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Philibert M, Milea D. Basics, benefits, and pitfalls of pupillometers assessing visual function. Eye (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41433-024-03151-9. [PMID: 38802485 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-03151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous commercially and non-commercially available pupillometers are nowadays able to assess various biological functions in humans, by evaluating pupils' dynamics in response to specific stimuli. However, the use of pupillometers for ophthalmic afferent evaluations (i.e., photoreceptoral responses) in real-world settings is relatively limited. Recent scientific and technological advances, coupled with artificial intelligence methods have improved the performance of such devices to objectively detect, quantify, and classify functional disturbances of the retina and the optic nerve. This review aims to summarize the scientific principles, indications, outcomes, and current limitations of pupillometry used for evaluation of afferent pathways in ophthalmic clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Milea
- Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
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Haraguchi Y, Chiang TK, Yu M. Application of Electrophysiology in Non-Macular Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6953. [PMID: 37959417 PMCID: PMC10649281 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies encompass a diverse group of disorders affecting the structure and function of the retina, leading to progressive visual impairment and, in severe cases, blindness. Electrophysiology testing has emerged as a valuable tool in assessing and diagnosing those conditions, offering insights into the function of different parts of the visual pathway from retina to visual cortex and aiding in disease classification. This review provides an overview of the application of electrophysiology testing in the non-macular inherited retinal dystrophies focusing on both common and rare variants, including retinitis pigmentosa, progressive cone and cone-rod dystrophy, bradyopsia, Bietti crystalline dystrophy, late-onset retinal degeneration, and fundus albipunctatus. The different applications and limitations of electrophysiology techniques, including multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), full-field ERG (ffERG), electrooculogram (EOG), pattern electroretinogram (PERG), and visual evoked potential (VEP), in the diagnosis and management of these distinctive phenotypes are discussed. The potential for electrophysiology testing to allow for further understanding of these diseases and the possibility of using these tests for early detection, prognosis prediction, and therapeutic monitoring in the future is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minzhong Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Usman M, Jüschke C, Song F, Kastrati D, Owczarek-Lipska M, Eilers J, Pauleikhoff L, Lange C, Neidhardt J. Skewed X-inactivation is associated with retinal dystrophy in female carriers of RPGR mutations. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201814. [PMID: 37541846 PMCID: PMC10403639 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors frequently is caused by mutations in the X-chromosomal gene Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator (RPGR). Males hemizygous for a RPGR mutation often are affected by Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), whereas female mutation carriers only occasionally present with severe RP phenotypes. The underlying pathomechanism leading to RP in female carriers is not well understood. Here, we analyzed a three-generation family in which two of three female carriers of a nonsense RPGR mutation presented with RP. Among two cell lines derived from the same female family members, differences were detected in RPGR transcript expression, in localization of RPGR along cilia, as well as in primary cilium length. Significantly, these differences correlated with alterations in X-chromosomal inactivation patterns found in the patient-derived cell lines from females. In summary, our data suggest that skewed X-chromosomal inactivation is an important factor that determines the disease manifestation of RP among female carriers of pathogenic sequence alterations in the RPGR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Jüschke
- Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Fei Song
- Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Kastrati
- Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marta Owczarek-Lipska
- Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Junior Research Group, Genetics of Childhood Brain Malformations, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jannis Eilers
- Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Laurenz Pauleikhoff
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - John Neidhardt
- Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Zhao H, Wang H, Zhang M, Weng C, Liu Y, Yin Z. Chromatic pupillometry isolation and evaluation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-driven pupillary light response in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1212398. [PMID: 37533585 PMCID: PMC10390747 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1212398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The pupil light response (PLR) is driven by rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). We aimed to isolate ipRGC-driven pupil responses using chromatic pupillometry and to determine the effect of advanced retinitis pigmentosa (RP) on ipRGC function. Methods A total of 100 eyes from 67 patients with advanced RP and 18 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Patients were divided into groups according to severity of visual impairment: no light perception (NLP, 9 eyes), light perception (LP, 19 eyes), faint form perception (FFP, 34 eyes), or form perception (FP, 38 eyes). Pupil responses to rod-weighted (487 nm, -1 log cd/m2, 1 s), cone-weighted (630 nm, 2 log cd/m2, 1 s), and ipRGC-weighted (487 nm, 2 log cd/m2, 1 s) stimuli were recorded. ipRGC function was evaluated by the postillumination pupil response (PIPR) and three metrics of pupil kinetics: maximal contraction velocity (MCV), contraction duration, and maximum dilation velocity (MDV). Results We found a slow, sustained PLR response to the ipRGC-weighted stimulus in most patients with NLP (8/9), but these patients had no detectable rod- or cone-driven PLR. The ipRGC-driven PLR had an MCV of 0.269 ± 0.150%/s and contraction duration of 2.562 ± 0.902 s, both of which were significantly lower than those of the rod and cone responses. The PIPRs of the RP groups did not decrease compared with those of the HCs group and were even enhanced in the LP group. At advanced stages, ipRGC responses gradually became the main component of the PLR. Conclusion Chromatic pupillometry successfully isolated an ipRGC-driven PLR in patients with advanced RP. This PLR remained stable and gradually became the main driver of pupil contraction in more advanced cases of RP. Here, we present baseline data on ipRGC function; we expect these findings to contribute to evaluating and screening candidates for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Minfang Zhang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanhuang Weng
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengqin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Jia FQ, Luo FL, Xiong YH, Cheng LL, Dang ZQ, Liu JH. Forensic Study on Objective Evaluation of Visual Acuity of Ametropia with the Event-related Potential P3. Curr Med Sci 2023:10.1007/s11596-023-2735-4. [PMID: 37115402 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to assess the characteristics of the P3 component from an event-related potential (ERP) that was induced by visual acuity (VA) processing. Furthermore, we sought to provide electrophysiological evidence for the objective evaluation of VA. METHODS We recruited 32 participants with myopia-related ametropia. They reported no other ocular diseases and had an uncorrected VA of 4.0 in both eyes. We used the block letter "E" at different visual angles and orientations as the graphic stimuli. The oddball paradigm, consisting of 4 modules, was used for ERP analysis. The standard stimuli of each module were identical, with a visual angle of 1°15'. The visual angles of the target stimuli were 1°15', 55', 24', and 15'. The VA test was performed on each eye separately for all participants, and all characteristics of the P3 component were analyzed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the P3 peak letencies between the target stimulation angle 1°15' group and the 55' group, or between the target stimulation angle 24' group and the 15' group. There was a significant difference in the P3 peak letencies between the target stimulation angle 1°15' group and the 24' group as well as the 15' group. There was a significant difference in the P3 peak letencies between the target stimulation angle 55' group and the 24' group as well as the 15' group. No significant differences were observed in the P3 amplitude between modules. CONCLUSION In the oddball paradigm, P3 elicitation indicated a cognitive response to the target stimuli. These data showed that the characteristics of P3 can be used as an objective evaluation of VA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Quan Jia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010059, China
| | - Fang-Liang Luo
- Judicial Authentication Research Institute, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Yan-He Xiong
- Shanghai Love Nursing Station, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Long-Long Cheng
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Dang
- Dian Regional Forensic Science Institute (Nei Mongol), Hohhot, 010041, China
| | - Ji-Hui Liu
- Judicial Authentication Research Institute, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China.
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Liang N, Wang C, Li S, Xie X, Lin J, Zhong W. The classification of flash visual evoked potential based on deep learning. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2023; 23:13. [PMID: 36658545 PMCID: PMC9851116 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-023-02107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual electrophysiology is an objective visual function examination widely used in clinical work and medical identification that can objectively evaluate visual function and locate lesions according to waveform changes. However, in visual electrophysiological examinations, the flash visual evoked potential (FVEP) varies greatly among individuals, resulting in different waveforms in different normal subjects. Moreover, most of the FVEP wave labelling is performed automatically by a machine, and manually corrected by professional clinical technicians. These labels may have biases due to the individual variations in subjects, incomplete clinical examination data, different professional skills, personal habits and other factors. Through the retrospective study of big data, an artificial intelligence algorithm is used to maintain high generalization abilities in complex situations and improve the accuracy of prescreening. METHODS A novel multi-input neural network based on convolution and confidence branching (MCAC-Net) for retinitis pigmentosa RP recognition and out-of-distribution detection is proposed. The MCAC-Net with global and local feature extraction is designed for the FVEP signal that has different local and global information, and a confidence branch is added for out-of-distribution sample detection. For the proposed manual features,a new input layer is added. RESULTS The model is verified by a clinically collected FVEP dataset, and an accuracy of 90.7% is achieved in the classification task and 93.3% in the out-of-distribution detection task. CONCLUSION We built a deep learning-based FVEP classification algorithm that promises to be an excellent tool for screening RP diseases by using FVEP signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liang
- grid.190737.b0000 0001 0154 0904College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengliang Wang
- grid.190737.b0000 0001 0154 0904College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiying Li
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China ,grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Xie
- grid.190737.b0000 0001 0154 0904College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yongchuan People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Chongqing Health Statistics Information Center, Chongqing, China
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Wang H, Ouyang W, Liu Y, Zhang M, Zhao H, Wang J, Yin Z. Visual task-related functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging for the objective quantitation of visual function in patients with advanced retinitis pigmentosa. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:825204. [PMID: 36034150 PMCID: PMC9416479 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.825204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective quantitation of visual function in patients with advanced retinitis pigmentosa (RP) presents a difficult challenge due to the weak visual function of these patients. This study utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the function and structure of the visual cortex (VC) in patients with RP and quantitatively categorize them. Materials and Methods Twenty-three patients with RP and ten healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled for MRI examinations. The patients were divided into form perception (FP) and no form perception (NFP) groups. Participants underwent structural MRI scans, and two visual task functional MRI scans were performed using stimuli, including white flash and black and white checkerboard patterns. Eight regions of interest (ROIs) were studied. In structural MRI, the gray matter volume (GMV) was compared in the ROIs. In the two visual tasks, the response intensity and functional connectivity (FC) of ROIs were also compared separately. Correlation analysis was performed to explore the correlations between the structural and functional parameters. Results In the structural analysis, the GMV in Brodmann areas 17, 18, and 19 of the FP and NFP groups was significantly lower than that of HCs. Regarding the functional data, the response intensity in the VC of both the FP and NFP groups was significantly lower than that in HCs. The response in Brodmann areas 17, 18, and 19 obtained using the pattern stimulus was significantly lower in the NFP group than in the FP group. For the FC comparison, the FP and NFP groups exhibited significantly lower values in several pathways than the HCs, and FC in the ipsilateral V1–contralateral V1 pathway in the flash task was significantly lower in the NFP group than in the FP group. A positive correlation between response intensity and GMV was observed in Brodmann areas 17, 18, and 19 in both flash and pattern visual tasks. Conclusion Magnetic resonance imaging was an effective tool to objectively and quantitatively evaluate the visual function of patients with advanced RP. Response intensity and FC were effective parameters to distinguish FP and NFP patients. A positive correlation between response intensity and GMV was observed in the VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Wangbin Ouyang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Minfang Zhang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - He Zhao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Wang,
| | - Zhengqin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Zhengqin Yin,
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Zhao T, Lie H, Wang F, Liu Y, Meng X, Yin Z, Li S. Comparative Study of a Modified Sub-Tenon's Capsule Injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide and the Intravenous Infusion of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Retinitis Pigmentosa Combined With Macular Edema. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:694225. [PMID: 34646129 PMCID: PMC8503560 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.694225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a hereditary retinal degenerative disease leading to eventual blindness. When RP is combined with macular edema (ME), the visual impairment further worsens. We compared a modified sub-Tenon’s capsule injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and the intravenous infusion of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) in the treatment of RP combined with ME (RP-ME) to assess their safety and efficacy in eliminating ME and restoring visual function. A phase I/II clinical trial enrolled 20 patients was conducted. All patients were followed up for 6 months. There were no severe adverse effects in both groups. In retinal morphological tests, the central macular thickness (CMT) in TA group significantly decreased at first week, first and second month after injection (p < 0.05). The CMT in UCMSCs group significantly decreased at first month after infusion. The rate of reduction of CMT in TA group was significantly greater than that in UCMSCs group at second month (p < 0.05). Reversely, the rate of reduction of CMT in UCMSCs group was significantly greater than that in TA group at sixth month (p < 0.05). In visual functional test, although there were no significant differences in visual acuity or visual fields within each group or between groups, but the amplitude of P2 wave of flash visual evoked potential (FVEP) showed significant increasing in TA group at second month in UCMSCs group at sixth month (p < 0.05). At 6th month, the rate of growth in the amplitude of P2 wave in USMCSs group was significantly greater than that in TA group (p < 0.05). This study suggests both modified sub-Tenon’s capsule injection of TA and intravenous infusion of UCMSCs are safe for RP-ME patients. TA injection is more effective at alleviating ME while improving visual function in a short term. UCMSC intravenous infusion shows slow but persistent action in alleviating ME, and can improve the visual function for a longer time. These approaches can be applied separately or jointly depending on the disease condition for patients to benefit maximumly. Clinical Trial Registration:http://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR-ONC-16008839
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtao Zhao
- Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongxuan Lie
- Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China.,Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Meng
- Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengqin Yin
- Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Yang M, Jian L, Fan W, Chen X, Zou H, Huang Y, Chen X, Zhou YG, Yuan R. Axon regeneration after optic nerve injury in rats can be improved via PirB knockdown in the retina. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:158. [PMID: 34380548 PMCID: PMC8359350 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), three types of myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) exert major inhibitory effects on nerve regeneration: Nogo-A, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp). MAIs have two co-receptors, Nogo receptor (NgR) and paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB). Existing studies confirm that inhibiting NgR only exerted a modest disinhibitory effect in CNS. However, the inhibitory effects of PirB on nerve regeneration after binding to MAIs are controversial too. We aimed to further investigate the effect of PirB knockdown on the neuroprotection and axonal regeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after optic nerve injury in rats. METHODS The differential expression of PirB in the retina was observed via immunofluorescence and western blotting after 1, 3, and 7 days of optic nerve injury (ONI). The retina was locally transfected with adeno-associated virus (AAV) PirB shRNA, then, the distribution of virus in tissues and cells was observed 21 days after AAV transfection to confirm the efficiency of PirB knockdown. Level of P-Stat3 and expressions of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) were detected via western blotting. RGCs were directly labeled with cholera toxin subunit B (CTB). The new axons of the optic nerve were specifically labeled with growth associated protein-43 (GAP43) via immunofluorescence. Flash visual evoked potential (FVEP) was used to detect the P1 and N1 latency, as well as N1-P1, P1-N2 amplitude to confirm visual function. RESULTS PirB expression in the retina was significantly increased after ONI. PirB knockdown was successful and significantly promoted P-Stat3 level and CNTF expression in the retina. PirB knockdown promoted the regeneration of optic nerve axons and improved the visual function indexes such as N1-P1 and P1-N2 amplitude. CONCLUSIONS PirB is one of the key molecules that inhibit the regeneration of the optic nerve, and inhibition of PirB has an excellent effect on promoting nerve regeneration, which allows the use of PirB as a target molecule to promote functional recovery after ONI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Zhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Jian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Zhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Zhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Chen
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Zhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanming Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Zhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Zhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Guo Zhou
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rongdi Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Zhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
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