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Virgili AC, Salazar J, Gallardo A, López-Pousa A, Terés R, Bagué S, Orellana R, Fumagalli C, Mangues R, Alba-Castellón L, Unzueta U, Casanova I, Sebio A. CXCR4 Expression as a Prognostic Biomarker in Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1195. [PMID: 38893721 PMCID: PMC11172351 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14111195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Poor long-term survival in localized high-risk soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) of the extremities and trunk highlights the need to identify new prognostic factors. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor involved in tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between CXCR4 expression in tumor tissue and survival in STSs patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy. CXCR4 expression was retrospectively determined by immunohistochemical analysis in serial specimens including initial biopsies, tumors post-neoadjuvant treatment, and tumors after relapse. We found that a positive cytoplasmatic expression of CXCR4 in tumors after neoadjuvant treatment was a predictor of poor recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.003) and overall survival (p = 0.019) in synovial sarcomas. We also found that positive nuclear CXCR4 expression in the initial biopsies was associated with poor RFS (p = 0.022) in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. In conclusion, our study adds to the evidence that CXCR4 expression in tumor tissue is a promising prognostic factor for STSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Virgili
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.V.); (A.L.-P.); (R.T.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Salazar
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Gallardo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.); (S.B.); (R.O.); (C.F.)
| | - Antonio López-Pousa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.V.); (A.L.-P.); (R.T.)
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Terés
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.V.); (A.L.-P.); (R.T.)
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Bagué
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.); (S.B.); (R.O.); (C.F.)
| | - Ruth Orellana
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.); (S.B.); (R.O.); (C.F.)
| | - Caterina Fumagalli
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.); (S.B.); (R.O.); (C.F.)
| | - Ramon Mangues
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.M.); (L.A.-C.); (U.U.); (I.C.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Lorena Alba-Castellón
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.M.); (L.A.-C.); (U.U.); (I.C.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.M.); (L.A.-C.); (U.U.); (I.C.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Isolda Casanova
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.M.); (L.A.-C.); (U.U.); (I.C.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Ana Sebio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.V.); (A.L.-P.); (R.T.)
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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Maas M, Kurcz A, Hennenlotter J, Scharpf M, Fend F, Walz S, Stühler V, Todenhöfer T, Stenzl A, Bedke J, Rausch S. Differential Expression and Clinical Relevance of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) in Renal Cell Carcinomas, Benign Renal Tumors, and Metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065227. [PMID: 36982302 PMCID: PMC10048828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) is part of the human chemokine system and involved in progression and metastasis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the role of CXCR4 protein expression in RCC remains controversial. In particular, data regarding the subcellular distribution of CXCR4 in RCC and RCC metastasis as well as CXCR4 expression in renal tumors of variant histology are limited. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the differential CXCR4 expression in RCC primary tumor and metastatic tissue as well as in variant renal histologies. In addition, the prognostic capacity of CXCR4 expression in organ-confined clear cell RCC (ccRCC) was evaluated. Three independent renal tumor cohorts (primary ccRCC cohort n1 = 64; cohort of various histological entities n2 = 146; metastatic RCC tissue cohort n3 = 92) were evaluated using tissue microarrays (TMA). After immunohistochemical staining for CXCR4, nuclear and cytoplasmic expression patterns were evaluated. CXCR4 expression was correlated with validated pathologic prognosticators, clinical data, and overall and cancer-specific survival. Positive cytoplasmic staining was observed in 98% of the benign and 38.9% of the malignant samples. Nuclear staining was positive for 94.1% of the benign samples and 83% of the malignant samples. The median cytoplasmic expression score was found to be higher in benign tissue than in ccRCC (130.00 vs. 0.00); median nuclear expression score analysis indicated the opposite (56.0 vs. 71.0). Within malignant subtypes, the highest expression score was seen in papillary renal cell carcinomas (cytoplasmic: 117.50, nuclear: 41.50). Within benign renal tumors, high cytoplasmic and nuclear CXCR4 expression scores were seen for oncocytomas (cytoplasmic: 100.00, nuclear: 31.00). Expression scores in RCC metastasis ranked between benign renal tissue and ccRCC in cytoplasmic and nuclear expression. Cytoplasmic CXCR4 expression was identified as a prognostic factor for OS and CSS (p = 0.042; p = 0.019). Multivariate analysis including clinicopathological parameters did not reveal an independent prognostic character of CXCR4 expression. CXCR4 expression differs significantly within benign lesions and renal neoplasms. Cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of CXCR4 could be detected across all RCC subtypes. The prognostic value of CXCR4 in ccRCC was confirmed in univariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Maas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aymone Kurcz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Scharpf
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Walz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Viktoria Stühler
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Clinical Trial Unit Studienpraxis Urologie, D-72622 Nürtingen, Germany
- Medical School, Eberhard-Karls-University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-29-86000; Fax: +49-7071-29-5880
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Chemokine/GPCR Signaling-Mediated EMT in Cancer Metastasis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:2208176. [PMID: 36268282 PMCID: PMC9578795 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2208176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis, the chief cause of cancer-related deaths, is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the tumor microenvironment, EMT can be triggered by chemokine/G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, which is closely associated with tumor progression. However, the functional links between chemokine/GPCR signaling-mediated EMT and metastasis remain unclear. Herein, we summarized the mechanisms of chemokine/GPCR signaling-mediated EMT with an insight into facilitating metastasis and clarified the role of chemokine in the local invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, and colonization, respectively. Moreover, several potential pathways that might contribute to EMT based on the latest studies on GPCR signaling were proposed, including signaling mediated by G protein, β-arrestin, intracellular, dimerization activation, and transactivation. However, there is still limited evidence to support the EMT programme functional contribution to metastasis, which keeps a key question still open whether we should target EMT programme of cancer cells. Answers to that question might help develop an anticancer strategy or guide new directions for anticancer metastasis therapy.
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Nengroo MA, Khan MA, Verma A, Datta D. Demystifying the CXCR4 conundrum in cancer biology: Beyond the surface signaling paradigm. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188790. [PMID: 36058380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic chemokine duo CXCR4-CXCL12/SDF-1 (C-X-C Receptor 4-C-X-C Ligand 12/ Stromal-derived factor 1) has been the topic of intense scientific disquisitions since Muller et al., in her ground-breaking research, described this axis as a critical determinant of organ-specific metastasis in breast cancer. Elevated CXCR4 levels correlate with distant metastases, poor prognosis, and unfavourable outcomes in most solid tumors. Therapeutic impediment of the axis in clinics with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved inhibitors like AMD3100 or Plerixafor yield dubious results, contrary to pre-clinical developments. Clinical trials entailing inhibition of CXCR7 (C-X-C Receptor 7), another convicted chemokine receptor that exhibits affinity for CXCL12, reveal outcomes analogous to that of CXCR4-CXCL12 axis blockade. Of note, the cellular CXCR4 knockout phenotype varies largely from that of inhibitor treatments. These shaky findings pique great curiosity to delve further into the realm of this infamous chemokine receptor to provide a probable explanation. A multitude of recent reports suggests the presence of an increased intracellular CXCR4 pool in various cancers, both cytoplasmic and nuclear. This intracellular CXCR4 protein reserve seems active as it correlates with vital tumor attributes, viz. prognosis, aggressiveness, metastasis, and disease-free survival. Diminishing this entire intracellular CXCR4 load apart from the surface signals looks encouraging from a therapeutic point of view. Transcending beyond the classically accepted concept of ligand-mediated surface signaling, this review sheds new light on plausible associations of intracellularly compartmentalised CXCR4 with various aspects of tumorigenesis. Besides, this review also puts forward a comprehensive account of CXCR4 regulation in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmad Nengroo
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Muqtada Ali Khan
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Ayushi Verma
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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Yamaguchi K, Yoshihiro T, Ariyama H, Ito M, Nakano M, Semba Y, Nogami J, Tsuchihashi K, Yamauchi T, Ueno S, Isobe T, Shindo K, Moriyama T, Ohuchida K, Nakamura M, Nagao Y, Ikeda T, Hashizume M, Konomi H, Torisu T, Kitazono T, Kanayama T, Tomita H, Oda Y, Kusaba H, Maeda T, Akashi K, Baba E. Potential therapeutic targets discovery by transcriptome analysis of an in vitro human gastric signet ring carcinoma model. Gastric Cancer 2022; 25:862-878. [PMID: 35661943 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-022-01307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of E-cadherin expression is frequently observed in signet ring carcinoma (SRCC). People with germline mutations in CDH1, which encodes E-cadherin, develop diffuse gastric cancer at a higher rate. Loss of E-cadherin expression is thus assumed to trigger oncogenic development. METHODS To investigate novel therapeutic targets for gastric SRCC, we engineered an E-cadherin-deficient SRCC model in vitro using a human gastric organoid (hGO) with CDH1 knockout (KO). RESULTS CDH1 KO hGO cells demonstrated distinctive morphological changes similar to SRCC and high cell motility. RNA-sequencing revealed up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes in CDH1 KO hGO cells compared to wild type. MMP inhibitors suppressed cell motility of CDH1 KO hGO cells and SRCC cell lines in vitro. Immunofluorescent analysis with 95 clinical gastric cancer tissues revealed that MMP-3 was specifically abundant in E-cadherin-aberrant SRCC. In addition, CXCR4 molecules translocated onto the cell membrane after CDH1 KO. Addition of CXCL12, a ligand of CXCR4, to the culture medium prolonged cell survival of CDH1 KO hGO cells and was abolished by the inhibitor, AMD3100. In clinical SRCC samples, CXCL12-secreting fibroblasts showed marked infiltration into the cancer area. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin deficient SRCCs might gain cell motility through upregulation of MMPs. CXCL12-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts could serve to maintain cancer-cell survival as a niche. MMPs and the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis represent promising candidates as novel therapeutic targets for E-cadherin-deficient SRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Yoshihiro
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ariyama
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Ito
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Michitaka Nakano
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Semba
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jumpei Nogami
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsuchihashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamauchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shohei Ueno
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Taichi Isobe
- Department of Oncology and Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Shindo
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taiki Moriyama
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenoki Ohuchida
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nagao
- Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ikeda
- Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashizume
- Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takehiro Torisu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kanayama
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kusaba
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eishi Baba
- Department of Oncology and Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Qiu L, Xu Y, Xu H, Yu B. The clinicopathological and prognostic value of CXCR4 expression in patients with lung cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:681. [PMID: 35729596 PMCID: PMC9210617 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been suggested to play an important role in several types of cancers and is related to biological behaviors connected with tumor progression. However, the clinical significance and application of CXCR4 in lung cancer remain disputable. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the impact of CXCR4 expression on survival and clinicopathological features in lung cancer. Methods Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for relevant studies. We pooled hazard ratios (HRs)/odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by STATA 12.0 to evaluate the potential value of CXCR4 expression. Results Twenty-seven relevant articles involving 2932 patients with lung cancer were included in our meta-analysis. The results revealed that CXCR4 expression was apparently associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.42–1.82) and disease-free survival (HR 3.39, 95% CI 2.38–4.83). Furthermore, a significant correlation with poor OS was obvious in non-small cell lung cancer patients (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.40–1.81) and in patients showing CXCR4 expression in the cytoplasm (HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.55–2.84) and the membrane (HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.24–2.45). CXCR4 expression was significantly associated with men (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.08–1.61), advanced tumor stages (T3-T4) (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.28–4.28), advanced nodal stages (N > 0) (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.90–2.90), distant metastasis (OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.53–8.69), advanced TNM stages (TNM stages III, IV) (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.95–4.93) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.44–4.12) but was not associated with age, smoking history, histopathology, differentiation, lymphatic vessel invasion or local recurrence. Conclusion High expression of CXCR4 is related to tumor progression and might be an adverse prognostic factor for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 1111 Jiangnan Road, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 1111 Jiangnan Road, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 1111 Jiangnan Road, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Biyun Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 1111 Jiangnan Road, Zhejiang, 315000, China.
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Armando F, Ferrari L, Arcari ML, Azzali G, Dallatana D, Ferrari M, Lombardi G, Zanfabro M, Di Lecce R, Lunghi P, Cameron ER, Cantoni AM, Corradi A. Endocanalicular transendothelial crossing (ETC): A novel intravasation mode used by HEK-EBNA293-VEGF-D cells during the metastatic process in a xenograft model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239932. [PMID: 33085676 PMCID: PMC7577447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer metastasis, intravasation of the invasive tumor cell (TCi) represents one of the most relevant events. During the last years, models regarding cancer cell intravasation have been proposed, such as the “endocanalicular transendothelial crossing” (ETC) theory. This theory describes the interplay between two adjacent endothelial cells and the TCi or a leukocyte during intravasation. Two endothelial cells create a channel with their cell membranes, in which the cell fits in without involving endothelial cell intercellular junctions, reaching the lumen through a transendothelial passage. In the present study, ten SCID mice were subcutaneously xenotransplanted with the HEK-EBNA293-VEGF-D cell line and euthanized after 35 days. Post-mortem examinations were performed and proper specimens from tumors were collected. Routine histology and immunohistochemistry for Ki-67, pAKT, pERK, ZEB-1, TWIST-1, F-actin, E-cadherin and LYVE-1 were performed followed by ultrastructural serial sections analysis. A novel experimental approach involving Computed Tomography (CT) combined with 3D digital model reconstruction was employed. The analysis of activated transcription factors supports that tumor cells at the periphery potentially underwent an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like process. Topographical analysis of LYVE-1 immunolabeled lymphatics revealed a peritumoral localisation. TEM investigations of the lymphatic vessels combined with 3D digital modelling enhanced the understanding of the endotheliocytes behavior during TCi intravasation, clarifying the ETC theory. Serial ultrastructural analysis performed within tumor periphery revealed numerous cells during the ETC process. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that ETC is an intravasation mode more frequently used by the TCi than by leukocytes during intravasation in the HEK-EBNA293-VEGF-D xenograft model and lays down the potential basis for promising future studies regarding intravasation blocking therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Armando
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail: (AMC); (FA); (LF)
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail: (AMC); (FA); (LF)
| | | | - Giacomo Azzali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Dallatana
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maura Ferrari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini”, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Guerino Lombardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini”, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanfabro
- Practitioner, 3D Veterinary Printing Project, Parma, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Diagnostic Imaging Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Lunghi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma,Parma, Italy
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ewan R. Cameron
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Anna M. Cantoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail: (AMC); (FA); (LF)
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Lin YS, Tsai KL, Chen JN, Wu CS. Mangiferin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and enhances the expression of tumor suppressor gene PER1 in non-small cell lung cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:1070-1081. [PMID: 32420661 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is often complicated by pulmonary infection, which affects treatment and prognosis. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an effective stimulator of inflammatory cytokine production, and previous studies have reported that LPS promotes tumor invasion and metastasis. Mangiferin is a plant-derived C-glucosylxanthone with many biological activities, such as antioxidation and anti-inflammation. This research mainly explored the mechanism of its antitumor activities on LPS-induced A549, NCI-H460, and NCI-H520 NSCLC cells. We determined that mangiferin exhibits growth inhibiting activity against LPS-induced NSCLC cells through the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In addition, mangiferin reversed the LPS-induced downregulation of E-cadherin (epithelial marker); conversely, it significantly inhibited the expression of raised vimentin (mesenchymal markers). Moreover, the ability of NSCLC cells to migrate, as evidenced by the wound healing and transwell migration assays, and the expression of CXCR4 increased by LPS were significantly repressed by mangiferin. In addition, mangiferin markedly mediated protein levels of PER1 and NLRP3 in LPS-induced NSCLC cells and reduced the secretion of IL-1β. These results indicate that mangiferin is not only a remarkable anti-inflammatory compound but also an antitumor agent; thus, it has the potential for being developed into anti-inflammatory and antitumor drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Sung Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ni Chen
- Department of Medical Sciences Industry, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Shiou Wu
- Department of Medical Sciences Industry, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
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9
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Zhang PF, Pei X, Li KS, Jin LN, Wang F, Wu J, Zhang XM. Circular RNA circFGFR1 promotes progression and anti-PD-1 resistance by sponging miR-381-3p in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:179. [PMID: 31815619 PMCID: PMC6900862 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune system evasion, distance tumor metastases, and increased cell proliferation are the main reasons for the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the death of NSCLC patients. Dysregulation of circular RNAs plays a critical role in the progression of NSCLC; therefore, further understanding the biological mechanisms of abnormally expressed circRNAs is critical to discovering novel, promising therapeutic targets for NSCLC treatment. METHODS The expression of circular RNA fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (circFGFR1) in NSCLC tissues, paired nontumor tissues, and cell lines was detected by RT-qPCR. The role of circFGFR1 in NSCLC progression was assessed both in vitro by CCK-8, clonal formation, wound healing, and Matrigel Transwell assays and in vivo by a subcutaneous tumor mouse assay. In vivo circRNA precipitation, RNA immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays were performed to explore the interaction between circFGFR1 and miR-381-3p. RESULTS Here, we report that circFGFR1 is upregulated in NSCLC tissues, and circFGFR1 expression is associated with deleterious clinicopathological characteristics and poor prognoses for NSCLC patients. Forced circFGFR1 expression promoted the migration, invasion, proliferation, and immune evasion of NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, circFGFR1 could directly interact with miR-381-3p and subsequently act as a miRNA sponge to upregulate the expression of the miR-381-3p target gene C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), which promoted NSCLC progression and resistance to anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)- based therapy. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest the critical role of circFGFR1 in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and immune evasion abilities of NSCLC cells and provide a new perspective on circRNAs during NSCLC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Pei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ke-Sang Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zrhejiang, Ningbo, China
| | - Li-Na Jin
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Shi J, Liu Z, Xu Q. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 contributes to malignant behavior of human cancers through promoting AKT ubiquitination and phosphorylation. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1909-1920. [PMID: 30945383 PMCID: PMC6549921 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) has been found to be involved in carcinogenesis in multiple cancers. However, the precise role of TRAF6 in cancer has not been extensively investigated and remains largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological function of TRAF6 and its underlying molecular mechanisms in cancer. A positive correlation between poor tumor differentiation and TRAF6 expression status was observed in both oral cancer and breast cancer. Overexpression of TRAF6 promoted proliferation, migration, and G0 /G1 to S phase transition in tumor cells. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6-mediated AKT ubiquitination and subsequent phosphorylation played an essential role in the control of tumor cell malignant behavior. In vivo treatment with TRAF6, but not the E3 ligase deficient TRAF6 mutant, facilitated tumor growth. Our findings indicate that TRAF6 contributes to malignant behavior of human cancers through promoting AKT ubiquitination and phosphorylation. Therefore, TRAF6 could serve as a therapeutic target in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengying Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Involvement of CXCR4 in Normal and Abnormal Development. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020185. [PMID: 30791675 PMCID: PMC6406665 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CXC motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is associated with normal and abnormal development, including oncogenesis. The ligand of CXCR4 is stromal cell-derived factor (SDF), also known as CXC motif ligand (CXCL) 12. Through the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis, both homing and migration of hematopoietic (stem) cells are regulated through niches in the bone marrow. Outside of the bone marrow, however, SDF-1 can recruit CXCR4-positive cells from the bone marrow. SDF/CXCR4 has been implicated in the maintenance and/or differentiation of stemness, and tissue-derived stem cells can be associated with SDF-1 and CXCR4 activity. CXCR4 plays a role in multiple pathways involved in carcinogenesis and other pathologies. Here, we summarize reports detailing the functions of CXCR4. We address the molecular signature of CXCR4 and how this molecule and cells expressing it are involved in either normal (maintaining stemness or inducing differentiation) or abnormal (developing cancer and other pathologies) events. As a constituent of stem cells, the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis influences downstream signal transduction and the cell microenvironment.
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12
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Zhou W, Guo S, Liu M, Burow ME, Wang G. Targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis in Tumor Immunotherapy. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3026-3041. [PMID: 28875842 PMCID: PMC5949083 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170830111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, which have chemotactic abilities, are comprised of a family of small cytokines with 8-10 kilodaltons. Chemokines work in immune cells by trafficking and regulating cell proliferation, migration, activation, differentiation, and homing. CXCR-4 is an alpha-chemokine receptor specific for stromal-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12), which has been found to be expressed in more than 23 different types of cancers. Recently, the SDF-1/CXCR-4 signaling pathway has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for human tumor because of its critical role in tumor initiation and progression by activating multiple signaling pathways, such as ERK1/2, ras, p38 MAPK, PLC/ MAPK, and SAPK/ JNK, as well as regulating cancer stem cells. CXCL12/CXCR4 antagonists have been produced, which have shown encouraging results in anti-cancer activity. Here, we provide a brief overview of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as a molecular target for cancer treatment. We also review the potential utility of targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in combination of immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy based on up-to-date literature and ongoing research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No.146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110034, P. R. China
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Mingli Liu
- Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
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13
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Cong Z, Wu H, Guo Z, Qin T, Xu Y, Jing H, Wang Y, Shen Y. High expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 and Notch1 is predictive of lymphovascular invasion and poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317708698. [PMID: 28618922 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317708698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Cong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiwei Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Guo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Jing
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The 81st Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Deneka AY, Haber L, Kopp MC, Gaponova AV, Nikonova AS, Golemis EA. Tumor-targeted SN38 inhibits growth of early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a KRas/p53 transgenic mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176747. [PMID: 28453558 PMCID: PMC5409145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with a 5-year survival of only ~16%. Potential strategies to address NSCLC mortality include improvements in early detection and prevention, and development of new therapies suitable for use in patients with early and late stage diagnoses. Controlling the growth of early stage tumors could yield significant clinical benefits for patients with comorbidities that make them poor candidates for surgery: however, many drugs that limit cancer growth are not useful in the setting of long-term use or in comorbid patients, because of associated toxicities. In this study, we explored the use of a recently described small molecule agent, STA-8666, as a potential agent for controlling early stage tumor growth. STA-8666 uses a cleavable linker to merge a tumor-targeting moiety that binds heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) with the cytotoxic chemical SN38, and has been shown to have high efficacy and low toxicity, associated with efficient tumor targeting, in preclinical studies using patient-derived and other xenograft models for pancreatic, bladder, and small cell lung cancer. Using a genetically engineered model of NSCLC arising from induced mutation of KRas and knockout of Trp53, we continuously dosed mice with STA-8666 from immediately after tumor induction for 15 weeks. STA-8666 significantly slowed the rate of tumor growth, and was well tolerated over this extended dosing period. STA-8666 induced DNA damage and apoptosis, and reduced proliferation and phosphorylation of the proliferation-associated protein ERK1/2, selectively in tumor tissue. In contrast, STA-8666 did not affect tumor features, such as degree of vimentin staining, associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), or downregulate tumor expression of HSP90. These data suggest STA-8666 and other similar targeted compounds may be useful additions to control the growth of early stage NSCLC in patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y. Deneka
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- * E-mail: (EG); (AD)
| | - Leora Haber
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meghan C. Kopp
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anna V. Gaponova
- Laboratory of Genome Engineering, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Konigsberg, Russia
| | - Anna S. Nikonova
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Golemis
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EG); (AD)
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