1
|
Xu M, Zhang D, Yan J. Targeting ferroptosis using Chinese herbal compounds to treat respiratory diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155738. [PMID: 38824825 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory diseases pose a grave threat to human life. Therefore, understanding their pathogenesis and therapeutic strategy is important. Ferroptosis is a novel type of iron-dependent programmed cell death, distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy, characterised by iron, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxide accumulation, as well as glutathione (GSH) depletion and GSH peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inactivation. A close association between ferroptosis and the onset and progression of respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury, bronchial asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer, has been reported. Recent studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds exhibit unique advantages in the treatment of respiratory diseases owing to their natural properties and potential efficacy. These compounds can effectively regulate ferroptosis by modulating several key signalling pathways such as system Xc- -GSH-GPX4, NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, Nrf2-GPX4, and Nrf2/HO-1, thus playing a positive role in improving respiratory diseases. PURPOSE This comprehensive review systematically outlines the regulatory role of ferroptosis in the onset and progression of respiratory diseases and provides evidence for treating respiratory diseases by targeting ferroptosis with TCM compounds. These insights aim to offer potential remedies for the clinical prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We searched scientific databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CNKI using keywords such as "ferroptosis","respiratory diseases","chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","bronchial asthma","acute lung injury","pulmonary fibrosis","lung cancer","traditional Chinese medicine","traditional Chinese medicine compound","monomer", and "natural product" to retrieve studies on the therapeutic potential of TCM compounds in ameliorating respiratory diseases by targeting ferroptosis. The retrieved data followed PRISMA criteria (preferred reporting items for systematic review). RESULTS TCM compounds possess unique advantages in treating respiratory diseases, stemming from their natural origins and proven clinical effectiveness. TCM compounds can exert therapeutic effects on respiratory diseases by regulating ferroptosis, which mainly involves modulation of pathways such as system Xc- -GSH-GPX4,NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, Nrf2-GPX4, and Nrf2/HO-1. CONCLUSION TCM compounds have demonstrated promising potential in improving respiratory diseases through the regulation of ferroptosis. The identification of specific TCM-related inducers and inhibitors of ferroptosis holds great significance in developing more effective strategies. However, current research remains confined to animal and cellular studies, emphasizing the imperative for further verifications through high-quality clinical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Xu
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wendlocha D, Kubina R, Krzykawski K, Mielczarek-Palacz A. Selected Flavonols Targeting Cell Death Pathways in Cancer Therapy: The Latest Achievements in Research on Apoptosis, Autophagy, Necroptosis, Pyroptosis, Ferroptosis, and Cuproptosis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1201. [PMID: 38674891 PMCID: PMC11053927 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex and multi-stage processes of carcinogenesis are accompanied by a number of phenomena related to the potential involvement of various chemopreventive factors, which include, among others, compounds of natural origin such as flavonols. The use of flavonols is not only promising but also a recognized strategy for cancer treatment. The chemopreventive impact of flavonols on cancer arises from their ability to act as antioxidants, impede proliferation, promote cell death, inhibit angiogenesis, and regulate the immune system through involvement in diverse forms of cellular death. So far, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis occurring with the participation of flavonols have remained incompletely elucidated, and the results of the studies carried out so far are ambiguous. For this reason, one of the therapeutic goals is to initiate the death of altered cells through the use of quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, galangin, fisetin, and morin. This article offers an extensive overview of recent research on these compounds, focusing particularly on their role in combating cancer and elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. Assessment of the mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of compounds in therapy targeting various types of cell death pathways may prove useful in developing new therapeutic regimens and counteracting resistance to previously used treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Wendlocha
- Department of Immunology and Serology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Robert Kubina
- Silesia LabMed: Centre for Research and Implementation, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-752 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (K.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Kamil Krzykawski
- Silesia LabMed: Centre for Research and Implementation, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-752 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Mielczarek-Palacz
- Department of Immunology and Serology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paul T, Palaniyandi K, Gnanasampanthapandian D. Therapeutic Approaches to Increase the Survival Rate of Cancer Patients in the Younger and Older Population. Curr Aging Sci 2024; 17:16-30. [PMID: 38062658 DOI: 10.2174/0118746098241507231127114248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Various developments have been observed in the treatment of cancer patients, such as higher survival rates and better treatment outcomes. However, expecting similar outcomes in older patients remains a challenge. The main reason for this conclusion is the exclusion of older people from clinical trials for cancer drugs, as well as other factors, such as comorbidity, side effects, age-related frailties and their willingness to undergo multiple treatments. However, the discovery of new techniques and drug combinations has led to a significant improvement in the survival of the elderly population after the onset of the disease. On the other hand, cancer treatments have not become more complex for the younger population when compared to the older population, as the younger population tends to respond well to treatment trials and their physiological conditions are stable in response to treatments. In summary, this review correlates recent cancer treatment strategies and the corresponding responses and survival outcomes of older and younger patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tharrun Paul
- Cancer Science Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, India
| | - Kanagaraj Palaniyandi
- Cancer Science Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, India
| | - Dhanavathy Gnanasampanthapandian
- Cancer Science Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eltahawy NA, Swidan SA, Nafie MS, Saeedan AS, Nasr AM, Badr JM, Abdelhameed RFA. Silver nanoparticles formulation of Marrubium alysson L. phenolic extract potentiates cytotoxicity through apoptosis with molecular docking study as Bcl-2 inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37817536 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2267666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Crude or semi-purified extracts of plants can play a significant role as antitumor agents. They were used as stabilizing and reducing agents in the preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that allows these particles to have more efficient cytotoxic activity. In the current study, the extract of Marrubium alysson L., a plant of common occurrence in Egypt was used to synthesize AgNPs for the first time, where comparison of anticancer activity of crude and phenolic extracts with the AgNPs were extensively studied against cancer cell lines PC-3 and HCT-116. Interestingly, AgNPs of the crude extract exhibited promising cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 10.4 and 16.3 μg/ml, while AgNPs of the phenolic extract exhibited very potent cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 2.66 and 1.34 μg/ml compared to Doxorubicin (as a standard reference drug) that exhibited IC50 values of 5.13 and 4.36 μg/ml, respectively against the tested cells. Additionally, AgNPs of the phenolic extract induced apoptosis in HCT-116 with a higher ratio than in PC-3 cells. It induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells by 79.3-fold change, while it induced total colon apoptotic cell death by 228.3-fold change compared to untreated control. Finally, the apoptotic activity of AgNPs of the phenolic extract in the treated PC-3 and HCT-116 cells was confirmed using RT-PCR. As a result, AgNPs of the phenolic extract could be considered a promising anticancer candidate through apoptosis-induction.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen A Eltahawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Shady A Swidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Egypt
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Nafie
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz S Saeedan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Collage of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala, Egypt
| | - Jihan M Badr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Reda F A Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Elmowafy M, Shalaby K, Elkomy MH, Alsaidan OA, Gomaa HAM, Hendawy OM, Abdelgawad MA, Ali HM, Ahmed YM, El-Say KM. Exploring the potential of quercetin/aspirin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles coated with Eudragit L100 in the treatment of induced-colorectal cancer in rats. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2568-2588. [PMID: 37000409 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests quercetin and aspirin may have anticancer properties, notably in the case of colorectal cancer. The goal of this study was to create Pluronic F127 and polyethylene glycol4000 solid dispersion-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for colonic quercetin and aspirin delivery. In 1:1 polymeric stoichiometric ratio, solubility and complex formation were verified. Solid dispersion-loaded chitosan nanoparticles with a diameter of 244.45 ± 8.5 nm, a surface charge of 34.1 ± 3.3 mV, and encapsulation effectiveness of 76.3 ± 4.3% were generated under ideal conditions. In some cases, coating with Eudragit L100 resulted in a decrease in zeta potential and an increase in particle size. The coated formulation released the actives in a pH-dependent manner, considering their physicochemical features. Surprisingly, when compared to the actives' suspension and uncoated formulation, the coated formulation had greater anti-inflammatory efficacy, with a substantial reduction of PGE2 and IL-8 production in colonic tissues (16.9 ± 7.9 ng/g tissue and 134.9 ± 10.1 pg/g tissue, respectively). It also reversed most of the dimethyl hydrazine-induced histological alterations in the colon. It also demonstrated a greater reduction in TNF expression in colonic tissues. As a result, Eudragit L100-coated QT/AS-loaded chitosan nanoparticles are suggested to provide a potential platform for colonic delivery of quercetin and aspirin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elmowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khaled Shalaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Elkomy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham A M Gomaa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omnia M Hendawy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazim M Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmin M Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Khalid M El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stępień AE, Trojniak J, Tabarkiewicz J. Health-Promoting Properties: Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Properties of Sambucus nigra L. Flowers and Fruits. Molecules 2023; 28:6235. [PMID: 37687064 PMCID: PMC10489118 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sambucus nigra L. has been used for centuries in traditional medicine thanks to its valuable healing properties. The healing properties result from its high content of biologically active compounds, mainly antioxidants, which contribute to its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. In our review, we have presented scientific studies evaluating the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of extracts and their components from S. nigra L. flowers and fruits. The results of the research show that the effect of antioxidant phytochemicals contained in their composition reduces the level of free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines, prevents mutations that increase the risk of cancer development, and inhibits cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and changes in intracellular signaling, consequently inhibiting the growth of malignant tumors and the formation of metastases. Flowers and fruits of S. nigra L. are a valuable source of nutraceutical and pharmacological substances that can support prevention and anti-inflammatory and oncological therapy without negative side effects for the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ewa Stępień
- Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Julia Trojniak
- Student’s Scientific Club Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Jacek Tabarkiewicz
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li K, Cai X, Fan Y, Jin M, Xie Y, Jing Z, Zang X, Han Y. Codelivery of Que and BCL-2 siRNA with Lipid-Copolymer Hybrid Nanocomplexes for Efficient Tumor Regression. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4805-4820. [PMID: 37463126 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapy is often reduced due to the chemotherapy resistance of tumor cells, which is usually caused by abnormal gene overexpression. Herein, multifunctional nanocomplexes (Que/siBCL2@BioMICs) were developed to deliver quercetin (Que) and BCL-2 siRNA (siBCL2) to synergistically inhibit tumor growth. The nanocomplexes were composed of an amphiphilic triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-poly[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate]-polycaprolactone (PEGMA-PDMAEA-PCL) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol)-biotin (DSPE-PEG-biotin). Que was encapsulated into the cores through hydrophobic interactions, while negatively charged siBCL2 was loaded through electrostatic interactions. The nanocomplexes could effectively facilitate cellular uptake via biotin-mediated active targeting and cytosolic release of cargos by the "proton sponge effect" of PDMAEA. Que/siBCL2@BioMICs achieved enhanced cytotoxicity and anti-metastasis activity due to a synergistic effect of Que and siBCL2 in vitro. More importantly, superior anti-tumor efficacy was observed in orthotopic 4T1 tumor-bearing mice with reduced primary tumor burden and lung metastatic nodules, while no obvious side effects to major organs were observed. In conclusion, the biotin-targeted nanocomplexes with chemotherapeutic and nucleotide agent entrapment provide a promising strategy for efficient triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Meng Jin
- Department of Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yi Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhenghui Jing
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xinlong Zang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yantao Han
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mega OO, Benneth BA, Edesiri TP, Rume RA, Victor E, Rotu RA, Oghenetega BO, Agbonifo-Chijiokwu E, Kingsley NE, Andrew UO, Adebayo OG. Possible mechanisms involved in the testicular-protective property of quercetin in rats exposed to endosulfan toxicity. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105224. [PMID: 36464344 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of quercetin and putative mechanisms involved against endosulfan-testicular impairments in rats. Rats were allotted into five treatment groups (n = 5). Groups 1-2 had normal saline and maize oil (vehicle) (10 mL/kg), group 3 received quercetin (20 mg/kg), 4-5 had endosulfan (5 mg/kg, p.o) orally for 28 days. However, from days 14-28, group 4 received an additional dose of vehicle (10 mL/kg, p.o./day), while group 5 received quercetin (20 mg/kg, p.o./day). Thereafter, blood samples and testes were harvested for markers of cholinergic, hormonal and testicular oxido-nitrergic, inflammatory, apoptosis and proton pump ATPase activities. Also, testicular histopathological changes were also evaluated alongside with germ cell count, testicular injury and spermatogenesis score. Quercetin increased testicular/body weights and spermatogenesis, androgenic hormones (follicle stimulating hormones, FSH; luteinizing hormone, LH; testosterone), acetylcholinesterase levels and attenuated altered membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation, increased caspases-3 levels in rats exposed to endosulfan. Moreover, quercetin increased testicular B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated x-protein (Bax) and proton pump adenosine trisphosphate (ATPase) and sialic acid levels. Of note, quercetin reversed endosulfan-mediated increased malondialdehyde, nitrite, peroxynitrite formation, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and lowered antioxidant enzymes in the testes. The increased levels of testicular myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) by endosulfan were also reduced by quercetin administration. Additionally, quercetin attenuate endosulfan-induced testicular histopathological changes of rats. Our findings showed that quercetin significantly inhibited endosulfan-induced testicular damage and altered spermatogenesis through inhibition of oxido-nitrergic pathway, inflammatory mediators, apoptosis, acetylcholinesterase activity and enhancement of testicular hormones and improvement in testicular ATPase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oyovwi O Mega
- Department of Human Physiology, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria.
| | - Ben-Azu Benneth
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Tesi P Edesiri
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwash-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Rotu A Rume
- Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Emojevwe Victor
- Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Rotu A Rotu
- Department of Industrial safety and Environmental Management, School of Maritime Technology, Burutu, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Bright Onome Oghenetega
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Babcock University, Illisan-Romo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ejime Agbonifo-Chijiokwu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Nwangwan E Kingsley
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Udi O Andrew
- Department of Human Physiology, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun G Adebayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|