3
|
Oertel FC, Krämer J, Motamedi S, Keihani A, Zimmermann HG, Dimitriou NG, Condor-Montes S, Bereuter C, Cordano C, Abdelhak A, Trip A, Aktas O, Meuth SG, Wiendl H, Ruprecht K, Bellmann-Strobl J, Paul F, Petzold A, Brandt AU, Albrecht P, Green AJ. Visually Evoked Potential as Prognostic Biomarker for Neuroaxonal Damage in Multiple Sclerosis From a Multicenter Longitudinal Cohort. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:e200092. [PMID: 36878713 PMCID: PMC10026703 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES With the increasing use of visually evoked potentials (VEPs) as quantitative outcome parameters for myelin in clinical trials, an in-depth understanding of longitudinal VEP latency changes and their prognostic potential for subsequent neuronal loss will be required. In this longitudinal multicenter study, we evaluated the association and prognostic potential of VEP latency for retinal neurodegeneration, measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). METHODS We included 293 eyes of 147 patients with RRMS (age [years, median ± SD] 36 ± 10, male sex 35%, F/U [years, median {IQR} 2.1 {1.5-3.9}]): 41 eyes had a history of optic neuritis (ON) ≥6 months before baseline (CHRONIC-ON), and 252 eyes had no history of ON (CHRONIC-NON). P100 latency (VEP), macular combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer volume (GCIPL), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFL) (OCT) were quantified. RESULTS P100 latency change over the first year predicted subsequent GCIPL loss (36 months) across the entire chronic cohort (p = 0.001) and in (and driven by) the CHRONIC-NON subset (p = 0.019) but not in the CHRONIC-ON subset (p = 0.680). P100 latency and pRNFL were correlated at baseline (CHRONIC-NON p = 0.004, CHRONIC-ON p < 0.001), but change in P100 latency and pRNFL were not correlated. P100 latency did not differ longitudinally between protocols or centers. DISCUSSION VEP in non-ON eyes seems to be a promising marker of demyelination in RRMS and of potential prognostic value for subsequent retinal ganglion cell loss. This study also provides evidence that VEP may be a useful and reliable biomarker for multicenter studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Cosima Oertel
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Julia Krämer
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Seyedamirhosein Motamedi
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Azeen Keihani
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Hanna G Zimmermann
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Nikolaos G Dimitriou
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Shivany Condor-Montes
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Charlotte Bereuter
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Christian Cordano
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Ahmed Abdelhak
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Anand Trip
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Orhan Aktas
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Sven G Meuth
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Friedemann Paul
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Axel Petzold
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Ari J Green
- From the Weill Institute for Neurosciences (F.C.C.O., A.K., S.C.-M., C.C., A.A., A.J.G.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF); Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.C.C.O., S.M., H.G.Z., C.B., J.B.-S., F.P., A.U.B.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (J.K., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; University of California Berkeley (A.K.); Department of Neurology (N.G.D., O.A., S.G.M., P.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Maria Hilf Clinic Moenchengladbach, Germany; Queen Square MS Centre (A.T., A.P.), University College London, UK; Department of Neurology (K.R., F.P.),-Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfield's Eye Hospital & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.P.); Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam, NL; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine (UCI); and Department of Ophthalmology (A.J.G.), University of California San Francisco (UCSF).
| |
Collapse
|