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Parrela JPSDS, Borkenhagen IR, Salmeron SRF, Lima TAL, Miranda GDS, Costermani HDO, Ricken CLRDS, Alves EV, Gomes RM, de Oliveira JC. Intrauterine malnutrition disrupts leptin and ghrelin milk hormones, programming rats. J Endocrinol 2022; 255:11-23. [PMID: 35904490 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we assessed milk hormones, the biochemical composition of milk, and its association with neonatal body weight gain and metabolic homeostasis in weaned rats whose mothers were undernourished in the last third of pregnancy. From the 14th day of pregnancy until delivery, undernourished mothers had their food restricted by 50% (FR50), whereas control mothers were fed ad libitum. The litter size was adjusted to eight pups, and rats were weaned at 22 days old. Milk and blood from mothers, as well as blood and tissues from pups, were collected for further analyses. At birth, FR50 pups were smaller than control pups, and they exhibited hyperphagia and rapid catch-up growth during the suckling period. On day 12, the milk from FR50 mothers had higher energy content, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and acylated ghrelin but lower leptin and corticosterone levels. Interestingly, FR50 mothers were hypoglycemic and hyperleptinemic at the end of the nursing period. Weaned FR50 pups had an obese phenotype and exhibited insulin resistance, which was associated with hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia; they also had high blood levels of total cholesterol, leptin, and acylated ghrelin. In addition, the protein expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in the hypothalamus was increased by almost 4-fold in FR50 pups. In summary, maternal calorie restriction during the last third of pregnancy disrupts energy and metabolic hormones in milk, induces pup hyperleptinemia and hyperghrelinemia, and upregulates their hypothalamic GHSR, thus suggesting that the hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuitry may be working to address the early onset of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocemara Patrícia Silva de Souza Parrela
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ingridys Regina Borkenhagen
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Sarah Ramany Faria Salmeron
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Thalyne Aparecida Leite Lima
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ginislene Dias Souza Miranda
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Hercules de Oliveira Costermani
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Camila Luiza Rodrigues Dos Santos Ricken
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ester Vieira Alves
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mello Gomes
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cezar de Oliveira
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Fasting induces a form of autonomic synaptic plasticity that prevents hypoglycemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3029-38. [PMID: 27092009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517275113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During fasting, activation of the counter-regulatory response (CRR) prevents hypoglycemia. A major effector arm is the autonomic nervous system that controls epinephrine release from adrenal chromaffin cells and, consequently, hepatic glucose production. However, whether modulation of autonomic function determines the relative strength of the CRR, and thus the ability to withstand food deprivation and maintain euglycemia, is not known. Here we show that fasting leads to altered transmission at the preganglionic → chromaffin cell synapse. The dominant effect is a presynaptic, long-lasting increase in synaptic strength. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches we show this plasticity requires neuropeptide Y, an adrenal cotransmitter and the activation of adrenal Y5 receptors. Loss of neuropeptide Y prevents a fasting-induced increase in epinephrine release and results in hypoglycemia in vivo. These findings connect plasticity within the sympathetic nervous system to a physiological output and indicate the strength of the final synapse in this descending pathway plays a decisive role in maintaining euglycemia.
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Imaging hypothalamic activity using diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the mouse and human brain. Neuroimage 2012; 64:448-57. [PMID: 23000787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic appetite regulation is a vital homeostatic process underlying global energy balance in animals and humans, its disturbances resulting in feeding disorders with high morbidity and mortality. The objective evaluation of appetite remains difficult, very often restricted to indirect measurements of food intake and body weight. We report here, the direct, non-invasive visualization of hypothalamic activation by fasting using diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging, in the mouse brain as well as in a preliminary study in the human brain. The brain of fed or fasted mice or humans were imaged at 7 or 1.5 Tesla, respectively, by diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging using a complete range of b values (10<b<2000s.mm(-2)). The diffusion weighted image data sets were registered and analyzed pixel by pixel using a biexponential model of diffusion, or a model-free Linear Discriminant Analysis approach. Biexponential fittings revealed statistically significant increases in the slow diffusion parameters of the model, consistent with a neurocellular swelling response in the fasted hypothalamus. Increased resolution approaches allowed the detection of increases in the diffusion parameters within the Arcuate Nucleus, Ventromedial Nucleus and Dorsomedial Nucleus. Independently, Linear Discriminant Analysis was able to classify successfully the diffusion data sets from mice and humans between fed and fasted states. Present results are consistent with increased glutamatergic neurotransmission during orexigenic firing, a process resulting in increased ionic accumulation and concomitant osmotic neurocellular swelling. This swelling response is spatially extendable through surrounding astrocytic networks until it becomes MRI detectable. Present findings open new avenues for the direct, non-invasive, evaluation of appetite disorders and other hypothalamic pathologies helping potentially in the development of the corresponding therapies.
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Ghose P. Fasting, feasting and the glutamatergic synapse. Dis Model Mech 2012. [PMCID: PMC3424451 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary and comment on a recent Neuron paper entitled ‘Fasting activation of AgRP neurons requires NMDA receptors and involves spinogenesis and increased excitatory tone’ (Liu et al., 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Piya Ghose
- Department of Genetics, The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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