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Baptista NT, Dessalles R, Illner AK, Ville P, Ribet L, Anton PM, Durand-Dubief M. Harnessing the power of resistant starch: a narrative review of its health impact and processing challenges. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1369950. [PMID: 38571748 PMCID: PMC10987757 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1369950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Starch is a primary energy storage for plants, making it an essential component of many plant-based foods consumed today. Resistant starch (RS) refers to those starch fractions that escape digestion in the small intestine and reach the colon where they are fermented by the microflora. RS has been repeatedly reported as having benefits on health, but ensuring that its content remains in food processing may be challenging. The present work focuses on the impact RS on health and explores the different processes that may influence its presence in foods, thus potentially interfering with these effects. Clinical evidence published from 2010 to 2023 and studying the effect of RS on health parameters in adult populations, were identified, using PUBMED/Medline and Cochrane databases. The search focused as well on observational studies related to the effect of food processes on RS content. While processes such as milling, fermentation, cooking and heating seem to have a deleterious influence on RS content, other processes, such as cooling, cooking time, storage time, or water content, may positively impact its presence. Regarding the influence on health parameters, there is a body of evidence suggesting an overall significant beneficial effect of RS, especially type 1 and 2, on several health parameters such as glycemic response, insulin resistance index, bowel function or inflammatory markers. Effects are more substantiated in individuals suffering from metabolic diseases. The effects of RS may however be exerted differently depending on the type. A better understanding of the influence of food processes on RS can guide the development of dietary intake recommendations and contribute to the development of food products rich in RS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne-Kathrin Illner
- Transformations and Agroressources, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d’Artois, Beauvais, France
| | - Patrice Ville
- Department of Regulatory Department, University of Lesaffre International, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Léa Ribet
- Transformations and Agroressources, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d’Artois, Beauvais, France
| | - Pauline M. Anton
- Transformations and Agroressources, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d’Artois, Beauvais, France
| | - Mickaël Durand-Dubief
- Discovery and Front-End Innovation, Lesaffre Institute of Science and Technology, Lille, France
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Kang MS, Jang KA, Kim HR, Song S. Association of Dietary Resistant Starch Intake with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults. Nutrients 2024; 16:158. [PMID: 38201987 PMCID: PMC10780381 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Research findings on the relationship between dietary resistant starch (RS) intake and metabolic diseases using population-based data are very scarce. This study examined the association of dietary RS intake with obesity and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. A total of 12,491 adults (5292 men and 7199 women) were selected from the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. The individual RS intake (g) was calculated by linking the 1-day 24 h recall data with the RS content database for common Korean foods. Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2. Metabolic syndrome was defined as having three or more of the following: abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, elevated fasting blood glucose, and elevated blood pressure. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for obesity and metabolic syndrome across quartiles (Qs) of RS intake were calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis. In men, the highest quartile of RS intake showed a significantly lower OR for metabolic syndrome compared to the lowest quartile after adjusting for covariates (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.56-0.92, p-trend = 0.0057). Dietary RS intake in men was also inversely associated with obesity (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.67-0.97, p-trend = 0.0329) and elevated triglycerides (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66-0.98, p-trend = 0.0314). In women, RS intake was not associated with metabolic syndrome. Our findings may serve as useful data for developing guidelines for RS intake and conducting further cohort and clinical studies to investigate the health effects of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sook Kang
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-S.K.); (K.-A.J.); (H.-R.K.)
| | - Kyeong-A Jang
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-S.K.); (K.-A.J.); (H.-R.K.)
| | - Haeng-Ran Kim
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-S.K.); (K.-A.J.); (H.-R.K.)
| | - SuJin Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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Wang Z, Wang S, Xu Q, Kong Q, Li F, Lu L, Xu Y, Wei Y. Synthesis and Functions of Resistant Starch. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1131-1144. [PMID: 37276960 PMCID: PMC10509415 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) has become a popular topic of research in recent years. Most scholars believe that there are 5 types of RS. However, accumulating evidence indicates that in addition to starch-lipid complexes, which are the fifth type of RS, complexes containing starch and other substances can also be generated. The physicochemical properties and physiologic functions of these complexes are worth exploring. New physiologic functions of several original RSs are constantly being discovered. Research shows that RS can provide health improvements in many patients with chronic diseases, including diabetes and obesity, and even has potential benefits for kidney disease and colorectal cancer. Moreover, RS can alter the short-chain fatty acids and microorganisms in the gut, positively regulating the body's internal environment. Despite the increase in its market demand, RS production remains limited. Upscaling RS production is thus an urgent requirement. This paper provides detailed insights into the classification, synthesis, and efficacy of RS, serving as a starting point for the future development and applications of RS based on the current status quo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanggui Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Shuli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qinhong Xu
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Kong
- Department of Radiotherapy, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Yibiao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Huai 'an, Huai' an, China
| | - Yali Wei
- Department of Radiotherapy, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China; Department of Women's Health, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China.
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Mah E, Liska DJ, Goltz S, Chu Y. The effect of extracted and isolated fibers on appetite and energy intake: A comprehensive review of human intervention studies. Appetite 2023; 180:106340. [PMID: 36216214 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In light of the increasing prevalence of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, the underconsumption of fiber is concerning due to its various associated health benefits such as weight management. Adding extracted or isolated dietary fibers into various consumer products is a practical strategy for addressing the fiber gap. This comprehensive review identified evidence on the efficacy of different types of extracted and isolated fibers in reducing appetite and energy intake. Published reports of randomized controlled trials assessing appetite or energy intake in healthy adults were systematically searched, and those investigating extracted and isolated fibers following acute or chronic intake were selected. A total of 136 studies, consisting of 107 acute studies and 29 chronic studies, were included in the review. Overall, most fiber types did not show significant effects on appetite ratings and energy intakes. Acute intakes of two viscous fibers, alginate or guar gum, as well as oat fiber, were observed to most frequently result in reductions in appetite ratings. Additionally, chronic, but not acute, intakes of resistant maltodextrin/dextrin were also beneficial for appetite ratings. Viscous fibers were more likely to improve appetite ratings compared to non-viscous fibers, and fermentability did not appear to affect appetite ratings. Unfortunately, the current evidence base is highly varied due to the many differences in methodology and limited research on many of the fibers. While the possible benefits of extracted and isolated fibers on appetite sensations, food intake, and ultimately body weight regulation should not be completely dismissed, our review highlights the complexity of this research area and the gaps that need to be addressed to improve the robustness of the evidence.
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Hanes D, Nowinski B, Lamb JJ, Larson IA, McDonald D, Knight R, Song SJ, Patno N. The gastrointestinal and microbiome impact of a resistant starch blend from potato, banana, and apple fibers: A randomized clinical trial using smart caps. Front Nutr 2022; 9:987216. [PMID: 36245486 PMCID: PMC9559413 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.987216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) impact of fibers including resistant starch (RS) consumption depends on various types and amounts of fibers, the initial microbiome states, and accurate intake measurements. A randomized clinical trial evaluated the GI impact of varying doses of a novel resistant starch blend (RSB) with smart cap monitoring. RSB contained at least 50% RS and was a proprietary mixture of a potato starch, green banana flour, and apple fiber powder (a source of apple pectin, not resistant starch). The study design randomized participants to one of four arms: 10 g/day of potato starch (0 RSB), 10 g/day of RSB, 10 to 20 to 20 g/day of RSB or 10 to 20 to 30 g/day RSB for two-week intervals over 6 weeks. Results confirmed that while resistant starch of approximately 5 g per day improves GI symptoms at 2, 4, and 6 weeks, it did not demonstrate a detectable effect on short chain fatty acids. Increasing doses of the blend (RSB) led to a decrease in the diarrhea score. Using an estimate of total consumption of RSB based on smart cap recordings of container openings and protocol-specified doses of RSB, a reduction in the sleep disturbance score was associated with higher RSB dose. The exploratory microbiome evaluation demonstrated that among the 16S rRNA gene sequences most associated with the consumption of the novel blend RSB, two belong to taxa of notable interest to human health: Faecalibacterium and Akkermansia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Hanes
- National University of Natural Medicine, Helfgott Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brent Nowinski
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Joseph J. Lamb
- Personalized Lifestyle Medicine Center, Gig Harbor, WA, United States
| | | | - Daniel McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Se Jin Song
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Noelle Patno
- Formerly Metagenics, Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Noelle Patno
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Arciero PJ, Arciero KM, Poe M, Mohr AE, Ives SJ, Arciero A, Boyce M, Zhang J, Haas M, Valdez E, Corbet D, Judd K, Smith A, Furlong O, Wahler M, Gumpricht E. Intermittent fasting two days versus one day per week, matched for total energy intake and expenditure, increases weight loss in overweight/obese men and women. Nutr J 2022; 21:36. [PMID: 35658959 PMCID: PMC9166203 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-022-00790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intermittent fasting (IF), consisting of either a one-day (IF1) or two consecutive days (IF2) per week, is commonly used for optimal body weight loss. Our laboratory has previously shown an IF1 diet combined with 6d/week of protein pacing (P; 4–5 meals/day evenly spaced, ~ 30% protein/day) significantly enhances weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic health in obese men and women. Whether an IF1-P or IF2-P, matched for weekly energy intake (EI) and expenditure (EE), is superior for weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic health is unknown. Methods This randomized control study directly compared an IF1-P (n = 10) versus an IF2-P (n = 10) diet on weight loss and body composition, cardiovascular (blood pressure and lipids), hormone, and hunger responses in 20 overweight men and women during a 4-week weight loss period. Participants received weekly dietary counseling and monitoring of compliance from a registered dietitian. All outcome variables were assessed pre (week 0) and post (week 5). Results Both groups significantly reduced body weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, fat mass, hunger, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, and increased percent fat-free mass (p < 0.05). However, IF2-P resulted in significantly greater reductions in body weight (-29%) and waist circumference (-38%) compared to IF1-P (p < 0.05), and showed a strong tendency for greater reductions in fat mass, glucose, and hunger levels (p < 0.10) despite similar weekly total EI (IF1-P, 9058 ± 692 vs. IF2-P, 8389 ± 438 kcals/week; p = 0.90), EE (~ 300 kcals/day; p = 0.79), and hormone responses (p > 0.10). Conclusions These findings support short-term IF1-P and IF2-P to optimize weight loss and improve body composition, cardiometabolic health, and hunger management, with IF2-P providing enhanced benefits in overweight women and men. Trial registration This trial was registered March 03, 2020 at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04327141. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12937-022-00790-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Karen M Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Michelle Poe
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Stephen J Ives
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Autumn Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Molly Boyce
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Melissa Haas
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Emma Valdez
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Delaney Corbet
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Judd
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Annika Smith
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Olivia Furlong
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Marley Wahler
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
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Walsh SK, Lucey A, Walter J, Zannini E, Arendt EK. Resistant starch-An accessible fiber ingredient acceptable to the Western palate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2930-2955. [PMID: 35478262 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fiber intakes in Western societies are concerningly low and do not reflect global recommended dietary fiber intakes for chronic disease prevention. Resistant starch (RS) is a fermentable dietary fiber that has attracted research interest. As an isolated ingredient, its fine particle size, relatively bland flavor, and white appearance may offer an appealing fiber source to the Western palate, accustomed to highly refined, processed grains. This review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the current knowledge (classification, production methods, and characterization methods), health benefits, applications, and acceptability of RS. It further discusses the present market for commercially available RS ingredients and products containing ingredients high in RS. The literature currently highlights beneficial effects for dietary RS supplementation with respect to glucose metabolism, satiety, blood lipid profiles, and colonic health. An exploration of the market for commercial RS ingredients indicates a diverse range of products (from isolated RS2, RS3, and RS4) with numerous potential applications as partial or whole substitutes for traditional flour sources. They may increase the nutritional profile of a food product (e.g., by increasing the fiber content and lowering energy values) without significantly compromising its sensory and functional properties. Incorporating RS ingredients into staple food products (such as bread, pasta, and sweet baked goods) may thus offer an array of nutritional benefits to the consumer and a highly accessible functional ingredient to be greater exploited by the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kate Walsh
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alice Lucey
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jens Walter
- APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuele Zannini
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Ireland
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