1
|
Wang CC, Young YH. Effect of Video Games on the Otolithic Reflex System. Audiol Neurootol 2021; 27:40-47. [PMID: 34038909 DOI: 10.1159/000516252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Video gaming (VG) has since the 1980s become increasingly ubiquitous entertainment among the adolescents and young adults. Many young people expe-rienced dizzy spells, but not vertiginous episodes, after playing VG. OBJECTIVES This study performed ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) and cervical VEMP (cVEMP) tests in subjects before and after engaging on VG to investigate the effect of VG on the otolithic reflex system. METHODS Twenty subjects who frequently played VG (>3 days per week) for more than 10 years were assigned to the long-term group. Another 20 subjects with engaging on VG <3 days per week or <10 years were assigned to the short-term group. Each subject underwent baseline oVEMP and cVEMP tests first, followed by playing VG for 1 h. Then, all subjects underwent the same paradigm. The "VG-year" is defined as frequency of VG playing within 1 week (day/week) multiplied by total length of VG engagement (year). RESULTS Engagement on VG rarely affected the oVEMP responses for either short- or long-term players. In contrast, the response rates of cVEMP significantly declined from pre-VG period (80%) to post-VG period (58%) in the short-term group, but not in the long-term group. The cutoff value for predicting absent cVEMP in VG engagement is 21 VG-year. CONCLUSION Short-term engagement on VG may result in temporary cVEMP loss, while permanent cVEMP loss could be identified in long-term VG players. The cutoff value for predicting absent cVEMP in VG engagement is 21 VG-year, indicating that damage to the sacculo-collic reflex system could be anticipated in a subject who has played VG at least 1 h per session, 7 days weekly for 3 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ching Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ho Young
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salehi B, Konovalov DA, Fru P, Kapewangolo P, Peron G, Ksenija MS, Cardoso SM, Pereira OR, Nigam M, Nicola S, Pignata G, Rapposelli S, Sestito S, Anil Kumar NV, de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea M, Segura-Carretero A, P Mishra A, Sharifi-Rad M, Cho WC, Taheri Y, Setzer WN, Sharifi-Rad J. Areca catechu-From farm to food and biomedical applications. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2140-2158. [PMID: 32159263 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The family Arecaceae includes 181 genera and 2,600 species with a high diversity in physical characteristics. Areca plants, commonly palms, which are able to grow in nearly every type of habitat, prefer tropical and subtropical climates. The most studied species Areca catechu L. contains phytochemicals as phenolics and alkaloids with biological properties. The phenolics are mainly distributed in roots followed by fresh unripe fruits, leaves, spikes, and veins, while the contents of alkaloids are in the order of roots, fresh unripe fruits, spikes, leaves, and veins. This species has been reputed to provide health effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, metabolic, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. However, in many developing countries, quid from this species has been associated with side effects, which include the destruction of the teeth, impairment of oral hygiene, bronchial asthma, or oral cancer. Despite these side effects, which are also mentioned in this work, the present review collects the main results of biological properties of the phytochemicals in A. catechu. This study emphasizes the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and clinical effectiveness in humans. In this sense, A. catechu have demonstrated effectiveness in several reports through in vitro and in vivo experiments on disorders such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, or anticancer. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that this species presents clinical effectiveness on neurological disorders. Hence, A. catechu extracts could be used as a bioactive ingredient for functional food, nutraceuticals, or cosmeceuticals. However, further studies, especially extensive and comprehensive clinical trials, are recommended for the use of Areca in the treatment of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Dmitry A Konovalov
- Department of Pharmacognozy and Botany, Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute, A branch of Volgograd State Medical University Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Pyatigorsk, Russia
| | - Pascaline Fru
- Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Petrina Kapewangolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Gregorio Peron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mileski S Ksenija
- Department of Morphology and Systematic of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Olivia R Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Silvana Nicola
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignata
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Centre for Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Nanjangud V Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregión Building, Health Science Technological Park, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregión Building, Health Science Technological Park, Granada, Spain
| | - Abhay P Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yasaman Taheri
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA.,Aromatic Plant Research Center, Lehi, Utah, USA
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|