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Phillips N, Gray SR, Combet E, Witard OC. Long-chain n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for the management of age- and disease-related declines in skeletal muscle mass, strength and physical function. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2024; 27:98-105. [PMID: 37874045 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review uses the hierarchy of evidence as a framework to critically evaluate the effect of long chain n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC n -3 PUFA) ingestion alone, or as an adjunctive intervention to resistance training, on muscle health-related outcomes in healthy and clinical older adult populations. RECENT FINDINGS Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials consistently report small, but clinically-relevant, effects of LC n -3 PUFA ingestion on strength outcomes, whereas mixed findings have been reported regarding changes in muscle mass and physical function. Cohort studies indicate an association between higher dietary LC n -3 PUFA intake and reduced likelihood of a sarcopenia diagnosis. Acute metabolic studies provide limited evidence for an effect of LC n -3 PUFA ingestion alone, or in combination with resistance training, on free-living integrated rates of MPS, static markers of muscle protein breakdown, or satellite cell activation in healthy older adults. SUMMARY Recent data supports the efficacy of LCn-3 PUFA ingestion to facilitate small, but clinically relevant, improvements in muscle strength in healthy and clinical older adult populations. The mechanism(s) that underpin the action of LC n -3 PUFA in promoting strength outcomes remain unknown, but likely relate to neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Phillips
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences
| | - Stuart R Gray
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences
| | - Emilie Combet
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Dupont J, Wauters E, Dedeyne L, Vercauteren L, Amini N, Lapauw L, Matthys C, Verschueren S, Tournoy J, Koppo K, Gielen E. Are dietary intake and nutritional status of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids correlated with sarcopenia outcomes in community-dwelling older adults with sarcopenia? - Exploratory results from ENHANce. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:272. [PMID: 37147574 PMCID: PMC10161444 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To explore the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake, nutritional PUFAs status and sarcopenia outcomes in sarcopenic older adults. METHODS The Exercise and Nutrition for Healthy AgeiNg (ENHANce) is an ongoing 5-armed triple blinded randomized controlled trial, in sarcopenic older adults (> 65y) aiming to assess the effect of combined anabolic interventions (protein, omega-3 supplement and exercise) on physical performance in these adults, compared to single/placebo interventions. Baseline data were used for a secondary, exploratory, cross-sectional analysis. Dietary PUFAs intake was assessed with 4-day food records, status with RBC membrane fatty acids profiles. Spearman's rho(ρ) correlation coefficients were calculated to explore associations of PUFAs intake and status with sarcopenia-defining parameters (muscle strength, mass and physical performance), physical activity (step count) and quality of life (SF-36, SarQoL). RESULTS In total, 29 subjects (9♂/20♀, mean age 76.3 ± 5.4y) were included. Total omega-3 intake of participants (1.99 ± 0.99 g/d) was below the recommended intake (♂:2.8-5.6 g/d; ♀:2.2-4.4 g/d). Intake and status of PUFAs were not correlated. Regarding correlations with outcomes, α-linolenic acid status was inversely associated with appendicular lean mass (aLM) (ρ:-0.439; p = 0.017), whereas docosahexaenoic acid status was positively associated with aLM (ρ:0.388; p = 0.038). Some omega-3 PUFAs intake and status markers were positively associated with step count, SF-36 and SarQoL scores, whereas gamma-linolenic acid status was inversely associated with SF-36 physical component summary score (ρ = -0.426; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Although intake of omega-3 and omega-6 was low, the present exploratory study generated new hypotheses for potential correlations of PUFAs intake and status with sarcopenia outcomes in older adults with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolan Dupont
- Geriatrics & Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Eva Wauters
- Geriatrics & Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lenore Dedeyne
- Geriatrics & Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Vercauteren
- Geriatrics & Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nadjia Amini
- Geriatrics & Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lapauw
- Geriatrics & Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Matthys
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Verschueren
- Research Group for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabillitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Tournoy
- Geriatrics & Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Gielen
- Geriatrics & Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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