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Teimourizad A, Jafari A, Esmaeilzadeh F. Budget impact analyses for treatment of heart failure. A systematic review. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:785-797. [PMID: 38492179 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-024-10397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is increasing globally and turning out to be a serious worldwide public health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. This study aims to systemically review the budget impact analysis of heart failure treatments on health care expenditure worldwide. Scientific databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for budget impact analysis and heart failure treatments, over January 2001 to August 2023. The quality assessment of the selected studies was evaluated through ISPOR practice guideline. Nineteen studies were included in this systematic review. Based on ISPOR recommendations, most studies were performed on a 1-year time horizon and used a government (public health) or health system perspective. Data for selected studies was mainly collected from randomized clinical trials, published literature, pharmaceutical companies, and registry data. Only direct costs were reported in the studies. Sensitivity analyses were stated in almost all studies. However, studies conducted in high-income countries reported sensitivity analyses more elaborately than those performed in low- and middle-income countries. In many published articles related to the budget impact analyses of heart failure treatment, addition of new treatments to the health system's formularies can lead to a reduction in cardiovascular hospitalization rates, re-hospitalization rates, cardiac-associated mortality rates, and an improvement in heart failure class, which can decrease the costs of hospitalizations, specified care visits, primary care visits, and other related treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdosaleh Jafari
- Health Human Resources Research Centre, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Firooz Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
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Grilc B, Felicijan T, Parfant TP, Planinšek O. Formulation and Characterization of Buccal Films Containing Valsartan with Additional Support from Image Analysis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:72. [PMID: 36869211 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to the development and characterization of valsartan-containing buccal films with an introduction to a novel technique of image analysis. Visual inspection of the film provided a wealth of information that was difficult to quantify objectively. The obtained images of the films observed under the microscope were embedded in a convolutional neural network (CNN). The results were clustered according to their visual quality and on the basis of data distances. Image analysis proved to be a promising method to characterize buccal films appearance and their visual properties. The differential behavior of film composition was investigated using a reduced combinatorial experimental design. Formulation properties such as dissolution rate, moisture content, valsartan particle size distribution, film thickness, and drug assay were evaluated. In addition, more advanced methods such as Raman microscopy and image analysis were used to characterize the developed product in more detail. The results of dissolution tests using four different dissolution apparatuses showed a significant difference between the formulations containing the active ingredient in different polymorphic states. The dynamic contact angle of a water droplet on the surface of the films was measured, which correlated well with the dissolution times at 80% of the released drug (t80).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Grilc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tjaša Felicijan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Timeja Planinšek Parfant
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Odon Planinšek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Prieto C, Evtoski Z, Pardo-Figuerez M, Hrakovsky J, Lagaron JM. Nanostructured Valsartan Microparticles with Enhanced Bioavailability Produced by High-Throughput Electrohydrodynamic Room-Temperature Atomization. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2947-2958. [PMID: 34181413 PMCID: PMC8494385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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The high-throughput drying and encapsulation
technique called electrospraying
assisted by pressurized gas (EAPG) was used for the first time to
produce nanostructured valsartan within microparticles of excipients.
Valsartan, a poorly absorbed and lipid-soluble drug, was selected
since it is considered a good model for BCS class II drugs. Two different
polymeric matrices were selected as excipients, i.e., hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose (HPMC) and lactose monohydrate, while Span 20 was
used as a surfactant. The produced 80% valsartan loading formulations
were characterized in terms of morphology, crystallinity, in vitro release, in vitro Caco-2 cells’
permeability, and in vivo pharmacokinetic study.
Spherical microparticles of ca. 4 μm were obtained
within which valsartan nanoparticles were seen to range from 150 to
650 nm. Wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry
confirmed that valsartan had a lower and/or more ill-defined crystallinity
than the commercial source, and photon correlation spectroscopy and
transmission electron microscopy proved that it was dispersed and
distributed in the form of nanoparticles of controlled size. In vitro dissolution tests showed that the HPMC formulation
with the lowest API particle size, i.e., 150 nm, dissolved 2.5-fold
faster than the commercial valsartan in the first 10 min. This formulation
also showed a 4-fold faster in vitro permeability
than the commercial valsartan and a 3-fold higher systemic exposure
than the commercial sample. The results proved the potential of the
EAPG processing technique for the production of safe-to-handle microparticles
containing high quantities of a highly dispersed and distributed nanonized
BCS class II model drug with enhanced bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Prieto
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Zoran Evtoski
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pardo-Figuerez
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.,Bioinicia R&D Department, Bioinicia S.L., Calle Algepser 65 nave 3, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Hrakovsky
- R&D Finished Dosage Forms, Zakłady Farmaceutyczne Polpharma SA, ul. Pelplińska 19, 83-200 Starogard Gdański, Poland
| | - Jose M Lagaron
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Assessing the potential of solid dispersions to improve dissolution rate and bioavailability of valsartan: In vitro-in silico approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:188-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mauskopf J, Earnshaw S. A Methodological Review of US Budget-Impact Models for New Drugs. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2016; 34:1111-1131. [PMID: 27334107 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-016-0426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A budget-impact analysis is required by many jurisdictions when adding a new drug to the formulary. However, previous reviews have indicated that adherence to methodological guidelines is variable. In this methodological review, we assess the extent to which US budget-impact analyses for new drugs use recommended practices. We describe recommended practice for seven key elements in the design of a budget-impact analysis. Targeted literature searches for US studies reporting estimates of the budget impact of a new drug were performed and we prepared a summary of how each study addressed the seven key elements. The primary finding from this review is that recommended practice is not followed in many budget-impact analyses. For example, we found that growth in the treated population size and/or changes in disease-related costs expected during the model time horizon for more effective treatments was not included in several analyses for chronic conditions. In addition, all drug-related costs were not captured in the majority of the models. Finally, for most studies, one-way sensitivity and scenario analyses were very limited, and the ranges used in one-way sensitivity analyses were frequently arbitrary percentages rather than being data driven. The conclusions from our review are that changes in population size, disease severity mix, and/or disease-related costs should be properly accounted for to avoid over- or underestimating the budget impact. Since each budget holder might have different perspectives and different values for many of the input parameters, it is also critical for published budget-impact analyses to include extensive sensitivity and scenario analyses based on realistic input values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2194, USA.
| | - Stephanie Earnshaw
- RTI Health Solutions, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2194, USA
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SOHAIL MUHAMMAD, AHMAD MAHMOOD, MINHAS MUHAMMADUSMAN, RASHID HAROON, KHALID IKRIMA. Development and In Vitro Evaluation of High Molecular Weight Chitosan Based Polymeric Composites for Controlled Delivery of Valsartan. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MUHAMMAD SOHAIL
- Department of Pharmacy; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology; Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - MAHMOOD AHMAD
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Bahawalpur 63100 Pakistan
| | - MUHAMMAD USMAN MINHAS
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Bahawalpur 63100 Pakistan
| | - HAROON RASHID
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Bahawalpur 63100 Pakistan
| | - IKRIMA KHALID
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Bahawalpur 63100 Pakistan
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Nekkanti V, Wang Z, Betageri GV. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Improved Oral Bioavailability of Valsartan: Proliposomes Versus Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:851-62. [PMID: 26381913 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop proliposomes and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for a poorly bioavailable drug, valsartan, and to compare their in vivo pharmacokinetics. Proliposomes were prepared by thin-film hydration method using different lipids such as soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC), hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), distearyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), and dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol sodium (DMPG) and cholesterol in various ratios. SNEDDS formulations were prepared using varying concentrations of capmul MCM, labrafil M 2125, and Tween 80. Both proliposomes and SNEDDS were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, in vitro permeability, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. In vitro drug release was carried out in purified water and 0.1 N HCl using USP type II dissolution apparatus. In vitro drug permeation was studied using parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA) and everted rat intestinal permeation techniques. Among the formulations, the proliposomes with drug/DMPG/cholesterol in the ratio of 1:1:0.5 and SNEDDS with capmul MCM (16.0% w/w), labrafil M 2125 (64.0% w/w), and Tween 80 (18.0% w/w) showed the desired particle size and zeta potential. Enhanced drug release was observed with proliposomes and SNEDDS as compared to pure valsartan. Valsartan permeability across PAMPA and everted rat intestinal permeation models was significantly higher with proliposomes and SNEDDS. Following single oral administration of proliposomes and SNEDDS, a relative bioavailability of 202.36 and 196.87%, respectively, was achieved compared to pure valsartan suspension. The study results indicated that both proliposomes and SNEDDS formulations are comparable in improving the oral bioavailability of valsartan.
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Faleiros DR, Álvares J, Almeida AM, de Araújo VE, Andrade EIG, Godman BB, Acurcio FA, Guerra Júnior AA. Budget impact analysis of medicines: updated systematic review and implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2016; 16:257-66. [PMID: 26923561 DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2016.1159958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This evaluation determines whether published studies to date meet the key characteristics identified for budget impact analyses (BIA) for medicines, accomplished through a systematic review and assessment against identified key characteristics. Studies from 2001-2015 on 'budget impact analysis' with 'drug' interventions were assessed, selected based on their titles/abstracts and full texts, and their characteristics checked according to key criteria. Out of 1,984 studies, 92 were subsequently identified for review. Of these, 95% were published in Europe and the USA. 2012 saw the largest number of publications (16%) with a decline thereafter. 48% met up to 7 out of the 9 key characteristics. Only 22% stated no conflict of interest. The results indicate low adherence to the key characteristics that should be considered for BIAs and strong conflict of interest. This is an issue since BIAs can be of fundamental importance in managing the entry of new medicines including reimbursement decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Resende Faleiros
- a Pharmacy College , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- a Pharmacy College , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | | | - Vânia Eloisa de Araújo
- c Dental College, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Eli Iola Gurgel Andrade
- b Medical College , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Brian B Godman
- d Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , Strathclyde University , Glasgow , UK.,e Division of Clinical Pharmacology , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,f Liverpool Health Economics Centre , Liverpool University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Francisco A Acurcio
- a Pharmacy College , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,b Medical College , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Augusto A Guerra Júnior
- a Pharmacy College , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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Nekkanti V, Venkatesan N, Wang Z, Betageri GV. Improved oral bioavailability of valsartan using proliposomes: design, characterization andin vivopharmacokinetics. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 41:2077-88. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1075026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sullivan SD, Mauskopf JA, Augustovski F, Jaime Caro J, Lee KM, Minchin M, Orlewska E, Penna P, Rodriguez Barrios JM, Shau WY. Budget impact analysis-principles of good practice: report of the ISPOR 2012 Budget Impact Analysis Good Practice II Task Force. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:5-14. [PMID: 24438712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2013.08.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Budget impact analyses (BIAs) are an essential part of a comprehensive economic assessment of a health care intervention and are increasingly required by reimbursement authorities as part of a listing or reimbursement submission. OBJECTIVES The objective of this report was to present updated guidance on methods for those undertaking such analyses or for those reviewing the results of such analyses. This update was needed, in part, because of developments in BIA methods as well as a growing interest, particularly in emerging markets, in matters related to affordability and population health impacts of health care interventions. METHODS The Task Force was approved by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research Health Sciences Policy Council and appointed by its Board of Directors. Members were experienced developers or users of BIAs; worked in academia and industry and as advisors to governments; and came from several countries in North America and South America, Oceania, Asia, and Europe. The Task Force solicited comments on the drafts from a core group of external reviewers and, more broadly, from the membership of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. RESULTS The Task Force recommends that the design of a BIA for a new health care intervention should take into account relevant features of the health care system, possible access restrictions, the anticipated uptake of the new intervention, and the use and effects of the current and new interventions. The key elements of a BIA include estimating the size of the eligible population, the current mix of treatments and the expected mix after the introduction of the new intervention, the cost of the treatment mixes, and any changes expected in condition-related costs. Where possible, the BIA calculations should be performed by using a simple cost calculator approach because of its ease of use for budget holders. In instances, however, in which the changes in eligible population size, disease severity mix, or treatment patterns cannot be credibly captured by using the cost calculator approach, a cohort or patient-level condition-specific model may be used to estimate the budget impact of the new intervention, accounting appropriately for those entering and leaving the eligible population over time. In either case, the BIA should use data that reflect values specific to a particular decision maker's population. Sensitivity analysis should be of alternative scenarios chosen from the perspective of the decision maker. The validation of the model should include at least face validity with decision makers and verification of the calculations. Data sources for the BIA should include published clinical trial estimates and comparator studies for the efficacy and safety of the current and new interventions as well as the decision maker's own population for the other parameter estimates, where possible. Other data sources include the use of published data, well-recognized local or national statistical information, and, in special circumstances, expert opinion. Reporting of the BIA should provide detailed information about the input parameter values and calculations at a level of detail that would allow another modeler to replicate the analysis. The outcomes of the BIA should be presented in the format of interest to health care decision makers. In a computer program, options should be provided for different categories of costs to be included or excluded from the analysis. CONCLUSIONS We recommend a framework for the BIA, provide guidance on the acquisition and use of data, and offer a common reporting format that will promote standardization and transparency. Adherence to these good research practice principles would not necessarily supersede jurisdiction-specific BIA guidelines but may support and enhance local recommendations or serve as a starting point for payers wishing to promulgate methodology guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Sullivan
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Economic Evaluation and Technology Assessment, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Karen M Lee
- Health Economics, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Minchin
- PASLU, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Manchester, UK
| | - Ewa Orlewska
- Centre for Pharmacoeconomics, Warsaw, Poland; The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Pete Penna
- Formulary Resources, LLC, Mercer Island, WA, USA
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Grassi G, Seravalle G, Mancia G. Cardiovascular consequences of poor compliance to antihypertensive therapy. Blood Press 2011; 20:196-203. [DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2011.557902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pradelli L, Iannazzo S, Zaniolo O. The cost effectiveness and cost utility of valsartan in chronic heart failure therapy in Italy: a probabilistic markov model. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2010; 9:383-92. [PMID: 19929036 DOI: 10.2165/11315730-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the cost effectiveness and cost utility of the use of valsartan in addition to standard therapy for the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure with low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The study was conducted by means of a cohort simulation based on a probabilistic Markov model and projecting the 23-month follow-up results of the Val-HeFT (Valsartan Heart Failure Trial) study over a 10-year time horizon. The model included four states (New York Heart Association [NYHA] classes II, III, IV, and death), and had a cycle duration of 1 month. Probabilistic simulations were performed using the WinBUGS software for Bayesian analysis. The distribution of patient parameters (sex, age, use of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, and ACE inhibitors) in the simulated population were derived from the Italian heart failure patient population. Individual mortality data were derived from general mortality data by multiplying by a NYHA state-specific relative risk, while the probability of changing NYHA class was taken from the Val-HeFT data. Costs (2007 values) were calculated from the perspective of the Italian Health Service (IHS) and included costs for drugs and heart failure hospitalizations. Quality-of-life (QOL) weights were obtained by using published health-related QOL data for heart failure patients. A 3.5% annual discount rate was applied. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed on each parameter using original-source 95% confidence interval (CI) values, or a +/-10% range when 95% CI values were unavailable. For the 10-year time horizon, patients were estimated to live for an average of 2.3 years or 1.7 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), with slight increases in the valsartan group. In this group, hospitalizations for worsening heart failure were predicted to be significantly reduced and overall treatment costs per patient to decrease by about and U20AC;550. In subgroup analyses, valsartan lost dominance in patients in NYHA II, and in those receiving beta-adrenoceptor antagonists or ACE inhibitors; the mean incremental cost-utility ratio for these groups was 21 240, 129 200, and 36 500 and U20AC;/QALY, respectively. Valsartan in addition to standard therapy is predicted to dominate standard therapy alone in Italian patients with mild to severe heart failure and low LVEF. There are relevant differences among various patient subgroups, and valsartan is expected to be good value for money particularly in the treatment of the most severe and less intensively treated (no ACE inhibitors, no beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) heart failure patients.
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Dixit AR, Rajput SJ, Patel SG. Preparation and bioavailability assessment of SMEDDS containing valsartan. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:314-21. [PMID: 20182825 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) has been developed to enhance diffusion rate and oral bioavailability of valsartan. The solubility of valsartan was checked in different oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants and ternary phase diagrams were constructed to evaluate the microemulsion domain. The valsartan SMEDDS was prepared using Capmul MCM (oil), Tween 80 (surfactant), and polyethylene glycol 400 (cosurfactant). The particle size distribution, zeta potential, and polydispersity index were determined and were found to be 12.3 nm, -0.746, and 0.138, respectively. Diffusion rate of valsartan was measured by in vitro dialysis bag method using phosphate buffer pH 6.8 as diffusion media. Developed high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to determine drug content in diffusion media. Oral bioavailability of valsartan SMEDDS was checked by using rabbit model. Results of diffusion rate and oral bioavailability of valsartan SMEDDS were compared with those of pure drug solution and of marketed formulation. Diffusion of valsartan SMEDDS showed maximum drug release when compared to pure drug solution and marketed formulation. The area under curve and time showed significant improvement as the values obtained were 607 ng h/mL and 1 h for SMEDDS in comparison to 445.36 and 1.36 h for market formulation suggesting significant increase (p < 0.01) in oral bioavailability of valsartan SMEDDS.
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Orlewska E, Gulácsi L. Budget-impact analyses: a critical review of published studies. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2009; 27:807-27. [PMID: 19803537 DOI: 10.2165/11313770-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews budget-impact analyses (BIAs) published to date in peer-reviewed bio-medical journals with reference to current best practice, and discusses where future research needs to be directed. Published BIAs were identified by conducting a computerized search on PubMed using the search term 'budget impact analysis'. The years covered by the search included January 2000 through November 2008. Only studies (i) named by authors as BIAs and (ii) predicting financial consequences of adoption and diffusion of a new health intervention(s) within a specific healthcare setting were included. Relevant studies were evaluated according to the checklist that focuses on issues unique to BIA, highlighting areas of agreement or dissent between published studies and methodological guidelines. A total of 34 studies met the inclusion criteria, the majority published in 2007-8. Of these, 41% were from the US, 54% were prepared for pharmaceuticals and 65% had BIA as their main aim. The published BIAs were heterogeneous in respect of methods for deriving budget-impact estimates, time horizon and population. There is fairly good agreement between published studies and methodological guidelines within the scope of perspective, comparator, cost included and data sources. Specific issues that need to be addressed and/or improved are reporting format, sensitivity analysis and discounting. The results indicate that, recently, BIAs have appeared more frequently in peer-reviewed journals, providing stimulus to development, validation and dissemination of methods. Many published studies fail to reach the desired quality, but this situation should change with good research practice principles that will help codify and clarify important issues and promote standardization and transparency. Future research needs to be directed to quality assurance of published BIAs and investment in data collection for parameters specific to BIAs.
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Rodgers JE, Stough WG. Underutilization of Evidence-Based Therapies in Heart Failure: The Pharmacist's Role. Pharmacotherapy 2007; 27:18S-28S. [PMID: 17381371 DOI: 10.1592/phco.27.4part2.18s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of evidence-based therapy in the heart failure population includes implementation of heart failure treatment guidelines, interventions to improve prescribing, and inclusion of pharmacists on the multidisciplinary team. Use of treatment guidelines eases the challenge of selecting the appropriate drug and dosage; quality interventions by pharmacists can ensure optimal prescribing of therapy; and provision of care by a multidisciplinary team can improve outcomes in patients with heart failure. Evidence-based therapy, however, remains underutilized in the heart failure population. Barriers to utilization include misperceptions that various heart failure subpopulations do not need certain medical therapies, a fear of polypharmacy, inappropriate assumptions about adverse effects and contraindications, and cost. In fact, optimal prescribing of evidence-based therapy can actually reduce costs. Clearly documented processes and systems are needed to ensure that evidence-based therapy and education are available to every patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ellen Rodgers
- School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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