intrusions Affect Subsequent Motor and Oculomotor Actions. Front Neurosci 2017; 10:608. [PMID: 28127274 PMCID: PMC5226964 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily activities, there is a close spatial and temporal coupling between eye and hand movements that enables human beings to perform actions smoothly and accurately. If this coupling is disrupted by inadvertent saccade intrusions, subsequent motor actions suffer from delays, and lack of coordination. To examine how saccade intrusions affect subsequent voluntary actions, we used two tasks that require subjects to make motor/oculomotor actions in response to a visual cue. One was the memory guided saccade (MGS) task, and the other the hand reaction time (RT) task. The MGS task required subjects to initiate a voluntary saccade to a memorized target location, which is indicated shortly before by a briefly presented cue. The RT task required subjects to release a button on detection of a visual target, while foveating on a central fixation point. In normal subjects of various ages, inadvertent saccade intrusions delayed subsequent voluntary motor, and oculomotor actions. We also studied patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), who are impaired not only in initiating voluntary saccades but also in suppressing unwanted reflexive saccades. Saccade intrusions also delayed hand RT in PD patients. However, MGS was affected by the saccade intrusion differently. Saccade intrusion did not delay MGS latency in PD patients who could perform MGS with a relatively normal latency. In contrast, in PD patients who were unable to initiate MGS within the normal time range, we observed slightly decreased MGS latency after saccade intrusions. What explains this paradoxical phenomenon? It is known that motor actions slow down when switching between controlled and automatic behavior. We discuss how the effect of saccade intrusions on subsequent voluntary motor/oculomotor actions may reflect a similar switching cost between automatic and controlled behavior and a cost for switching between different motor effectors. In contrast, PD patients were unable to initiate internally guided MGS in the absence of visual target and could perform only automatic visually guided saccades, and did not have to switch between automatic and controlled behavior. This lack of switching may explain the shortening of MGS latency by the saccade intrusion in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan; Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Fukuda
- Segawa Neurological Clinic for Children Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical UniversityFukushima, Japan; Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical UniversityFukushima, Japan
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Distinguishing spinocerebellar ataxia with pure cerebellar manifestation from multiple system atrophy (MSA-C) through saccade profiles. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 128:31-43. [PMID: 27866117 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with spinocerebellar ataxia with pure cerebellar presentation (SCD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA-C) show similar symptoms at early stages, although cerebellofugal pathology predominates in SCD, and cerebellopetal pathology in MSA-C. We studied whether saccade velocity profiles, which reflect the accelerating and braking functions of the cerebellum, can differentiate these two disorders. METHODS We recorded visually guided (VGS) and memory guided saccades (MGS) in 29 MSA-C patients, 12 SCD patients, and 92 age-matched normal subjects, and compared their amplitude, peak velocity and duration (accelerating and decelerating phases). RESULTS Hypometria predominated in VGS and MGS of MSA-C, whereas hypometria was less marked in SCD, with hypermetria frequently noted in MGS. Peak velocity was reduced, and deteriorated with advancing disease both in SCD and MSA-C groups at smaller target eccentricities. The deceleration phase was prolonged in SCD compared to MSA-C and normal groups at larger target eccentricities, which deteriorated with advancing disease. CONCLUSION Saccades in MSA-C were characterized by a more prominent acceleration deficit and those in SCD by a more prominent braking defect, possibly caused by the cerebellopetal and cerebellofugal pathologies, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE Saccade profiles provide important information regarding the accelerating and braking signals of the cerebellum in spinocerebellar ataxia.
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Tokushuge S, Nomura Y, Hanajima R, Ugawa Y. Saccade abnormalities associated with focal cerebral lesions - How cortical and basal ganglia commands shape saccades in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 127:2953-2967. [PMID: 26475210 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study saccade abnormalities associated with focal cerebral lesions, including the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG). METHODS We studied the latency and amplitude of reflexive and voluntary saccades in 37 patients with focal lesions of the frontal and parietal cortices and BG (caudate and putamen), and 51 age-matched controls, along with the ability to inhibit unwanted reflexive saccades. RESULTS Latencies of reflexive saccades were prolonged in patients with parietal lesions involving the parietal eye field (PEF), whereas their amplitude was decreased with parietal or putaminal lesions. In contrast, latency of voluntary saccades was prolonged and their success rate reduced with frontal lesions including the frontal eye field (FEF) or its outflow tract as well as the dorsolateral/medial prefrontal cortex, and caudate lesions, whereas their amplitude was decreased with parietal lesions. Inhibitory control of reflexive saccades was impaired with frontal, caudate and, less prominently, parietal lesions. CONCLUSIONS PEF is important in triggering reflexive saccades, also determining their amplitude. Whereas FEF and the caudate emit commands for initiating voluntary saccades, their amplitude is mainly determined by PEF. Commands not only from FEF and dorsolateral/medial prefrontal cortex but also from the caudate and PEF serve to inhibit unnecessary reflexive saccades. SIGNIFICANCE The findings suggested how cortical and BG commands shape reflexive and voluntary saccades in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Shinnichi Tokushuge
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Tokushige S, Inomata-Terada S, Yugeta A, Hamada M, Ichikawa Y, Hanajima R, Ugawa Y. Is multiple system atrophy with cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C) like spinocerebellar ataxia and multiple system atrophy with parkinsonism (MSA-P) like Parkinson's disease? - A saccade study on pathophysiology. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 127:1491-1502. [PMID: 26350408 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) are classified into those mainly manifesting cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C) and those mainly manifesting parkinsonism (MSA-P). Pathophysiological bases of these subtypes remain unclear. We hypothesized that MSA-C patients would resemble spinocerebellar degeneration patients and MSA-P patients would resemble Parkinson's disease (PD) patients in saccade abnormalities. METHODS We recorded visually guided and memory guided saccades (MGS) in 27 MSA-C and 15 MSA-P patients, as well as 50 age-matched normal subjects, 14 spinocerebellar degeneration patients showing pure cerebellar symptoms (SCD) and 61 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. RESULTS Saccade parameters of both tasks showed similar changes with progressing disease in SCD and MSA-C patients, as did those of MSA-C and MSA-P patients, although hypometria was slightly more pronounced in MSA-P. In both subtypes of MSA, latency and success rate of MGS were stable throughout disease stages, whereas they deteriorated progressively with progressing disease in PD. CONCLUSIONS Pathophysiology underlying MSA-C and MSA-P is similar as viewed from saccade performance. The MGS performance in MSA was preserved. However, MSA-P patients showed more marked hypometria, suggesting a mixture of basal ganglia pathophysiology. SIGNIFICANCE The similarity of saccade performance between MSA-C and MSA-P may reflect common olivopontocerebellar pathology, while the direct pathway of the basal ganglia is relatively spared compared with PD, even in MSA-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Shinnichi Tokushige
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Inomata-Terada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yugeta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
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Matsumoto H, Terao Y, Furubayashi T, Yugeta A, Fukuda H, Emoto M, Hanajima R, Ugawa Y. Basal ganglia dysfunction reduces saccade amplitude during visual scanning in Parkinson’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kwon MS, Hämäläinen H. Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields: Critical evaluation of behavioral and neurophysiological studies. Bioelectromagnetics 2010; 32:253-72. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Okano T, Terao Y, Furubayashi T, Yugeta A, Hanajima R, Ugawa Y. The effect of electromagnetic field emitted by a mobile phone on the inhibitory control of saccades. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:603-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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MARINO ANDREWA, CARRUBBA SIMONA. The Effects of Mobile-Phone Electromagnetic Fields on Brain Electrical Activity: A Critical Analysis of the Literature. Electromagn Biol Med 2009; 28:250-74. [DOI: 10.3109/15368370902918912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mizuno Y, Moriguchi Y, Hikage T, Terao Y, Ohnishi T, Nojima T, Ugawa Y. Effects of W-CDMA 1950 MHz EMF emitted by mobile phones on regional cerebral blood flow in humans. Bioelectromagnetics 2009; 30:536-44. [PMID: 19475648 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Use of the third generation mobile phone system is increasing worldwide. This is the first study to investigate the effects of the third generation system on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in humans. We compared effects of the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted from the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) cellular system versus sham control exposure on rCBF in humans. Nine healthy male volunteers participated in this study. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans were obtained before, during, and after unilateral 30 min EMF exposure. The subtraction analysis revealed no significant rCBF changes caused by the EMF conditions compared with the sham exposure, suggesting that EMF emitted by a third generation mobile phone does not affect rCBF in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Terao Y, Mizuno Y, Shirasawa K, Pongpaibool P, Simba AY, Wake K, Nishikawa M, Miyawaki K, Yasuda A, Uchiyama M, Yamashita HK, Masuda H, Hirota S, Takahashi M, Okano T, Inomata-Terada S, Sokejima S, Maruyama E, Watanabe S, Taki M, Ohkubo C, Ugawa Y. Effects of short-term W-CDMA mobile phone base station exposure on women with or without mobile phone related symptoms. Bioelectromagnetics 2009; 30:100-13. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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