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Amaral SI, Silva FALS, Costa-Almeida R, Timochenco L, Fernandes JR, Sarmento B, Gonçalves IC, Magalhães FD, Pinto AM. Pharmaceutical Formulations Containing Graphene and 5-Fluorouracil for Light-Emitting Diode-Based Photochemotherapy of Skin Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4333-4347. [PMID: 38240200 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer worldwide, among which 80% is basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Current therapies' low efficacy, side effects, and high recurrence highlight the need for alternative treatments. In this work, a partially reduced nanographene oxide (p-rGOn) developed in our laboratory was used. It has been achieved through a controlled reduction of nanographene oxide via UV-C irradiation that yields small nanometric particles (below 200 nm) that preserve the original water stability while acquiring high light-to-heat conversion efficiency. The latter is explained by a loss of carbon-oxygen single bonds (C-O) and the re-establishment of sp2 carbon bonds. p-rGOn was incorporated into a Carbopol hydrogel together with the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to evaluate a possible combined PTT and chemotherapeutic effect. Carbopol/p-rGOn/5-FU hydrogels were considered noncytotoxic toward normal skin cells (HFF-1). However, when A-431 skin cancer cells were exposed to NIR irradiation for 30 min in the presence of Carbopol/p-rGOn/5-FU hydrogels, almost complete eradication was achieved after 72 h, with a 90% reduction in cell number and 80% cell death of the remaining cells after a single treatment. NIR irradiation was performed with a light-emitting diode (LED) system, developed in our laboratory, which allows adjustment of applied light doses to achieve a safe and selective treatment, instead of the standard laser systems that are associated with damages in the healthy tissues in the tumor surroundings. Those are the first graphene-based materials containing pharmaceutical formulations developed for BCC phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Amaral
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa A L S Silva
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa-Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Licínia Timochenco
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Ramiro Fernandes
- CQVR─Centro de Química Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Physical Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, IINFACTS-Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Inês C Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernão D Magalhães
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur M Pinto
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
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Pham TTH, Luu TN, Nguyen TV, Huynh NT, Phan QH, Le TH. Polarimetric imaging combining optical parameters for classification of mice non-melanoma skin cancer tissue using machine learning. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22081. [PMID: 38034801 PMCID: PMC10682661 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarimetric imaging systems combining machine learning is emerging as a promising tool for the support of diagnosis and intervention decision-making processes in cancer detection/staging. A present study proposes a novel method based on Mueller matrix imaging combining optical parameters and machine learning models for classifying the progression of skin cancer based on the identification of three different types of mice skin tissues: healthy, papilloma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Three different machine learning algorithms (K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine (SVM)) are used to construct a classification model using a dataset consisting of Mueller matrix images and optical properties extracted from the tissue samples. The experimental results show that the SVM model is robust to discriminate among three classes in the training stage and achieves an accuracy of 94 % on the testing dataset. Overall, it is provided that polarimetric imaging systems and machine learning algorithms can dynamically combine for the reliable diagnosis of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Thu-Hien Pham
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh-Ngan Luu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Thao-Vi Nguyen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc-Trinh Huynh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, HCMC, Viet Nam
| | - Quoc-Hung Phan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
| | - Thanh-Hai Le
- Department of Information Technology Specialization, FPT University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
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Sun B, Paraskevopoulos G, Min J, Rossdeutcher R, Ghosh S, Quinn B, Lin M, Sarkar D, Sukumaran D, Wang Y, Vávrová K, Lovell JF, Zhang Y. Topical Drug Delivery of Concentrated Cabazitaxel in an α-Tocopherol and DMSO Solution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302658. [PMID: 37555802 PMCID: PMC10582425 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Topical chemotherapy approaches are relevant for certain skin cancer treatments. This study observes that cabazitaxel (CTX), a broad-spectrum second-generation taxane cytotoxic agent, can be dissolved in α-tocopherol at high concentrations exceeding 100 mg mL-1 . 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) are used to study this phenomenon. The addition of 30% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the α-tocopherol/CTX solution improves its working viscosity and enhances CTX permeation through human skin in vitro (over 5 µg cm-2 within 24 h), while no detectable drug permeates when CTX is dissolved in α-tocopherol alone. In a transepidermal water loss assay, the barrier impairment induced by CTX in 30% DMSO in α-tocopherol, but not in pure DMSO, is reversible 8 h after the formulation removal from the skin surface. Antitumor efficacy of the topical CTX formulation is evaluated in nude mice bearing A431 human squamous carcinoma skin cancer xenografts. With topical application of concentrated CTX solutions (75 mg mL-1 ), tumor growth is significantly suppressed compared to lower concentration groups (0, 25, or 50 mg mL-1 CTX). Taken together, these findings show that topical delivery of CTX using a DMSO and α-tocopherol solvent warrants further study as a treatment for skin malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
| | - Georgios Paraskevopoulos
- Skin Barrier Research GroupFaculty of PharmacyCharles UniversityAkademika Heyrovského 1203Hradec Králové50005Czech Republic
| | - Jiwei Min
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
| | - Robert Rossdeutcher
- Department of ChemistryState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
| | - Sanjana Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
| | - Breandan Quinn
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
| | - Meng‐Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
| | - Debanjan Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
| | - Dinesh Sukumaran
- Department of ChemistryState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
| | - Yuefei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research GroupFaculty of PharmacyCharles UniversityAkademika Heyrovského 1203Hradec Králové50005Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
| | - Yumiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
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Ogundokun RO, Li A, Babatunde RS, Umezuruike C, Sadiku PO, Abdulahi AT, Babatunde AN. Enhancing Skin Cancer Detection and Classification in Dermoscopic Images through Concatenated MobileNetV2 and Xception Models. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:979. [PMID: 37627864 PMCID: PMC10451641 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising research initiatives in the healthcare field is focused on the rising incidence of skin cancer worldwide and improving early discovery methods for the disease. The most significant factor in the fatalities caused by skin cancer is the late identification of the disease. The likelihood of human survival may be significantly improved by performing an early diagnosis followed by appropriate therapy. It is not a simple process to extract the elements from the photographs of the tumors that may be used for the prospective identification of skin cancer. Several deep learning models are widely used to extract efficient features for a skin cancer diagnosis; nevertheless, the literature demonstrates that there is still room for additional improvements in various performance metrics. This study proposes a hybrid deep convolutional neural network architecture for identifying skin cancer by adding two main heuristics. These include Xception and MobileNetV2 models. Data augmentation was introduced to balance the dataset, and the transfer learning technique was utilized to resolve the challenges of the absence of labeled datasets. It has been detected that the suggested method of employing Xception in conjunction with MobileNetV2 attains the most excellent performance, particularly concerning the dataset that was evaluated: specifically, it produced 97.56% accuracy, 97.00% area under the curve, 100% sensitivity, 93.33% precision, 96.55% F1 score, and 0.0370 false favorable rates. This research has implications for clinical practice and public health, offering a valuable tool for dermatologists and healthcare professionals in their fight against skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Oluwaseun Ogundokun
- Department of Computer Science, Landmark University, Omu Aran 251103, Nigeria
- Department of Multimedia Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aiman Li
- School of Marxism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | | | - Peter O. Sadiku
- Department of Computer Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
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Fernández‐Figueras M, Malvehi J, Tschandl P, Rutten A, Rongioletti F, Requena L, Kittler H, Kerl K, Kazakov D, Cribier B, Calonje E, André J, Kempf W, Cardoso J, Filosa A, Hetzer S, Kervarrec T, Llamas‐Velasco M, Valeska Matter A, Rickaby W, Saggini A, Vandersleyen V. Position paper on a simplified histopathological classification of basal cell carcinoma: results of the European Consensus Project. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 36:351-359. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.T. Fernández‐Figueras
- Department of Pathology Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya Grupo Quironsalud & Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Sant Cugat del Vallés Spain
| | - J. Malvehi
- Department of Dermatology Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (Melanoma Unit) University of Barcelona IDIBAPS Barcelona & CIBERER Barcelona Spain
| | - P. Tschandl
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - A. Rutten
- Dermatopathology Practice Friedrichshafen/Lake Constance Friedrichshafen Germany
| | - F. Rongioletti
- Dermatology Clinic IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Vita Salute University Milan Italy
| | - L. Requena
- Department of Dermatology Fundación Jiménez Díaz Universidad Autónoma Madrid Spain
| | - H. Kittler
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - K. Kerl
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - D. Kazakov
- Sikl's Department of Pathology Medical Faculty in Pilsen Charles University in Prague Pilsen Czech Republic
| | - B. Cribier
- Dermatology Department University Hospital Strasbourg France
| | - E. Calonje
- St John's Institute of Dermatology St Thomas Hospital London UK
| | - J. André
- Department of Dermatology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint‐Pierre Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - W. Kempf
- Kempf Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zürich Switzerland
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Costa-Almeida R, Bogas D, Fernandes JR, Timochenco L, Silva FALS, Meneses J, Gonçalves IC, Magalhães FD, Pinto AM. Near-Infrared Radiation-Based Mild Photohyperthermia Therapy of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer with PEGylated Reduced Nanographene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1840. [PMID: 32824495 PMCID: PMC7466052 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a one-step thermal reduction and non-covalent chemical functionalization process, PEGylated reduced nanographene oxide (rGOn-PEG) was produced from nanographene oxide (GOn) and characterized in terms of particle size, dispersion stability, chemistry, and photothermal properties, in view of its use for photothermal therapy (PTT) of non-melanoma skin cancer. GOn infrared spectrum presented more intense bands assigned to oxygen containing functional groups than observed for rGOn-PEG. GOn C/O ratio decreased more than 50% comparing with rGOn-PEG and nitrogen was present in the latter (N at % = 20.6) due to introduction of PEG-NH2. Thermogravimetric analysis allowed estimating the amount of PEG in rGOn-PEG to be of about 56.1%. Simultaneous reduction and PEGylation increased the lateral dimensions from 287 ± 139 nm to 521 ± 397 nm, as observed by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. rGOn-PEG exhibited ≈13-fold higher absorbance in the near-infrared radiation (NIR) region, as compared to unmodified GOn. Low power (150 mW cm-2) NIR irradiation using LEDs resulted in rGOn-PEG heating up to 47 °C, which is within the mild PTT temperature range. PEGylation strongly enhanced the dispersibility of rGOn in physiological media (phosphate buffered saline, fetal bovine serum, and cell culture medium) and also improved the biocompatibility of rGOn-PEG, in comparison to GOn (25-250 μg mL-1). After a single NIR LED irradiation treatment of 30 min, a decrease of ≈38% in A-431 cells viability was observed for rGOn-PEG (250 μg mL-1). Together, our results demonstrate the potential of irradiating rGOn-PEG using lower energy, cheaper, smaller, and safer LEDs, as alternative to high power lasers, for NIR mild hyperthermia therapy of cancer, namely non-melanoma skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Costa-Almeida
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-A.); (F.A.L.S.S.); (I.C.G.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Bogas
- LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; (D.B.); (L.T.); (J.M.); (F.D.M.)
| | - José R. Fernandes
- CQVR—Centro de Química Vila Real, Departamento de Física, ECT, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Licínia Timochenco
- LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; (D.B.); (L.T.); (J.M.); (F.D.M.)
| | - Filipa A. L. S. Silva
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-A.); (F.A.L.S.S.); (I.C.G.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Meneses
- LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; (D.B.); (L.T.); (J.M.); (F.D.M.)
| | - Inês C. Gonçalves
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-A.); (F.A.L.S.S.); (I.C.G.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernão D. Magalhães
- LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; (D.B.); (L.T.); (J.M.); (F.D.M.)
| | - Artur M. Pinto
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-A.); (F.A.L.S.S.); (I.C.G.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; (D.B.); (L.T.); (J.M.); (F.D.M.)
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Todorova K, Mandinova A. Novel approaches for managing aged skin and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 153:18-27. [PMID: 32526451 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The process of aging influences every bodily organ and tissue, and those with rapid epithelial cell turnover, are particularly affected. The most visible of these, however, is the skin (including the epidermis), the largest human organ that provides a barrier to external insults, structure to the body and its movements, facilitates thermoregulation, harbors immune cells, and incorporates sensory neurons (including mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, and thermoreceptors). Skin aging has traditionally been categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic, with the latter nearly exclusively restricted to "photoaging," (i.e., aging due to exposure to solar or artificial ultraviolet radiation). However, both intrinsic and extrinsic aging share similar causes, including oxidative damage, telomere shortening, and mitochondrial senescence. Also, like other malignancies, the risk of malignant and nonmalignant lesions increases with age. Herein, we review the most recent findings in skin aging and nonmelanoma skin cancer, including addition to traditional and developing therapies.
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