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Chuang J, Briskey D, Dang J, Rajgopal A, Rao A. A randomized double-blind trial to measure the absorption characteristics of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid rich oil blend with natural lipid-based delivery system. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1957-1964. [PMID: 38752112 PMCID: PMC11091001 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
A randomized, double-blinded trial with 65 subjects was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics between PhytoMarineCelle (PM) that consists of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) plus a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS), and a standard EPA + DHA ethyl ester (SEE) that does not contain SEDDS. PM showed 1.6-fold greater plasma area under the curve (AUC) than SEE at 300 mg, although no significant difference was observed. PM showed a 3.1 and 3.2-fold (p < 0.05) greater plasma AUC than SEE at 500 mg and 1000 mg respectively. The concentration max (Cmax) of EPA + DHA did not change between PM and SEE at 300 mg. Cmax of PM was twofold greater than SEE at 500 mg and 1000 mg respectively. The Cmax of EPA + DHA achieved significant difference (p < 0.05) only with the 500 mg dose. The PM formulation increased the bioavailability of EPA + DHA by threefold compared to SEE at 500 and 1000 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chuang
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway I&S, 5600 Beach Boulevard, Buena Park, CA 90622 USA
| | - David Briskey
- RDC Clinical, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer Dang
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway I&S, 5600 Beach Boulevard, Buena Park, CA 90622 USA
| | - Arun Rajgopal
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway I&S, 5600 Beach Boulevard, Buena Park, CA 90622 USA
| | - Amanda Rao
- RDC Clinical, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Nyström L, Mira I, Benjamins JW, Gopaul S, Granfeldt A, Abrahamsson B, von Corswant C, Abrahmsén-Alami S. In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of Pickering Emulsion-Based Powders of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:677-687. [PMID: 38133148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are essential nutrients for human health and have been linked to a variety of health benefits, including reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, a spray-dried powder formulation based on Pickering emulsions stabilized with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) has been developed. The formulation was compared in vitro and in vivo to reference emulsions (conventional Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System, SEDDS) to formulate n-3 PUFA pharmaceutical products, specifically in free fatty acid form. The results of in vivo studies performed in fasted dogs showed that Pickering emulsions reconstituted from powders are freely available (fast absorption) with a similar level of bioavailability as reference emulsions. In the studies performed with dogs in the fed state, the higher bioavailability combined with slower absorption observed for the Pickering emulsion, compared to the reference, was proposed to be the result of the protection of the n-3 PUFAs (in free fatty acid form) against oxidation in the stomach by the solid particles stabilizing the emulsion. This observation was supported by promising results from short-term studies of chemical stability of powders with n-3 PUFA loads as high as 0.8 g oil/g powder that easily regain the original emulsion drop sizes upon reconstitution. The present work has shown that Pickering emulsions may offer a promising strategy for improving the bioavailability and stability as well as providing an opportunity to produce environmentally friendly (surfactant free) and patient-acceptable solid oral dosage forms of n-3 PUFA in the free fatty acid form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Nyström
- Chemical Processes and Pharmaceutical Development, RISE, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabel Mira
- Chemical Processes and Pharmaceutical Development, RISE, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Willem Benjamins
- Chemical Processes and Pharmaceutical Development, RISE, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sashi Gopaul
- DMPK, Early Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Biopharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Andreas Granfeldt
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christian von Corswant
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Susanna Abrahmsén-Alami
- Sustainable Innovation & Transformational Excellence, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Kang KM, Jeon SW, De A, Hong TS, Park YJ. A Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose, Crossover Study of the Comparative Bioavailability of EPA and DHA in a Novel Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticle-Based Formulation of ω-3 Acid Ethyl Ester Versus Omacor ® Soft Capsule among Healthy Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17201. [PMID: 38139029 PMCID: PMC10743492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are well known for their capacity to lower triglyceride levels, but the clinical effectiveness is hindered by limited bioavailability and patient adherence. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel liquid crystalline nanoparticle-based formulation, the innovative medicine and drug delivery (IMD)-Omega soft capsule (cap), designed to optimize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of EPA and DHA. This randomized, open-label, crossover study engages a cohort of 24 healthy adult subjects, utilizing key PK parameters like Cmax, AUC, Tmax, t½, and Ke to conduct a comprehensive evaluation. The trial compares the performance of the IMD-Omega soft cap with the well-established Omacor® soft cap. The IMD-Omega soft cap exhibited an impressive 110% increase in bioavailability for EPA and a remarkable 134% surge for DHA in comparison to the Omacor® soft cap over a span of 72 h. The key success can be attributed to the innovative liquid crystalline nanoparticle design, bolstering the dissolution and permeability of these essential fatty acids. Intriguingly, intra-participant variability for AUC0-72 h and Cmax were calculated at 45.04% and 34.26%, respectively. It is noteworthy that the parameters of Tmax for EPA (≈6.00 h) and DHA (≈5.00 h), t½ for both EPA and DHA ≈ 30-40 h, and Kel around 0.18-0.22 h-1 for EPA and ≈0.008-0.02 h-1 for DHA, displayed comparability between the IMD-Omega and Omacor® formulations. Encouragingly, the IMD-Omega soft cap showed excellent tolerability. The promise of optimized patient compliance and reduced dosages adds further weight to its potential significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi-Man Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Worldcup-ro 206, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16499, Republic of Korea; (K.-M.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Sang-Won Jeon
- Research Center, IMDpharm Inc., 17, Daehak 4-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16226, Republic of Korea;
| | - Anindita De
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Worldcup-ro 206, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16499, Republic of Korea; (K.-M.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Tae-Sun Hong
- Bumin Hospital, 389, Gonghang-daero, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07590, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Worldcup-ro 206, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16499, Republic of Korea; (K.-M.K.); (A.D.)
- Research Center, IMDpharm Inc., 17, Daehak 4-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16226, Republic of Korea;
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Mori T, Murasaki K, Yokoyama Y. Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Oral Administration of a Self-emulsifying Formulation of Highly Purified Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester (MND-2119) Compared With the Nonself-emulsifying Formulation in Healthy Male Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023; 12:107-115. [PMID: 36205347 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
MND-2119 is a self-emulsifying formulation of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) designed to be administered once daily due to improved absorption compared with the nonself-emulsifying formulation. In these studies, MND-2119 was administered to healthy adult males in single or multiple doses. In the single administration study, MND-2119 (0.5-4 g) was administered under fed and fasted conditions to evaluate MND-2119 pharmacokinetics and safety under these conditions. This study showed that Cmax and AUC0-72h of plasma EPA concentration after single administration were higher under fed conditions than under fasted conditions, for all doses. In the multiple administration study, subjects received either MND-2119 (0.5-4 g) immediately after breakfast or EPA-E (0.9 g) immediately after breakfast and dinner for 11 days to compare pharmacokinetics and safety of MND-2119 to EPA-E. In this study, the rate of rise in Cmin of the plasma EPA concentration with MND-2119 decreased from days 6 to 8 after administration and was thought to have reached a steady state on day 11. The mean Css,max of MND-2119 administered as 1 g once daily, and the mean Css,min and the mean AUCss,0-24h of MND-2119 administered as 2 g once daily were higher than those of EPA-E administered as 0.9 g twice daily. No safety-related issues occurred in either study. These results suggest that MND-2119 administered once daily may achieve equivalent or higher plasma EPA concentrations compared to the nonself-emulsifying formulation administered twice daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Mori
- Clinical Research Department, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kagari Murasaki
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yokoyama
- Clinical Research Department, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Kim YM, Jang GH, Seok CH, Kim BH, Bae JW, Kim BH, Yoon MS. A self-emulsifying omega-3 fatty acids delivery system for enhanced gastro-intestinal absorption in rats. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:1631-1638. [PMID: 36312998 PMCID: PMC9596634 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have many health benefits as they help to prevent and treat coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. Omega-3 fatty acids miscible in lecithin were found to spontaneously form microemulsions in water. The particle sizes of emulsions ranged from 300 to 800 nm and their morphologies were observed by optical microscopy. In vitro testing showed that the amounts of omega-3 fatty acids released by self-emulsifying delivery (SED) formulations containing lecithin, were higher than that released by a commercial formulation without lecithin. The Cmax values of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were approximately 1.38-1.40-fold for the optimized SED formulation than for the control group (P < 0.01). Similarly, the mean AUC0 - 48 values of DHA or EPA in the SED group were 1.27-1.29-fold higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). Phospholipids and lecithin were found to have considerable potentials as bioavailability enhancing excipients for SED systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Kim
- Binotec Co., Ltd, 155 Deulan-ro, Suseong-gu, 42151 Daegu, Korea
| | - Gi-Hyun Jang
- Binotec Co., Ltd, 155 Deulan-ro, Suseong-gu, 42151 Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Seok
- Binotec Co., Ltd, 155 Deulan-ro, Suseong-gu, 42151 Daegu, Korea
| | - Bo Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, 31499 Asan, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 42601 Daegu, Korea
| | - Bae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, 42601 Daegu, Korea
| | - Myeong Sik Yoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, 31499 Asan, Chungnam, Korea
- The Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungnam, Korea
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Hayashida M, Ishii Y, Adachi T, Imai R, Uotsu N, Yui K. Pharmacokinetics of a Single Intake of a Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System Containing the Triglyceride Form of DHA: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Study. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzac122. [PMID: 36110101 PMCID: PMC9469889 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The health benefits of n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs are well studied. A self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) is expected to improve n-3 PUFA absorption. Objectives The present study investigated how a single ingestion of a new SEDDS containing the triglyceride (TG) form of DHA (22:6n-3) (DHA/TG) would affect the plasma DHA concentration in healthy participants. Methods Fifteen healthy participants (age: 20-65 y; BMI: 18.5-25 kg/m2) were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants in a fasting state consumed a single dose of 920 mg DHA and 80 mg EPA (20:5n-3) in SEDDS soft capsules (SEDDS capsule) or non-emulsifying soft capsules (control capsule). Blood was sampled at 0, 1.5, 3, 5, 7, and 9 h after dosing. The primary outcome was the baseline-adjusted incremental AUC (iAUC) for plasma DHA concentrations (iAUC_DHA). Results The iAUC_DHA was significantly higher for the SEDDS capsule (147.9 ± 15.8 µg·h/mL) than for the control capsule (106.4 ± 18.1 µg·h/mL) (P = 0.018; SEDDS/control ratio: 1.4:1). However, plasma EPA concentrations and iAUC values did not significantly differ between the SEDDS and control capsules. Cmax was significantly higher with the SEDDS capsule for both DHA (P = 0.019) and EPA (P = 0.012) than with the control capsule. Conclusions These results suggest that a SEDDS improves the absorbability of DHA/TG in healthy participants. This indicates that SEDDS capsules would be beneficial for efficient ingestion of DHA.This trial was registered at https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/ as UMIN000044188.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Ishii
- Research Institute, FANCL Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoki Adachi
- Research Institute, FANCL Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rie Imai
- Research Institute, FANCL Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuo Uotsu
- Research Institute, FANCL Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kei Yui
- Research Institute, FANCL Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
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A novel n-3 glyceride mixture enhances enrichment of EPA and DHA after single dosing in healthy older adults: results from a double-blind crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2021; 126:244-252. [PMID: 33046141 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A glyceride mixture of monoglyceride, diglyceride and TAG increases solubilisation and enhances emulsification of n-3 fatty acid (FA)-containing lipids in the stomach. This allows for better access of digestive enzymes, pivotal for the release of bioactive n-3 FA. The objective was to compare the effect of a glyceride formulation and an ethyl ester formulation of EPA + DHA on concentrations of EPA and DHA in plasma following single dosing. We conducted a double-blind crossover trial in which twenty healthy adults aged 50-70 years consumed a single dose (2·8 g EPA + DHA) of each EPA + DHA formulation without a meal in random order separated by a 2-week washout period. EPA and DHA were measured in plasma total lipid over the following 12 h. EPA and DHA in plasma total lipid increased over 12 h with both formulations. A 10-fold greater Δ concentration of EPA, 3-fold greater Δ concentration of DHA and 5-fold greater Δ concentration of EPA + DHA were seen with the glyceride-EPA + DHA. The time at which the maximal concentrations of n-3 FA occurred was 4 h earlier for EPA, 1 h earlier for DHA and 2 h earlier for EPA + DHA when consuming glyceride-EPA + DHA. A mixture of monoglyceride, diglyceride and TAG results in greater and faster incorporation of EPA and DHA into blood plasma lipid in the absence of a fatty meal. This may provide benefit to individuals on a low-fat diet or with digestive impairments and could result in greater efficacy in clinical trials using n-3 FA.
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8
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Patan MJ, Kennedy DO, Husberg C, Hustvedt SO, Calder PC, Khan J, Forster J, Jackson PA. Supplementation with oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, but not in docosahexaenoic acid, improves global cognitive function in healthy, young adults: results from randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:914-924. [PMID: 34113957 PMCID: PMC8408864 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence regarding the effects of the omega-3 (ɷ-3) PUFAs (n-3 PUFAs) DHA and EPA on cognition is lacking. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether supplementation with oils rich in EPA or DHA improves cognition, prefrontal cortex (PFC) hemoglobin (Hb) oxygenation, and memory consolidation. METHODS Healthy adults (n = 310; age range: 25-49 y) completed a 26-wk randomized controlled trial in which they consumed either 900 mg DHA/d and 270 mg EPA/d (DHA-rich oil), 360 mg DHA/d and 900 mg EPA/d (EPA-rich oil), or 3000 mg/d refined olive oil (placebo). Cognitive performance and memory consolidation were assessed via computerized cognitive test battery. PFC Hb oxygenation was measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). RESULTS Both global accuracy and speed improved with EPA-rich oil compared with placebo and DHA-rich oil [EPA vs. placebo accuracy: estimated marginal mean (EMM) = 0.17 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.24) vs. EMM = 0.03 (95% CI = -0.04, 0.11); P = 0.044; EPA vs. placebo speed: EMM = -0.15 (95% CI: -0.22, -0.07) vs. EMM = 0.03 (95% CI: -0.05, 0.10); P = 0.003]. Accuracy of memory was improved with EPA compared with DHA [EMM = 0.66 (95% CI: 0.26, 1.06) vs. EMM = -0.08 (95% CI: -0.49, 0.33); P = 0.034]. Both EPA- and DHA-rich oils showed trends towards reduced PFC oxygenated Hb (oxy-Hb) compared with placebo [placebo: EMM = 27.36 µM (95% CI: 25.73, 28.98); DHA: EMM = 24.62 µM (95% CI: 22.75, 26.48); P = 0.060; EPA: EMM = 24.97 µM (95% CI: 23.35, 26.59); P = 0.082]. CONCLUSIONS EPA supplementation improved global cognitive function and was superior to the oil enriched with DHA. Interpreted within a neural efficiency framework, reduced PFC oxygenated Hb suggests that n-3 PUFAs may be associated with increased efficiency.These trials were registered in the clinical trials registry (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) as NCT03158545, NCT03592251, NCT02763514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Patan
- Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David O Kennedy
- Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Julie Khan
- Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Forster
- Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa A Jackson
- Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Gopi S, Balakrishnan P. Evaluation and clinical comparison studies on liposomal and non-liposomal ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and their enhanced bioavailability. J Liposome Res 2020; 31:356-364. [PMID: 32901526 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2020.1820521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral bioavailability of liposomal vitamin C and non-liposomal vitamin C in healthy, adult, human subjects under fasting conditions through an open label, randomized, single-dose, two-treatment, two-sequence, two-period, two-way crossover, study. The vitamin C loaded liposome was well characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements for evaluating morphology, particle size and stabilities, respectively. Microscopic image shows the core-type structure that confirms the characteristic pattern of liposome. The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and the particle size were 65.85 ± 1.84% and below 100 nm, respectively. The results of the clinical studies of liposomal vitamin C by oral delivery to be 1.77 times more bioavailable than non-liposomal vitamin C. The liposomal vitamin C demonstrated higher values of Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ related to non-liposomal vitamin C due to liposomal encapsulation. No adverse events were reported. It could be concluded that liposomal encapsulated ascorbic acid (vitamin C) shows well-organized morphological pattern, uniform particle size and highly efficient, which leads to have enhanced bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerag Gopi
- Centre for Innovations and Technologies (CIT), ADSO Naturals Private Limited, Bangalore, India.,Research and Development, Curesupport B.V, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Preetha Balakrishnan
- Centre for Innovations and Technologies (CIT), ADSO Naturals Private Limited, Bangalore, India
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Jackson PA, Husberg C, Hustvedt SO, Calder PC, Khan J, Avery H, Forster J, Kennedy DO. Diurnal rhythm of plasma EPA and DHA in healthy adults. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 154:102054. [PMID: 32018166 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the diurnal variation in circulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may be an important consideration for the development of dosing protocols designed to optimise tissue delivery of these fatty acids. The objective of the current study was to examine the variation in plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) over a 24-h period in healthy adults under eating and sleeping conditions generally approximate to a free-living environment. Twenty-one healthy participants aged 25-44 years took part in a single laboratory visit encompassing an overnight stay. EPA and DHA were measured in plasma samples collected every two hours from 22:00 until 22:00 the following day, with all meals being provided at conventional times. Cosinor analysis was used to estimate the diurnal variation in each fatty acid from pooled data across all participants. A significant diurnal variation in the pooled plasma concentrations of both fatty acids was detected. However, evidence of distinct rhythmicity was strongest for DHA. The timing of the peak concentration of DHA was 17:43 with a corresponding nadir at 05:43. In comparison, the observed acrophase for EPA was delayed by three hours, occurring at 20:41, with a nadir at 08:41. This is the first time that the diurnal variation in these important bioactive fatty acids has been described in a sample of healthy adults following a normal pattern of eating and sleeping. In the absence of any dietary intake of EPA and DHA, circulating levels of these fatty acids fall during the overnight period and reach their lowest point in the morning. Consumption of n-3 PUFAs at night time, which counteracts this pattern, may have functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa A Jackson
- Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton., Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Khan
- Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Avery
- Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Forster
- Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - David O Kennedy
- Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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Bremmell KE, Briskey D, Meola TR, Mallard A, Prestidge CA, Rao A. A self-emulsifying Omega-3 ethyl ester formulation (AquaCelle) significantly improves eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid bioavailability in healthy adults. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2729-2737. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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