Implication of the rs670 variant of APOA1 gene with lipid profile, serum adipokine levels and components of metabolic syndrome in adult obese subjects

Association of lipid accumulation product with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: Result from NHANES database

BACKGROUND AND AIM

At present, there are few studies on the relationship between lipid accumulation product (LAP) and mortality. This study aims to explore the relationship between adult LAP and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The study people from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Results of the mortality study were based on death data up to December 31, 2019. Cox proportional risk model was used to estimate the risk ratio (HR) and 95 % CI of all-cause and CVD mortality. A total of 50162 people were included in the study (the weighted average age and male proportion were 48.14 years and 48.64 % respectively). During the follow-up of 203460871 person-years, 6850 deaths were recorded, including 1757 CVD deaths. After multivariable adjustment, the increase of LAP was significantly correlated with all-cause and CVD mortality. Compared with the participants of Quartile 1 of LAP, the multivariable adjusted HRs and 95 % CI of the participants of Quartile 4 of LAP were 1.54 (1.32, 1.80) all-cause mortality (P for trend<0.001), and 1.55 (1.16, 2.09) CVD mortality (P for trend = 0.04). For every increase of natural log-transformed LAP, the all-cause mortality increased by 22 %, and the CVD mortality increased by 14 % (both P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our cohort study based on NHANES showed that higher LAP was significantly associated with higher all-cause and CVD mortality. Maintaining a low LAP status may reduce the risk of death.

The Apo gene's genetic variants: hidden role in Asian vascular risk

Vascular risk factors, including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, pose significant health threats with implications extending to neuropsychiatric disorders such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease. The Asian population, in particular, appears to be disproportionately affected due to unique genetic predispositions, as well as epigenetic factors such as dietary patterns and lifestyle habits. Existing management strategies often fall short of addressing these specific needs, leading to greater challenges in prevention and treatment. This review highlights a significant gap in our understanding of the impact of genetic screening in the early detection and tailored treatment of vascular risk factors among the Asian population. Apolipoprotein, a key player in cholesterol metabolism, is primarily associated with dyslipidemia, yet emerging evidence suggests its involvement in conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. While genetic variants of vascular risk are ethnic-dependent, current evidence indicates that epigenetics also exhibits ethnic specificity. Understanding the interplay between Apolipoprotein and genetics, particularly within diverse ethnic backgrounds, has the potential to refine risk stratification and enhance precision in management. For Caucasian carrying the APOA5 rs662799 C variant, pharmacological interventions are recommended, as dietary interventions may not be sufficient. In contrast, for Asian populations with the same genetic variant, dietary modifications are initially advised. Should dyslipidemia persist, the consideration of pharmaceutical agents such as statins is recommended.

Leveraging knowledge of HDLs major protein ApoA1: Structure, function, mutations, and potential therapeutics

Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is a member of the Apolipoprotein family of proteins. It's a vital protein that helps in the production of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, which are crucial for reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). It also has anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-thrombotic properties. These functions interact to give HDL particles their cardioprotective characteristics. ApoA1 has recently been investigated for its potential role in atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurological diseases, cancer, and certain infectious diseases. Since ApoA1's discovery, numerous mutations have been reported that affect its structural integrity and alter its function. Hence these insights have led to the development of clinically relevant peptides and synthetic reconstituted HDL (rHDL) that mimics the function of ApoA1. As a result, this review has aimed to provide an organized explanation of our understanding of the ApoA1 protein structure and its role in various essential pathways. Furthermore, we have comprehensively reviewed the important ApoA1 mutations (24 mutations) that are reported to be involved in various diseases. Finally, we've focused on the therapeutic potentials of some of the beneficial mutations, small peptides, and synthetic rHDL that are currently being researched or developed, since these will aid in the development of novel therapeutics in the future.

Vitamin E Metabolic Effects and Genetic Variants: A Challenge for Precision Nutrition in Obesity and Associated Disturbances

Vitamin E (VE) has a recognized leading role as a contributor to the protection of cell constituents from oxidative damage. However, evidence suggests that the health benefits of VE go far beyond that of an antioxidant acting in lipophilic environments. In humans, VE is channeled toward pathways dealing with lipoproteins and cholesterol, underlining its relevance in lipid handling and metabolism. In this context, both VE intake and status may be relevant in physiopathological conditions associated with disturbances in lipid metabolism or concomitant with oxidative stress, such as obesity. However, dietary reference values for VE in obese populations have not yet been defined, and VE supplementation trials show contradictory results. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of genetic variants in genes involved in VE metabolism may be crucial to exert dietary recommendations with a higher degree of precision. In particular, genetic variability should be taken into account in targets concerning VE bioavailability per se or concomitant with impaired lipoprotein transport. Genetic variants associated with impaired VE liver balance, and the handling/resolution of oxidative stress might also be relevant, but the core information that exists at present is insufficient to deliver precise recommendations.