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Tian C, Zha D. Sympathetic Nervous System Regulation of Auditory Function. Audiol Neurootol 2021; 27:93-103. [PMID: 34407531 DOI: 10.1159/000517452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The auditory system processes how we hear and understand sounds within the environment. It comprises both peripheral and central structures. Sympathetic nervous system projections are present throughout the auditory system. The function of sympathetic fibers in the cochlea has not been studied extensively due to the limited number of direct projections in the auditory system. Nevertheless, research on adrenergic and noradrenergic regulation of the cochlea and central auditory system is growing. With the rapid development of neuroscience, auditory central regulation is an extant topic of focus in research on hearing. SUMMARY As such, understanding sympathetic nervous system regulation of auditory function is a growing topic of interest. Herein, we review the distribution and putative physiological and pathological roles of sympathetic nervous system projections in hearing. Key Messages: In the peripheral auditory system, the sympathetic nervous system regulates cochlear blood flow, modulates cochlear efferent fibers, affects hair cells, and influences the habenula region. In central auditory pathways, norepinephrine is essential for plasticity in the auditory cortex and affects auditory cortex activity. In pathological states, the sympathetic nervous system is associated with many hearing disorders. The mechanisms and pathways of sympathetic nervous system modulation of auditory function is still valuable for us to research and discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyong Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dingjun Zha
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Korkmaz T, Bicer YO, Serin E, Seyhan S, Sanal SK. Salivary α-amylase levels in vertigo: Can it be an autonomic dysfunction? EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2019; 97:278-282. [PMID: 30273427 DOI: 10.1177/014556131809700917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to demonstrate possible autonomic dysfunction based on salivary α-amylase measurements during and after the vertigo attacks associated with Ménière disease (MD) and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Patients admitted to the emergency room with a diagnosis of vertigo attacks caused by either MD (n = 15) or BPPV (n = 9) constituted the study groups. The control group (n = 10) consisted of volunteer patients admitted to the emergency department with minor soft-tissue trauma. The first saliva samples were obtained immediately during the attacks and the second and third samples were obtained on the third and fifteenth days of the attack, respectively. In the controls, the first sample was obtained after admission to the hospital and the second sample was obtained on the third day. Salivary α-amylase levels were evaluated. The difference between salivary α-amylase levels in patients with MD and BPPV was not significant. The amylase value measured early after the BPPV attack was significantly lower than that of the controls (p = 0.008). Although not significant, an undulating pattern of salivary α-amylase levels was observed with both diseases. An autonomic imbalance could be partly demonstrated by salivary α-amylase measurement early after the attack in patients with BPPV. Therefore, amylase may be a promising marker that is worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzer Korkmaz
- Department of Emergency, Izmir Medicalpark Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
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Eckhard A, Dos Santos A, Liu W, Bassiouni M, Arnold H, Gleiser C, Hirt B, Harteneck C, Müller M, Rask-Andersen H, Löwenheim H. Regulation of the perilymphatic-endolymphatic water shunt in the cochlea by membrane translocation of aquaporin-5. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:2571-88. [PMID: 26208470 PMCID: PMC4646919 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Volume homeostasis of the cochlear endolymph depends on radial and longitudinal endolymph movements (LEMs). LEMs measured in vivo have been exclusively recognized under physiologically challenging conditions, such as experimentally induced alterations of perilymph osmolarity or endolymph volume. The regulatory mechanisms that adjust LEMs to the physiological requirements of endolymph volume homeostasis remain unknown. Here, we describe the formation of an aquaporin (AQP)-based "water shunt" during the postnatal development of the mouse cochlea and its regulation by different triggers. The final complementary expression pattern of AQP5 (apical membrane) and AQP4 (basolateral membrane) in outer sulcus cells (OSCs) of the cochlear apex is acquired at the onset of hearing function (postnatal day (p)8-p12). In vitro, hyperosmolar perfusion of the perilymphatic fluid spaces or the administration of the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine in cochlear explants (p14) induced the translocation of AQP5 channel proteins into the apical membranes of OSCs. AQP5 membrane translocation was blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. The muscarinic M3 acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (M3R) was identified in murine OSCs via mRNA expression, immunolabeling, and in vitro binding studies using an M3R-specific fluorescent ligand. Finally, the water shunt elements AQP4, AQP5, and M3R were also demonstrated in OSCs of the human cochlea. The regulation of the AQP4/AQP5 water shunt in OSCs of the cochlear apex provides a molecular basis for regulated endolymphatic volume homeostasis. Moreover, its dysregulation or disruption may have pathophysiologic implications for clinical conditions related to endolymphatic hydrops, such as Ménière's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eckhard
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen Medical Centre, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Dos Santos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen Medical Centre, Tübingen, Germany
| | - W Liu
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Bassiouni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen Medical Centre, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Arnold
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen Medical Centre, Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Gleiser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - B Hirt
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Harteneck
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmaceutical Research (ICePhA), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Müller
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences - European Medical School, University Hospital of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Campus University of Oldenburg, Steinweg 13-17, 26122, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center of Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - H Rask-Andersen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Löwenheim
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences - European Medical School, University Hospital of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Campus University of Oldenburg, Steinweg 13-17, 26122, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Research Center of Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
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Yildiz SK, Yildiz N, Korkmaz B, Altunrende B, Gezici AR, Alkoy S. Sympathetic Skin Responses From Frontal Region in Migraine Headache: A Pilot Study. Cephalalgia 2008; 28:696-704. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frontal sympathetic skin responses (F-SSRs) were recorded to investigate sympathetic nervous system activity in migraine headache (MH). Thirty-five patients with unilateral MH and 10 healthy volunteers were studied by evoking bilateral F-SSRs with electrical stimulation of the median nerve in attack, post-attack and interictal periods. The mean latencies were longer and the maximum amplitudes were smaller on the symptomatic side compared with the asymptomatic side ( P < 0.05 for both amplitude and latency) in attack and in interictal periods. In five patients, F-SSRs were absent bilaterally, in four patients the responses were absent only on the symptomatic side during the attack period. In the post-attack period, F-SSRs on the symptomatic side had higher amplitudes and shorter latencies compared with the asymptomatic side ( P < 0.01 for both amplitude and latency). There is an asymmetric sympathetic hypofunction on the symptomatic side in attack and interictal periods, whereas there is a hyperfunction in the post-attack period.
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Izzet Baysal Medical Faculty, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - N Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Izzet Baysal Medical Faculty, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - B Korkmaz
- Department of Neurology, Izzet Baysal Medical Faculty, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - B Altunrende
- Department of Neurology, Izzet Baysal Medical Faculty, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - AR Gezici
- Department of Neurosurgery, Izzet Baysal Medical Faculty, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - S Alkoy
- Department of Public Health, Izzet Baysal Medical Faculty, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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