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Shokouhyan SM, Blandeau M, Wallard L, Barbier F, Khalaf K. Time-delay estimation in biomechanical stability: a scoping review. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1329269. [PMID: 38357009 PMCID: PMC10866002 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1329269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite its high-level of robustness and versatility, the human sensorimotor control system regularly encounters and manages various noises, non-linearities, uncertainties, redundancies, and delays. These delays, which are critical to biomechanical stability, occur in various parts of the system and include sensory, signal transmission, CNS processing, as well as muscle activation delays. Despite the relevance of accurate estimation and prediction of the various time delays, the current literature reflects major discrepancy with regards to existing prediction and estimation methods. This scoping review was conducted with the aim of characterizing and categorizing various approaches for estimation of physiological time delays based on PRISMA guidelines. Five data bases (EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, IEEE and Web of Science) were consulted between the years of 2000 and 2022, with a combination of four related categories of keywords. Scientific articles estimating at least one physiological time delay, experimentally or through simulations, were included. Eventually, 46 articles were identified and analyzed with 20 quantification and 16 qualification questions by two separate reviewers. Overall, the reviewed studies, experimental and analytical, employing both linear and non-linear models, reflected heterogeneity in the definition of time delay and demonstrated high variability in experimental protocols as well as the estimation of delay values. Most of the summarized articles were classified in the high-quality category, where multiple sound analytical approaches, including optimization, regression, Kalman filter and neural network in time domain or frequency domain were used. Importantly, more than 50% of the reviewed articles did not clearly define the nature of the estimated delays. This review presents and summarizes these issues and calls for a standardization of future scientific works for estimation of physiological time-delay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathias Blandeau
- University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201 - LAMIH, Valenciennes, France
| | - Laura Wallard
- University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201 - LAMIH, Valenciennes, France
| | - Franck Barbier
- University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201 - LAMIH, Valenciennes, France
- INSA Hauts-de-France, Valenciennes, France
| | - Kinda Khalaf
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology and Heath Innovation Engineering Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Shokouhyan SM, Blandeau M, Wallard L, Guerra TM, Pudlo P, Gagnon DH, Barbier F. Sensorimotor Time Delay Estimation by EMG Signal Processing in People Living with Spinal Cord Injury. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1132. [PMID: 36772171 PMCID: PMC9919010 DOI: 10.3390/s23031132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuro mechanical time delay is inevitable in the sensorimotor control of the body due to sensory, transmission, signal processing and muscle activation delays. In essence, time delay reduces stabilization efficiency, leading to system instability (e.g., falls). For this reason, estimation of time delay in patients such as people living with spinal cord injury (SCI) can help therapists and biomechanics to design more appropriate exercise or assistive technologies in the rehabilitation procedure. In this study, we aim to estimate the muscle onset activation in SCI people by four strategies on EMG data. Seven complete SCI individuals participated in this study, and they maintained their stability during seated balance after a mechanical perturbation exerting at the level of the third thoracic vertebra between the scapulas. EMG activity of eight upper limb muscles were recorded during the stability. Two strategies based on the simple filtering (first strategy) approach and TKEO technique (second strategy) in the time domain and two other approaches of cepstral analysis (third strategy) and power spectrum (fourth strategy) in the time-frequency domain were performed in order to estimate the muscle onset. The results demonstrated that the TKEO technique could efficiently remove the electrocardiogram (ECG) and motion artifacts compared with the simple classical filtering approach. However, the first and second strategies failed to find muscle onset in several trials, which shows the weakness of these two strategies. The time-frequency techniques (cepstral analysis and power spectrum) estimated longer activation onset compared with the other two strategies in the time domain, which we associate with lower-frequency movement in the maintaining of sitting stability. In addition, no correlation was found for the muscle activation sequence nor for the estimated delay value, which is most likely caused by motion redundancy and different stabilization strategies in each participant. The estimated time delay can be used in developing a sensory motor control model of the body. It not only can help therapists and biomechanics to understand the underlying mechanisms of body, but also can be useful in developing assistive technologies based on their stability mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathias Blandeau
- University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201-LAMIH, F-59313 Valenciennes, France
| | - Laura Wallard
- University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201-LAMIH, F-59313 Valenciennes, France
| | - Thierry Marie Guerra
- University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201-LAMIH, F-59313 Valenciennes, France
| | - Philippe Pudlo
- University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201-LAMIH, F-59313 Valenciennes, France
| | - Dany H. Gagnon
- Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montréal (CRIR), Montréal, QC H3S 1M9, Canada
| | - Franck Barbier
- University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201-LAMIH, F-59313 Valenciennes, France
- INSA Hauts-de-France, F-59313 Valenciennes, France
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Zhang L, Straube A, Eggert T. Control of arm movements in Friedreich’s ataxia patients: role of sensory feedback. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1411-1422. [PMID: 35286422 PMCID: PMC9038882 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) is a hereditary system degeneration, which progressively affects sensory functions such as proprioceptive feedback, which causes progressive ataxia in FA patients. While major clinical features of movement disorders in FA patients have been identified, the underlying impaired neural control is not sufficiently understood. To elucidate the underlying control mechanism, we investigated single-joint movements of the upper limb in FA patients. Small, tolerable force perturbations were induced during voluntary single-joint arm movements to examine the compensatory reaction of the FA patient’s motor system. Movement kinematics were measured, and muscle torques were quantified. We first found that as in healthy subjects, unperturbed single-joint movements in FA patients preserved similar temporal profiles of hand velocity and muscle torques, however, scaled in duration and amplitude. In addition, the small perturbations were compensated for efficiently in both groups, with the endpoint error < 0.5° (maximum displacement of 5–15°). We further quantified the differences in movement time, torque response, and displacement between patients and controls. To distinguish whether these differences were caused by a malfunction of top-down control or a malfunction of feedback control, the responses were fitted with a detailed model of the stretch reflex. The model simulations revealed that the feedback delay, but not the feedback gain was affected in FA patients. They also showed that the descending control signal was scaled in time and amplitude and co-contraction was smaller in FA patients. Thus, our study explains how the motor deficits of FA patients result from pathological alterations of both top-down and feedback control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Institute for Neuroinformatics, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Andreas Straube
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggert
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Alissa N, Akinlosotu RY, Shipper AG, Wheeler LA, Westlake KP. A systematic review of upper extremity responses during reactive balance perturbations in aging. Gait Posture 2020; 82:138-146. [PMID: 32927220 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balance responses to perturbations often involve the arms in an attempt to either restore balance or protect against impact. Although a majority of research has been dedicated to understanding age-related changes in lower limb balance responses, there is a growing body of evidence supporting age-related changes in arm responses. This systematic review aimed to summarize differences in arm responses between older and younger adults under conditions requiring counterbalancing, reaching to grasping, and protection against impact. METHODS Following a systematic review and critical appraisal of the literature, data regarding the arm response in studies comparing young and older adults was extracted. The resulting articles were also assessed for quality to determine risk of bias. RESULTS Fifteen high quality studies were identified. The majority of these studies reported delayed onsets in muscle activation, differences in arm movement strategies, delayed movement timing, increased impact forces, and greater grasp errors in older compared to young adults. These differences were also identified under varied visual and cognitive conditions. CONCLUSIONS The studies included in this review demonstrate age-related differences in arm responses regardless of the direction and nature of the perturbation. These differences could provide insight into developing more targeted rehabilitation and fall prevention strategies. More research is needed to assess whether the identified age-related differences are a necessary compensation or a contributory factor to balance impairments and fall risk in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesreen Alissa
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 20201, United States
| | - Ruth Y Akinlosotu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 20201, United States
| | - Andrea G Shipper
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Health Sciences and Human Services Library, 601 W Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Lauren A Wheeler
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Health Sciences and Human Services Library, 601 W Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Kelly P Westlake
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 20201, United States.
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Extending the center of pressure to incorporate handhold forces: Derivation and sample application. J Biomech 2020; 104:109727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Komisar V, Maki BE, Novak AC. Effect of handrail height and age on the timing and speed of reach-to-grasp balance reactions during slope descent. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 81:102873. [PMID: 31422250 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of handrail height on the timing and speed of reach-to-grasp balance reactions during slope descent, in fourteen younger and thirteen older adults. Participants walked along an 8° slope mounted to a robotic platform. Platform perturbations evoked reach-to-grasp reactions. Handrail height did not significantly affect handrail contact time (i.e., time from perturbation onset to handrail contact) or movement time (i.e., time from EMG latency to handrail contact). Participants appeared to compensate for the increased hand-handrail distance with higher rails via increased peak upward hand speed, and decreased vertical handrail overshoot. Aging was associated with slower EMG latency, reduced hand acceleration time, and increased hand deceleration time. Our findings suggest that participants were not disadvantaged by higher handrails from reach-to-grasp timing or speed perspectives, and that other metrics (e.g., center-of-mass control after grasping) may be more important when evaluating handrail designs for balance recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Komisar
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, 13-000, 550 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street - Room 407, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Brian E Maki
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, 13-000, 550 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street - Room 407, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle - Room 2374, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Alison C Novak
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, 13-000, 550 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada; Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue - Room 160, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2W8, Canada
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Komisar V, McIlroy WE, Duncan CA. Individual, task, and environmental influences on balance recovery: a narrative review of the literature and implications for preventing occupational falls. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2019.1634160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Komisar
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | | | - Carolyn A. Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI
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Delayed Compensatory Postural Adjustments After Lateral Perturbations Contribute to the Reduced Ability of Older Adults to Control Body Balance. Motor Control 2017; 21:425-442. [DOI: 10.1123/mc.2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Laing JM, Tokuno CD. The effects of dual-tasking on arm muscle responses in young and older adults. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 46:159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Weaver TB, Adkin AL, Patterson JT, Tokuno CD. The influence of instruction on arm reactions in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Hum Mov Sci 2014; 37:101-10. [PMID: 25150800 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether explicit instruction would facilitate arm reactions in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Individuals with (n = 10) and without (n = 15) PD responded to unexpected support-surface translations. To recover their balance, participants were required to either respond naturally (react natural) or to reach toward a nearby handrail (explicit instruction). Arm reactions were quantified from electromyographic (EMG) and arm kinematic recordings. Results showed that while explicit instruction led to earlier and larger arm reactions, the benefits were not different between individuals with and without PD. Specifically, when explicitly instructed to reach toward a handrail, shoulder EMG responses were 4% earlier (p = .005) and 32% larger (p < .001) compared to when instructed to react naturally. A 44% greater peak wrist medio-lateral velocity (p < .001) and a 29% greater peak shoulder abduction angular velocity (p < .001) were also observed when participants were instructed to direct their arms toward a handrail after an unexpected support-surface translation. Explicit instruction also led to a higher frequency of handrail contact and a 49 ms earlier time to handrail contact compared to the react natural condition (p = .015). These results suggest that providing instruction to promote arm movement may help reduce falls in older adults with and without PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Weaver
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Allan L Adkin
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Jae T Patterson
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Craig D Tokuno
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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