1
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Yücel Z, Akal F, Oltulu P. Automated AI-based grading of neuroendocrine tumors using Ki-67 proliferation index: comparative evaluation and performance analysis. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024; 62:1899-1909. [PMID: 38409645 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-024-03045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Early detection is critical for successfully diagnosing cancer, and timely analysis of diagnostic tests is increasingly important. In the context of neuroendocrine tumors, the Ki-67 proliferation index serves as a fundamental biomarker, aiding pathologists in grading and diagnosing these tumors based on histopathological images. The appropriate treatment plan for the patient is determined based on the tumor grade. An artificial intelligence-based method is proposed to aid pathologists in the automated calculation and grading of the Ki-67 proliferation index. The proposed system first performs preprocessing to enhance image quality. Then, segmentation process is performed using the U-Net architecture, which is a deep learning algorithm, to separate the nuclei from the background. The identified nuclei are then evaluated as Ki-67 positive or negative based on basic color space information and other features. The Ki-67 proliferation index is then calculated, and the neuroendocrine tumor is graded accordingly. The proposed system's performance was evaluated on a dataset obtained from the Department of Pathology at Meram Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Necmettin Erbakan University. The results of the pathologist and the proposed system were compared, and the proposed system was found to have an accuracy of 95% in tumor grading when compared to the pathologist's report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Yücel
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Department of Computer Technologies, Konya, Turkey.
- Hacettepe University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fuat Akal
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Computer Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pembe Oltulu
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Konya, Turkey
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2
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Ayana G, Lee E, Choe SW. Vision Transformers for Breast Cancer Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Expression Staging without Immunohistochemical Staining. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:402-414. [PMID: 38096984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
Accurate staging of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression is vital for evaluating breast cancer treatment efficacy. However, it typically involves costly and complex immunohistochemical staining, along with hematoxylin and eosin staining. This work presents customized vision transformers for staging HER2 expression in breast cancer using only hematoxylin and eosin-stained images. The proposed algorithm comprised three modules: a localization module for weakly localizing critical image features using spatial transformers, an attention module for global learning via vision transformers, and a loss module to determine proximity to a HER2 expression level based on input images by calculating ordinal loss. Results, reported with 95% CIs, reveal the proposed approach's success in HER2 expression staging: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.9202 ± 0.01; precision, 0.922 ± 0.01; sensitivity, 0.876 ± 0.01; and specificity, 0.959 ± 0.02 over fivefold cross-validation. Comparatively, this approach significantly outperformed conventional vision transformer models and state-of-the-art convolutional neural network models (P < 0.001). Furthermore, it surpassed existing methods when evaluated on an independent test data set. This work holds great importance, aiding HER2 expression staging in breast cancer treatment while circumventing the costly and time-consuming immunohistochemical staining procedure, thereby addressing diagnostic disparities in low-resource settings and low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelan Ayana
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea; School of Biomedical Engineering, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Eonjin Lee
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Woon Choe
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea; Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Al-Tarawneh ZA, Pena-Cristóbal M, Cernadas E, Suarez-Peñaranda JM, Fernández-Delgado M, Mbaidin A, Gallas-Torreira M, Gándara-Vila P. OralImmunoAnalyser: a software tool for immunohistochemical assessment of oral leukoplakia using image segmentation and classification models. Front Artif Intell 2024; 7:1324410. [PMID: 38469158 PMCID: PMC10925674 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2024.1324410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer ranks sixteenth amongst types of cancer by number of deaths. Many oral cancers are developed from potentially malignant disorders such as oral leukoplakia, whose most frequent predictor is the presence of epithelial dysplasia. Immunohistochemical staining using cell proliferation biomarkers such as ki67 is a complementary technique to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of oral leukoplakia. The cell counting of these images was traditionally done manually, which is time-consuming and not very reproducible due to intra- and inter-observer variability. The software presently available is not suitable for this task. This article presents the OralImmunoAnalyser software (registered by the University of Santiago de Compostela-USC), which combines automatic image processing with a friendly graphical user interface that allows investigators to oversee and easily correct the automatically recognized cells before quantification. OralImmunoAnalyser is able to count the number of cells in three staining levels and each epithelial layer. Operating in the daily work of the Odontology Faculty, it registered a sensitivity of 64.4% and specificity of 93% for automatic cell detection, with an accuracy of 79.8% for cell classification. Although expert supervision is needed before quantification, OIA reduces the expert analysis time by 56.5% compared to manual counting, avoiding mistakes because the user can check the cells counted. Hence, the SUS questionnaire reported a mean score of 80.9, which means that the system was perceived from good to excellent. OralImmunoAnalyser is accurate, trustworthy, and easy to use in daily practice in biomedical labs. The software, for Windows and Linux, with the images used in this study, can be downloaded from https://citius.usc.es/transferencia/software/oralimmunoanalyser for research purposes upon acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria A. Al-Tarawneh
- Computer Science Department, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes da USC, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maite Pena-Cristóbal
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, MedOralRes Group of University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Cernadas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes da USC, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Suarez-Peñaranda
- Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Pathology, University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-Delgado
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes da USC, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Almoutaz Mbaidin
- Computer Science Department, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes da USC, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallas-Torreira
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, MedOralRes Group of University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Gándara-Vila
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, MedOralRes Group of University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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4
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Finkelman BS, Zhang H, Hicks DG, Turner BM. The Evolution of Ki-67 and Breast Carcinoma: Past Observations, Present Directions, and Future Considerations. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:808. [PMID: 36765765 PMCID: PMC9913317 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1983 discovery of a mouse monoclonal antibody-the Ki-67 antibody-that recognized a nuclear antigen present only in proliferating cells represented a seminal discovery for the pathologic assessment of cellular proliferation in breast cancer and other solid tumors. Cellular proliferation is a central determinant of prognosis and response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer, and since the discovery of the Ki-67 antibody, Ki-67 has evolved as an important biomarker with both prognostic and predictive potential in breast cancer. Although there is universal recognition among the international guideline recommendations of the value of Ki-67 in breast cancer, recommendations for the actual use of Ki-67 assays in the prognostic and predictive evaluation of breast cancer remain mixed, primarily due to the lack of assay standardization and inconsistent inter-observer and inter-laboratory reproducibility. The treatment of high-risk ER-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) negative breast cancer with the recently FDA-approved drug abemaciclib relies on a quantitative assessment of Ki-67 expression in the treatment decision algorithm. This further reinforces the urgent need for standardization of Ki-67 antibody selection and staining interpretation, which will hopefully lead to multidisciplinary consensus on the use of Ki-67 as a prognostic and predictive marker in breast cancer. The goals of this review are to highlight the historical evolution of Ki-67 in breast cancer, summarize the present literature on Ki-67 in breast cancer, and discuss the evolving literature on the use of Ki-67 as a companion diagnostic biomarker in breast cancer, with consideration for the necessary changes required across pathology practices to help increase the reliability and widespread adoption of Ki-67 as a prognostic and predictive marker for breast cancer in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bradley M. Turner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14620, USA
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5
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Aguilera A, Pezoa R, Rodríguez-Delherbe A. A novel ensemble feature selection method for pixel-level segmentation of HER2 overexpression. COMPLEX INTELL SYST 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40747-022-00774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractClassifying histopathology images on a pixel-level requires sets of features able to capture the complex characteristics of the images, like the irregular cell morphology and the color heterogeneity on the tissue aspect. In this context, feature selection becomes a crucial step in the classification process such that it reduces model complexity and computational costs, avoids overfitting, and thereby it improves the model performance. In this study, we propose a new ensemble feature selection method by combining a set of base selectors, classifiers, and rank aggregation methods, aiming to determine from any initial set of handcrafted features, a smaller set of relevant color and texture pixel-level features, subsequently used for segmenting HER2 overexpression on a pixel-level, in breast cancer tissue images. We have been able to significantly reduce the set of initial features, using the proposed ensemble feature selection method. The best results are obtained using $$\chi ^2$$
χ
2
, Random Forest, and Runoff as the based selector, classifier, and aggregation method, respectively. The classification performance of the best model trained on the selected features set results in 0.939 recall, 0.866 specificity, 0.903 accuracy, 0.875 precision, and 0.906 F1-score.
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6
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Alheejawi S, Berendt R, Jha N, Maity SP, Mandal M. Automated proliferation index calculation for skin melanoma biopsy images using machine learning. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2021; 89:101893. [PMID: 33752078 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2021.101893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Proliferation Index (PI) is an important diagnostic, predictive and prognostic parameter used for evaluating different types of cancer. This paper presents an automated technique to measure the PI values for skin melanoma images using machine learning algorithms. The proposed technique first analyzes a Mart-1 stained histology image and generates a region of interest (ROI) mask for the tumor. The ROI mask is then used to locate the tumor regions in the corresponding Ki-67 stained image. The nuclei in the Ki-67 ROI are then segmented and classified using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and the PI value is calculated based on the number of the active and the passive nuclei. Experimental results show that the proposed technique can robustly segment (with 94 % accuracy) and classify the nuclei with a low computational complexity and the calculated PI values have less than 4 % average error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Alheejawi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Richard Berendt
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Naresh Jha
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Santi P Maity
- Department of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, West Bengal, 711103, India.
| | - Mrinal Mandal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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7
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Babu G, Goel A, Agarwal S, Gupta S, Kumar P, Smruti BK, Goel V, Sarangi R, Gairola M, Aggarwal S, Parikh PM. Practical consensus recommendations regarding the management of hormone receptor positive early breast cancer in elderly women. South Asian J Cancer 2020; 7:123-126. [PMID: 29721478 PMCID: PMC5909289 DOI: 10.4103/sajc.sajc_117_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of death among women, and its incidence increases with age. Currently the treatment of breast cancer in older patients is almost identical to their younger counterparts. This expert group used data from published literature, practical experience and opinion of a large group of academic oncologists to arrive at these practical consensus recommendations for the benefit of community oncologists regarding the management of early breast cancer specifically in elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Babu
- Department of Medical Oncology, KMIO, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A Goel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Max Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - S Agarwal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Max Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sarvodaya Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - P Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ram Murti Medical College, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - B K Smruti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bombay Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - V Goel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Max Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - R Sarangi
- Department of Surgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - M Gairola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, RGCI, New Delhi, India
| | - S Aggarwal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Purvish M Parikh
- Department of Oncology, Shalby Cancer and Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Meermira D, Swain M, Gowrishankar S. Study of Ki-67 index in the molecular subtypes of breast cancer: Inter-observer variability and automated scoring. Indian J Cancer 2020; 57:289-295. [PMID: 32769300 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_719_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Ki-67 index is an important prognostic marker in breast cancer and is also used to differentiate luminal A subtype from luminal B. Inter-observer variations in determining the index and the cut-off value to be considered in distinguishing the two subtypes remain problems in clinical practice. Methods MIB-1 immunohistochemistry was done on 200 cases of breast cancer with 50 cases in each molecular subtype. The Ki-67 scoring was done manually by two observers and automated method (using the software ImmunoRatio). The mean value of Ki-67 was calculated in each molecular group and in the entire estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor (ER/PR) positive group. The inter-observer variability between the two observers and the automated method was also assessed. Results The mean and median values of Ki-67 of all the 200 cases obtained by manual scoring was 31.13% and 29.65% by observer 1, 28.48% and 27.90% by observer 2, and 38.27% and 35.45% by the automated method. The mean Ki-67 value obtained by manual scoring, in luminal A, luminal B, HER2 enriched and triple negative was 21.07%, 37.19%, 33.72% and 27.27%, respectively. There was significant correlation between the two observers and with the automated scoring.. The mean value of the Ki-67 index in the ER/PR positive group was 29.1%. Conclusion The inter-observer correlation and the correlation with the automated scoring system of the Ki-67 index was good. 29.1% was the mean Ki-67 index in the ER/PR positive group and this value was within the acceptable range as per St Galen's recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Meermira
- Department of Histopathology, Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Meenakshi Swain
- Department of Histopathology, Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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9
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Feng M, Deng Y, Yang L, Jing Q, Zhang Z, Xu L, Wei X, Zhou Y, Wu D, Xiang F, Wang Y, Bao J, Bu H. Automated quantitative analysis of Ki-67 staining and HE images recognition and registration based on whole tissue sections in breast carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:65. [PMID: 32471471 PMCID: PMC7257511 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-00957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The scoring of Ki-67 is highly relevant for the diagnosis, classification, prognosis, and treatment in breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Traditional scoring method of Ki-67 staining followed by manual counting, is time-consumption and inter−/intra observer variability, which may limit its clinical value. Although more and more algorithms and individual platforms have been developed for the assessment of Ki-67 stained images to improve its accuracy level, most of them lack of accurate registration of immunohistochemical (IHC) images and their matched hematoxylin-eosin (HE) images, or did not accurately labelled each positive and negative cell with Ki-67 staining based on whole tissue sections (WTS). In view of this, we introduce an accurate image registration method and an automatic identification and counting software of Ki-67 based on WTS by deep learning. Methods We marked 1017 breast IDC whole slide imaging (WSI), established a research workflow based on the (i) identification of IDC area, (ii) registration of HE and IHC slides from the same anatomical region, and (iii) counting of positive Ki-67 staining. Results The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity levels of identifying breast IDC regions were 89.44, 85.05, and 95.23%, respectively, and the contiguous HE and Ki-67 stained slides perfectly registered. We counted and labelled each cell of 10 Ki-67 slides as standard for testing on WTS, the accuracy by automatic calculation of Ki-67 positive rate in attained IDC was 90.2%. In the human-machine competition of Ki-67 scoring, the average time of 1 slide was 2.3 min with 1 GPU by using this software, and the accuracy was 99.4%, which was over 90% of the results provided by participating doctors. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the enormous potential of automated quantitative analysis of Ki-67 staining and HE images recognition and registration based on WTS, and the automated scoring of Ki67 can thus successfully address issues of consistency, reproducibility and accuracy. We will provide those labelled images as an open-free platform for researchers to assess the performance of computer algorithms for automated Ki-67 scoring on IHC stained slides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University & key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Libo Yang
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiuyang Jing
- Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University & key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lian Xu
- Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University & key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wei
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pathology, Chengfei Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Diwei Wu
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fei Xiang
- Chengdu Knowledge Vision Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Yizhe Wang
- Chengdu Knowledge Vision Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Bao
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hong Bu
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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10
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Geread RS, Morreale P, Dony RD, Brouwer E, Wood GA, Androutsos D, Khademi A. IHC Color Histograms for Unsupervised Ki67 Proliferation Index Calculation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:226. [PMID: 31632956 PMCID: PMC6779686 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated image analysis tools for Ki67 breast cancer digital pathology images would have significant value if integrated into diagnostic pathology workflows. Such tools would reduce the workload of pathologists, while improving efficiency, and accuracy. Developing tools that are robust and reliable to multicentre data is challenging, however, differences in staining protocols, digitization equipment, staining compounds, and slide preparation can create variabilities in image quality and color across digital pathology datasets. In this work, a novel unsupervised color separation framework based on the IHC color histogram (IHCCH) is proposed for the robust analysis of Ki67 and hematoxylin stained images in multicentre datasets. An "overstaining" threshold is implemented to adjust for background overstaining, and an automated nuclei radius estimator is designed to improve nuclei detection. Proliferation index and F1 scores were compared between the proposed method and manually labeled ground truth data for 30 TMA cores that have ground truths for Ki67+ and Ki67- nuclei. The method accurately quantified the PI over the dataset, with an average proliferation index difference of 3.25%. To ensure the method generalizes to new, diverse datasets, 50 Ki67 TMAs from the Protein Atlas were used to test the validated approach. As the ground truth for this dataset is PI ranges, the automated result was compared to the PI range. The proposed method correctly classified 74 out of 80 TMA images, resulting in a 92.5% accuracy. In addition to these validations experiments, performance was compared to two color-deconvolution based methods, and to six machine learning classifiers. In all cases, the proposed work maintained more consistent (reproducible) results, and higher PI quantification accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana S Geread
- Image Analysis in Medicine Lab, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Morreale
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Robert D Dony
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Brouwer
- Ontario Veterinarian College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Ontario Veterinarian College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - April Khademi
- Image Analysis in Medicine Lab, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Alheejawi S, Xu H, Berendt R, Jha N, Mandal M. Novel lymph node segmentation and proliferation index measurement for skin melanoma biopsy images. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2019; 73:19-29. [PMID: 30822606 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is the immune system of the human body, and includes networks of vessels spread over the body, lymph nodes, and lymph fluid. The lymph nodes are considered as purification units that collect the lymph fluid from the lymph vessels. Since the lymph nodes collect the cancer cells that escape from a malignant tumor and try to spread to the rest of the body, the lymph node analysis is important for staging many types skin and breast cancers. In this paper, we propose a Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) method that segments the lymph nodes and melanoma regions in a biopsy image and measure the proliferation index. The proposed method contains two stages. First, an automated technique is used to segment the lymph nodes in a biopsy image based on histogram and high frequency features. In the second stage, the proliferation index for the melanoma regions is calculated by comparing the number of active and passive nuclei. Experimental results on 76 different lymph node images show that the proposed segmentation technique can robustly segment the lymph nodes with more than 90% accuracy. The proposed proliferation index calculation has low complexity and has an average error rate of less than 1.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongming Xu
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Richard Berendt
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Naresh Jha
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Mrinal Mandal
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada.
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12
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Gomolka RS, Korzynska A, Siemion K, Gabor-Siatkowska K, Klonowski W. Automatic method for assessment of proliferation index in digital images of DLBCL tissue section. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Tao W, Hu C, Bai G, Zhu Y, Zhu Y. Correlation between the dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI features and prognostic factors in breast cancer: A retrospective case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11530. [PMID: 29995825 PMCID: PMC6076052 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the correlation between the dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) features with prognostic factors of breast cancer. Eighty-five breast cancer patients verified by pathology and immunohistochemistry underwent DCE-MRI examination. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the DCE-MRI features [the strengthening types, shape, distribution, edge, internal reinforcement and the time-signal intensity curve (TIC) types] and the 4 immunohistochemical markers (ER, PR, Her-2, and Ki-67) by GraphPad InStat version 6.0 software. The enhanced morphology types, shapes, edge had significant correlation with the expression of ER (P = .001, P = .000, P = .001, respectively), PR (P = .045, P = .015, P = .000, respectively) and Ki-67 (P = .039, P = .000, P = .024, respectively), and no significant correlation with Her-2 expression (P = .906, P = .074, P = .679, respectively) was observed. There was significant correlation between internal enhancement patterns and Ki-67 expression (P = .004), and no significant correlation between internal enhancement patterns and the expression of ER, PR, and Her-2 (P = .208, P = .682, P = .437, respectively) was observed. TIC had significant correlation with ER, Ki-67 expressions (P = .022, P = .001, respectively), and no correlation with expressions of PR and Her-2 (P = .128, P = .391, respectively) was observed. The DCE-MRI features of breast cancer were well correlated with the expression of immunohistochemistry, and might also be helpful to evaluate the biological progress and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Tao
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Genji Bai
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an
| | - Yaning Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, PR China
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