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Deodato M, Coan L, Buoite Stella A, Ajčević M, Martini M, Di Lenarda L, Ratti C, Accardo A, Murena L. Inertial sensors-based assessment to detect hallmarks of chronic ankle instability during single-leg standing: Is the healthy limb "healthy"? Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 107:106036. [PMID: 37406582 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ankle instability can be common in sportsmen and can increase the risk of damaging the articular surfaces and result in negative consequences to joint health. Balance assessment is often used to evaluate ankle instability characteristics and guide rehabilitation protocols. This study aims to investigate balance-related parameters in people with chronic ankle instability and healthy-matched controls, using inertial sensors. METHODS Ten young adults with a history of multiple ankle sprains (30 y, 25-34, 5 females) and ten matched healthy controls (30 y, 23-39, 5 females) were invited to participate in the study. Inertial sensors were placed on the head of the astragalus and on the chest to collect kinematic parameters during a 20-s single-leg stance performed on the leg with ankle instability (and corresponding for the healthy controls) and on the contralateral leg, randomly. Outcomes were calculated with MATLAB and subsequently analyzed. FINDINGS A significant group effect was found only for the inversion angle (F1,15 = 12.514, p = 0.003, pη2 = 0.455), consisting of individuals with ankle instability being characterized by higher inversion angles (4.999 degrees, 95% CI: 1.987-8.011, p = 0.003) without significant side differences. No significant side x group effects were found for the assessed parameters. INTERPRETATION Results from this study suggest that young adults with chronic ankle instability might be characterized by worse single-stance control in terms of inversion angle, and such worse performance could also be found in the contralateral leg. As such, inertial sensors could be used to assess kinematic parameters during balance tasks in people with chronic ankle instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Deodato
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, via Pascoli 31, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Coan
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, via Pascoli 31, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alex Buoite Stella
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, via Pascoli 31, 34100 Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Miloš Ajčević
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, via Alfonso Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Miriam Martini
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, via Pascoli 31, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Di Lenarda
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Unit, Trieste University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliana Isontina, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Italy
| | - Chiara Ratti
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Unit, Trieste University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliana Isontina, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Italy
| | - Agostino Accardo
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, via Pascoli 31, 34100 Trieste, Italy; Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, via Alfonso Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Murena
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, via Pascoli 31, 34100 Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Orthopedics and Traumatology Unit, Trieste University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliana Isontina, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Italy
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Koshino Y, Akimoto M, Kawahara D, Watanabe K, Ishida T, Samukawa M, Kasahara S, Tohyama H. Inertial Sensor-Based Assessment of Static Balance in Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:36-43. [PMID: 36876176 PMCID: PMC9982532 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), a subjective examiner-based assessment, is often employed to assess postural balance in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI); however, inertial sensors may enhance the detection of balance deficits. This study aimed to compare the BESS results between the CAI and healthy groups using conventional BESS scores and inertial sensor data. The BESS test (six conditions: double-leg, single-leg, and tandem stances on firm and foam surfaces, respectively) was performed for the CAI (n = 16) and healthy control (n = 16) groups with inertial sensors mounted on the sacrum and anterior shank. The BESS score was calculated visually by the examiner by counting postural sway as an error based on the recorded video. The root mean square for resultant acceleration (RMSacc) in the anteroposterior, mediolateral, and vertical directions was calculated from each inertial sensor affixed to the sacral and shank surfaces during the BESS test. The mixed-effects analysis of variance and unpaired t-test were used to assess the effects of group and condition on the BESS scores and RMSacc. No significant between-group differences were found in the RMSacc of the sacral and shank surfaces, and the BESS scores (P > 0.05), except for the total BESS score in the foam condition (CAI: 14.4 ± 3.7, control: 11.7 ± 3.4; P = 0.039). Significant main effects of the conditions were found with respect to the BESS scores and RMSacc for the sacral and anterior shank (P < 0.05). The BESS test with inertial sensors can detect differences in the BESS conditions for athletes with CAI. However, our method could not detect any differences between the CAI and healthy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Koshino
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Moeko Akimoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daiki Kawahara
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Tomoya Ishida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mina Samukawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Olsen S, Rashid U, Allerby C, Brown E, Leyser M, McDonnell G, Alder G, Barbado D, Shaikh N, Lord S, Niazi IK, Taylor D. Smartphone-based gait and balance accelerometry is sensitive to age and correlates with clinical and kinematic data. Gait Posture 2023; 100:57-64. [PMID: 36481647 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gait&Balance (G&B) App has produced valid and reliable measures of gait and balance in young healthy adults but has not been tested in older adults. RESEARCH QUESTION In healthy middle-to-older aged adults, are G&B App measurements sensitive to age, valid against clinical and kinematic measures, and reliable? METHOD Healthy participants (n = 34, 14 male, 42-94 years) completed the G&B App protocol three times within a single session. 3D kinematics were collected concurrently. Clinical balance measures were collected (Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction in Balance (mCTSIB), Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test (MBT), and Functional Gait Assessment (FGA)). Sensitivity to age was assessed with Pearson's correlations. Validity tests included Pearson's correlations and Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Reliability tests included intra-class correlation coefficients and standard error of the measure. RESULTS During quiet stance on a compliant surface, the G&B App was sensitive to age-related differences not detectable with the mCTSIB. During walking tasks, there was adequate convergent validity between the MBT and G&B App measures of step length, and between the FGA and G&B App measures of walking speed, step length, and periodicity. The G&B App had moderate-to-excellent validity against 3D kinematics for postural stability during quiet stance (r 0.98 [0.98, 0.99]), step time (r 0.97 [0.96, 0.98]), walking speed (r 0.79 [0.7, 0.86]), and step length (r 0.73 [0.61, 0.81]). Test-retest reliability was moderate-to-excellent for G&B App measures of postural stability, walking speed, periodicity, step length, and step time. G&B App measures of step length asymmetry, step length variability, step time asymmetry, and step time variability had poor validity and reliability. SIGNIFICANCE The G&B App was sensitive to age-related differences in balance not detectable with clinical measurement. It provides valid and reliable measures of postural stability, step length, step time, and periodicity, which are not currently available in standard practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Olsen
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Usman Rashid
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, PO Box 113-044, Newmarket, Auckland 1149, New Zealand
| | - Celia Allerby
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Eliza Brown
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michaela Leyser
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Gabrielle McDonnell
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Gemma Alder
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David Barbado
- Department of Sport Science, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain; Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Avda. Pintor Baeza, 12 HGUA, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Nusratnaaz Shaikh
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sue Lord
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Imran Khan Niazi
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, PO Box 113-044, Newmarket, Auckland 1149, New Zealand; Centre for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Denise Taylor
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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iPhone Accelerometry Provides a Sensitive In-Home Assessment of Age-Related Changes in Standing Balance. J Aging Phys Act 2022; 31:489-496. [PMID: 36640781 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2022-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Remote health monitoring has become increasingly important, especially in aging populations. We aimed to identify tasks that are sensitive to age-related changes in balance during fully remote, at-home balance assessment. Participants were 12 healthy young adults (mean age = 26.08 years, range: 18-33) and 12 healthy older adults (mean age = 67.33 years, range: 60-75). Participants performed standing tasks monitored via video conference while their balance was quantified using a custom iPhone application measuring mediolateral center of mass acceleration. We included three stances (feet together, tandem, and single leg) with eyes open or closed, with or without a concurrent cognitive task. Older adults demonstrated significantly more variable center of mass accelerations in tandem (p = .04, ηp2=.25) and significantly higher (p < .01, ηp2=.45) and more variable (p < .01, ηp2=.44) center of mass accelerations in single leg compared with young adults. We also observed that as task challenge increased, balance dual-task cost diminished for older, but not young, adults.
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Waheed S, Maursetter L. Evaluation Evolution: Designing Optimal Evaluations to Enhance Learning in Nephrology Fellowship. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2022; 29:526-533. [PMID: 36371117 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Evaluations serve as the backbone of any educational program and can be broadly divided into formative and summative evaluations. Formative evaluations are "just in time" evaluations focused on informing the learning process, whereas summative evaluations compare fellows to a preset standard to determine their readiness for unsupervised practice. In the nephrology fellowship programs, evaluations assess competence in the framework of ACGME Milestones 2.0. A variety of learning venues, evaluators, and tools should be incorporated into the measurement process. It is important to determine which milestones can be best assessed in each education venue to decrease the burden of assessment fatigue. Additionally, programs can diversify the evaluators to include nurses, medical students, peers, and program coordinators in addition to faculty to provide a well-rounded assessment of the fellows and share the assessment burden. Lastly, the evaluation data should be presented to fellows in a format where it can inform goal setting. The evaluation system needs to evolve along with the changes being made in curriculum design. This will help to make fellowship learning effective and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Waheed
- Piedmont Nephrology and Internal Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Laura Maursetter
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
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Duarte MB, da Costa Moraes AA, Ferreira EV, da Silva Almeida GC, da Rocha Santos EG, Pinto GHL, de Oliveira PR, Amorim CF, Dos Santos Cabral A, Saunier G, Costa E Silva ADA, Belgamo A, Souza GDS, Callegari B. Validity and reliability of a smartphone-based assessment for anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments during predictable perturbations. Gait Posture 2022; 96:9-17. [PMID: 35533431 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural adjustments involve displacements of the center of mass (COM), controlled by the central nervous system (CNS), to maintain equilibrium whilst standing. Postural adjustments can be anticipatory (APAs) or compensatory (CPAs), and are triggered to counteract predictable perturbations. RESEARCH QUESTION Is the new smartphone application, Momentum, a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of body balance, by measuring APAs and CPAs using accelerometer readings? METHODS 20 young adults were exposed to external predictable perturbations induced at the shoulder level, whilst standing. COM linear acceleration was recorded by Momentum (extracting data from a smartphone's accelerometer) and a 3D motion capture system. RESULTS The key results demonstrated a very high, significant correlation (r ≥ 0.7, p < 0.05) between the two device settings in the APA parameters, which obtained r = 0.65, denoting a high correlation. Considering the reliability, variables that are compensatory in nature are presented on a scale of good to excellent in measurement methods, kinematics, and Momentum. However, the anticipatory variables presented excellent reliability only for the kinematics. SIGNIFICANCE These experiments show that Momentum is a valid method for measuring COM acceleration under predictable perturbations and is reliable for compensatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Brito Duarte
- Laboratório de Estudos da Motricidade Humana, Av. Generalíssimo deodoro 01, Belém 66073-00, PA, Brazil.
| | | | - Eduardo Veloso Ferreira
- Laboratório de Estudos da Motricidade Humana, Av. Generalíssimo deodoro 01, Belém 66073-00, PA, Brazil.
| | | | - Enzo Gabriel da Rocha Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém 66093-020, PA, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Lima Pinto
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém 66093-020, PA, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rui de Oliveira
- Doctoral and Masters Program in Physical Therapy, UNICID, 448/475 Cesário Galeno St., São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - César Ferreira Amorim
- Doctoral and Masters Program in Physical Therapy, UNICID, 448/475 Cesário Galeno St., São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Département des Sciences de la Santé, Programme de physiothérapie de l'université McGill offert en extension à l'UQAC, Saguenay, Québec, Canada; Physical Therapy and Neuroscience Departments, Wertheims' Colleges of Nursing and Health Sciences and Medicine, Florida International University (FIU), Miami, FL, United States
| | - André Dos Santos Cabral
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Tv. Perebebuí, 2623 - Marco, Belém, PA 66087-662, Brazil.
| | - Ghislain Saunier
- Laboratório de Cognição Motora, Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Anselmo de Athayde Costa E Silva
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências do Movimento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Generalíssimo deodoro 01, Belém 66073-00, PA, Brazil.
| | - Anderson Belgamo
- Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto Federal de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
| | - Givago da Silva Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Callegari
- Laboratório de Estudos da Motricidade Humana, Av. Generalíssimo deodoro 01, Belém 66073-00, PA, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências do Movimento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Generalíssimo deodoro 01, Belém 66073-00, PA, Brazil.
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Guo L, Kou J, Wu M. Ability of Wearable Accelerometers-Based Measures to Assess the Stability of Working Postures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4695. [PMID: 35457561 PMCID: PMC9030489 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development and widespread application of wearable inertial sensors in the field of human motion capture, the low-cost and non-invasive accelerometer (ACC) based measures have been widely used for working postural stability assessment. This study systematically investigated the abilities of ACC-based measures to assess the stability of working postures in terms of the ability to detect the effects of work-related factors and the ability to classify stable and unstable working postures. Thirty young males participated in this study and performed twenty-four load-holding tasks (six working postures × two standing surfaces × two holding loads), and forty-three ACC-based measures were derived from the ACC data obtained by using a 17 inertial sensors-based motion capture system. ANOVAs, t-tests and machine learning (ML) methods were adopted to study the factors’ effects detection ability and the postural stability classification ability. The results show that almost all forty-three ACC-based measures could (p < 0.05) detect the main effects of Working Posture and Load Carriage, and their interaction effects. However, most of them failed in (p ≥ 0.05) detecting Standing Surface’s main or interaction effects. Five measures could detect both main and interaction effects of all the three factors, which are recommended for working postural stability assessment. The performance in postural stability classification based on ML was also good, and the feature set exerted a greater influence on the classification accuracy than sensor configuration (i.e., sensor placement locations). The results show that the pelvis and lower legs are recommended locations overall, in which the pelvis is the first choice. The findings of this study have proved that wearable ACC-based measures could assess the stability of working postures, including the work-related factors’ effects detection ability and stable-unstable working postures classification ability. However, researchers should pay more attention to the measure selection, sensors placement, feature selection and extraction in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Guo
- Department of Safety Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.K.); (M.W.)
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Validity and Reliability of a Smartphone App for Gait and Balance Assessment. SENSORS 2021; 22:s22010124. [PMID: 35009667 PMCID: PMC8747233 DOI: 10.3390/s22010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in technology provide an opportunity to enhance the accuracy of gait and balance assessment, improving the diagnosis and rehabilitation processes for people with acute or chronic health conditions. This study investigated the validity and reliability of a smartphone-based application to measure postural stability and spatiotemporal aspects of gait during four static balance and two gait tasks. Thirty healthy participants (aged 20–69 years) performed the following tasks: (1) standing on a firm surface with eyes opened, (2) standing on a firm surface with eyes closed, (3) standing on a compliant surface with eyes open, (4) standing on a compliant surface with eyes closed, (5) walking in a straight line, and (6) walking in a straight line while turning their head from side to side. During these tasks, the app quantified the participants’ postural stability and spatiotemporal gait parameters. The concurrent validity of the smartphone app with respect to a 3D motion capture system was evaluated using partial Pearson’s correlations (rp) and limits of the agreement (LoA%). The within-session test–retest reliability over three repeated measures was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the standard error of measurement (SEM). One-way repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to evaluate responsiveness to differences across tasks and repetitions. Periodicity index, step length, step time, and walking speed during the gait tasks and postural stability outcomes during the static tasks showed moderate-to-excellent validity (0.55 ≤ rp ≤ 0.98; 3% ≤ LoA% ≤ 12%) and reliability scores (0.52 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.92; 1% ≤ SEM% ≤ 6%) when the repetition effect was removed. Conversely, step variability and asymmetry parameters during both gait tasks generally showed poor validity and reliability except step length asymmetry, which showed moderate reliability (0.53 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.62) in both tasks when the repetition effect was removed. Postural stability and spatiotemporal gait parameters were found responsive (p < 0.05) to differences across tasks and test repetitions. Along with sound clinical judgement, the app can potentially be used in clinical practice to detect gait and balance impairments and track the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs. Further evaluation and refinement of the app in people with significant gait and balance deficits is needed.
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Yoon T, Lee J. Validity and reliability of smartphone-based application for chronic ankle instability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2021. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2021.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background/aims Ankle instability is one of the most common injuries that can occur during everyday life, sports and exercise. Recently, smartphone accelerometers have been used to measure single leg balance associated with ankle instability, because they are easy to use, inexpensive and can be used in small spaces. Thus, the purpose of this study was to introduce and investigate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the smartphone accelerometer when assessing ankle instability. Methods A total of 26 individuals who had ankle instability were recruited. The single leg stance balance was measured using a smartphone accelerometer (Accelerometer application) and a force platform (I-Balance) for 5 seconds with their eyes open or their eyes closed. Results In the eyes open position, intra-rater reliability of the smartphone accelerometer was excellent for both raters (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.87–0.90); and the inter-rater reliability was moderate (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.71). In the eyes closed position, the intra-rater reliability of the smartphone accelerometer was excellent for both raters (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.90–0.93); the inter-rater reliability was good (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.82). Additionally, there were fair positive correlations between the smartphone accelerometer and the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool, and between the smartphone accelerometer and I-Balance (r=0.33, 0.30 respectively). Conclusions The present study demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliabilities of two raters and moderate to good inter-rater reliabilities. The smartphone accelerometer offers several important advantages as a potential portable medical device to assess ankle instability accurately. Although there was a positive correlation, the relationships between the smartphone accelerometer and Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool and that between the smartphone accelerometer and I-Balance were fair. Future studies should investigate the validity of the smartphone accelerometer as a portable medical device for determining ankle instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taelim Yoon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Cheongju University, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Baekseok University, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
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The Contribution of Machine Learning in the Validation of Commercial Wearable Sensors for Gait Monitoring in Patients: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21144808. [PMID: 34300546 PMCID: PMC8309920 DOI: 10.3390/s21144808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gait, balance, and coordination are important in the development of chronic disease, but the ability to accurately assess these in the daily lives of patients may be limited by traditional biased assessment tools. Wearable sensors offer the possibility of minimizing the main limitations of traditional assessment tools by generating quantitative data on a regular basis, which can greatly improve the home monitoring of patients. However, these commercial sensors must be validated in this context with rigorous validation methods. This scoping review summarizes the state-of-the-art between 2010 and 2020 in terms of the use of commercial wearable devices for gait monitoring in patients. For this specific period, 10 databases were searched and 564 records were retrieved from the associated search. This scoping review included 70 studies investigating one or more wearable sensors used to automatically track patient gait in the field. The majority of studies (95%) utilized accelerometers either by itself (N = 17 of 70) or embedded into a device (N = 57 of 70) and/or gyroscopes (51%) to automatically monitor gait via wearable sensors. All of the studies (N = 70) used one or more validation methods in which “ground truth” data were reported. Regarding the validation of wearable sensors, studies using machine learning have become more numerous since 2010, at 17% of included studies. This scoping review highlights the current state of the ability of commercial sensors to enhance traditional methods of gait assessment by passively monitoring gait in daily life, over long periods of time, and with minimal user interaction. Considering our review of the last 10 years in this field, machine learning approaches are algorithms to be considered for the future. These are in fact data-based approaches which, as long as the data collected are numerous, annotated, and representative, allow for the training of an effective model. In this context, commercial wearable sensors allowing for increased data collection and good patient adherence through efforts of miniaturization, energy consumption, and comfort will contribute to its future success.
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Ankle Stability and Movement Coordination Impairments: Lateral Ankle Ligament Sprains Revision 2021. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021; 51:CPG1-CPG80. [PMID: 33789434 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2021.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This revised clinical practice guideline (CPG) addresses the distinct but related lower extremity impairments of those with a first-time lateral ankle sprain (LAS) and those with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Depending on many factors, impairments may continue following injury. While most individuals experience resolution of symptoms, complaints of instability may continue and are defined as CAI. The aims of the revision were to provide a concise summary of the contemporary evidence since publication of the original guideline and to develop new recommendations or revise previously published recommendations to support evidence-based practice. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021;51(4):CPG1-CPG80. doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.0302.
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Chiu YL, Tsai CL, Sung WH, Tsai YJ. Feasibility of Smartphone-Based Badminton Footwork Performance Assessment System. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216035. [PMID: 33114105 PMCID: PMC7660291 DOI: 10.3390/s20216035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Footwork is the most fundamental skill in badminton, involving the ability of acceleration or deceleration and changing directions on the court, which is related to accurate shots and better game performance. The footwork performance in-field is commonly assessed using the total finished time, but does not provide any information in each direction. With the higher usage of the smartphones, utilizing their built-in inertial sensors to assess footwork performance in-field might be possible by providing information about body acceleration in each direction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a smartphone-based measurement system on badminton six-point footwork. The body acceleration during the six-point footwork was recorded using a smartphone fixed at the belly button and a self-developed application in thirty badminton players. The mean and maximum of the acceleration resultant for each direction of the footwork were calculated. The participants were classified into either the faster or slower group based on the finished duration of footwork. Badminton players who finished the footwork faster demonstrated a greater mean and maximum acceleration compared to those who finished slower in most directions except for the frontcourt directions. The current study found that using a smartphone’s built-in accelerometer to evaluate badminton footwork is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lan Chiu
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Institution of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institution of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Hsu Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ju Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Validity and reliability of smartphone use in assessing balance in patients with chronic ankle instability and healthy volunteers: A cross-sectional study. Gait Posture 2020; 82:26-32. [PMID: 32947178 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.08.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with defective posture control and balance; thus, a proper assessment of these impairments is necessary for effective clinical decision-making. There is a need for portable, valid, and reliable methods to facilitate the easy collection of real-world data, such as mobile phones. RESEARCH QUESTION Is the smartphone "MyAnkle" application valid and reliable in assessing balance in patients with CAI and healthy volunteers? METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. Sixty-five participants completed two assessment sessions, including 31 patients (n = 41 ankles with CAI and 21 asymptomatic ankles) and 34 healthy volunteers (n = 68 ankles). In each session, dynamic single-leg stance balance was measured simultaneously using the "MyAnkle" application and the Biodex balance system (BBS) version 3. Testing was conducted at three levels of BBS difficulty-4 (D4, hard, loose platform), 6 (D6, moderate), and 8 (D8, easy, stiffer platform)-and repeated with opened and closed eyes. Both limbs were tested in a random order by two independent blinded assessors. RESULTS The two devices showed significant poor-to-moderate correlations when eyes were closed (p < 0.05). For discriminant validity, the application did not distinguish the two study groups in all tested conditions (p > 0.05), whereas the BBS weakly to moderately distinguished the dominant limbs in the two groups at all difficulty levels with eyes-open and at D8 with eyes-closed regardless to limb dominance. For reliability, a significantly poor to moderate inter-session reliability was noted for the two devices. SIGNIFICANCE "MyAnkle" application is valid in assessing balance in patients with CAI when the eyes are closed. However, similarly to BBS, its one-week test-retest reliability may be insufficient for accurate follow-up of balance changes and need to be interpreted with caution. Future studies need to establish its inter-tester reliability and its usefulness in telerehabilitation.
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Cruz-Montecinos C, Cuesta-Vargas A, Muñoz C, Flores D, Ellsworth J, De la Fuente C, Calatayud J, Rivera-Lillo G, Soto-Arellano V, Tapia C, García-Massó X. Impact of Visual Biofeedback of Trunk Sway Smoothness on Motor Learning during Unipedal Stance. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092585. [PMID: 32370050 PMCID: PMC7248825 DOI: 10.3390/s20092585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of trunk sway smoothness using an accelerometer sensor embedded in a smartphone could be a biomarker for tracking motor learning. This study aimed to determine the reliability of trunk sway smoothness and the effect of visual biofeedback of sway smoothness on motor learning in healthy people during unipedal stance training using an iPhone 5 measurement system. In the first experiment, trunk sway smoothness in the reliability group (n = 11) was assessed on two days, separated by one week. In the second, the biofeedback group (n = 12) and no-biofeedback group (n = 12) were compared during 7 days of unipedal stance test training and one more day of retention (without biofeedback). The intraclass correlation coefficient score 0.98 (0.93–0.99) showed that this method has excellent test–retest reliability. Based on the power law of practice, the biofeedback group showed greater improvement during training days (p = 0.003). Two-way mixed analysis of variance indicates a significant difference between groups (p < 0.001) and between days (p < 0.001), as well as significant interaction (p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis shows better performance in the biofeedback group from training days 2 and 7, as well as on the retention day (p < 0.001). Motor learning objectification through visual biofeedback of trunk sway smoothness enhances postural control learning and is useful and reliable for assessing motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
- Biomechanics and Kinesiology Laboratory, Hospital San José, 8380419 Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Cuesta-Vargas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- School of Clinical Science, Faculty of Health Science, Queensland University Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Cristian Muñoz
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
| | - Dante Flores
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
| | - Joseph Ellsworth
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
| | - Carlos De la Fuente
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento de Cs. de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, 7820436 Santiago, Chile;
- Laboratorio LIBFE, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad de los Andes, 7620086 Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Salud Deportiva, Clínica Santa María, 7520378 Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquín Calatayud
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Gonzalo Rivera-Lillo
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
- Neuroscience Department, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
- Research and Development Unit, Clínica Los Coihues, 9190025 Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Claudio Tapia
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
- Universidad Tecnológica de Chile INACAP, Escuela Salud, 8340536 Santiago, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Xavier García-Massó
- Human Movement Analysis Group (HuMAG), University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
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Reliability, Validity and Utility of Inertial Sensor Systems for Postural Control Assessment in Sport Science and Medicine Applications: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:783-818. [PMID: 30903440 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in mobile sensing and computing technology have provided a means to objectively and unobtrusively quantify postural control. This has resulted in the rapid development and evaluation of a series of wearable inertial sensor-based assessments. However, the validity, reliability and clinical utility of such systems is not fully understood. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aims to synthesise and evaluate studies that have investigated the ability of wearable inertial sensor systems to validly and reliably quantify postural control performance in sports science and medicine applications. METHODS A systematic search strategy utilising the PRISMA guidelines was employed to identify eligible articles through ScienceDirect, Embase and PubMed databases. In total, 47 articles met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated and qualitatively synthesised under two main headings: measurement validity and measurement reliability. Furthermore, studies that investigated the utility of these systems in clinical populations were summarised and discussed. RESULTS After duplicate removal, 4374 articles were identified with the search strategy, with 47 papers included in the final review. In total, 28 studies investigated validity in healthy populations, and 15 studies investigated validity in clinical populations; 13 investigated the measurement reliability of these sensor-based systems. CONCLUSIONS The application of wearable inertial sensors for sports science and medicine postural control applications is an evolving field. To date, research has primarily focused on evaluating the validity and reliability of a heterogeneous set of assessment protocols, in a laboratory environment. While researchers have begun to investigate their utility in clinical use cases such as concussion and musculoskeletal injury, most studies have leveraged small sample sizes, are of low quality and use a variety of descriptive variables, assessment protocols and sensor-mounting locations. Future research should evaluate the clinical utility of these systems in large high-quality prospective cohort studies to establish the role they may play in injury risk identification, diagnosis and management. This systematic review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews on 10 August 2018 (PROSPERO registration: CRD42018106363): https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=106363 .
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Hou YR, Chiu YL, Chiang SL, Chen HY, Sung WH. Development of a Smartphone-Based Balance Assessment System for Subjects with Stroke. SENSORS 2019; 20:s20010088. [PMID: 31877843 PMCID: PMC6982800 DOI: 10.3390/s20010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a cerebral artery disease that negatively affects activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QoL). Smartphones have demonstrated strong potential in assessing balance performance. However, such smartphone-based tools have thus far not been applied to stroke survivors. The purpose of this study was to develop a smartphone-based balance assessment system for subjects who have experienced strokes and evaluate the system feasibility. The smartphone-based balance assessment application was developed with Android Studio, and reliability and validity tests were conducted. The smartphone was used to record data using a built-in accelerometer and gyroscope, and increased changes represented greater instability. Six postures were tested for 30 s each. Ten healthy adults were recruited in the reliability test, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze the within-day and between-day reliabilities. Eight subjects with chronic stroke and eight healthy adults were recruited for the validity test, in which balance performance was compared to represent the application validity. The ICC values of the reliability tests were at least 0.76 (p = 0.00). The acceleration data exhibited no difference between individuals who have experienced stroke and healthy subjects; however, all six postures were found to differ significantly between the two groups in the gyroscope data. The study demonstrates that the smartphone application provides a convenient, reliable, and valid tool for the balance assessments of subjects who have experienced chronic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ruei Hou
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-R.H.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Ya-Lan Chiu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-R.H.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Shang-Lin Chiang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Ya Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Hsu Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-R.H.); (Y.-L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Ghislieri M, Gastaldi L, Pastorelli S, Tadano S, Agostini V. Wearable Inertial Sensors to Assess Standing Balance: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4075. [PMID: 31547181 PMCID: PMC6806601 DOI: 10.3390/s19194075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors are de facto revolutionizing the assessment of standing balance. The aim of this work is to review the state-of-the-art literature that adopts this new posturographic paradigm, i.e., to analyse human postural sway through inertial sensors directly worn on the subject body. After a systematic search on PubMed and Scopus databases, two raters evaluated the quality of 73 full-text articles, selecting 47 high-quality contributions. A good inter-rater reliability was obtained (Cohen's kappa = 0.79). This selection of papers was used to summarize the available knowledge on the types of sensors used and their positioning, the data acquisition protocols and the main applications in this field (e.g., "active aging", biofeedback-based rehabilitation for fall prevention, and the management of Parkinson's disease and other balance-related pathologies), as well as the most adopted outcome measures. A critical discussion on the validation of wearable systems against gold standards is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ghislieri
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Laura Gastaldi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Stefano Pastorelli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Shigeru Tadano
- National Institute of Technology, Hakodate College, Hakodatate 042-8501, Japan.
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.
| | - Valentina Agostini
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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Moral-Munoz JA, Zhang W, Cobo MJ, Herrera-Viedma E, Kaber DB. Smartphone-based systems for physical rehabilitation applications: A systematic review. Assist Technol 2019; 33:223-236. [DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2019.1611676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Moral-Munoz
- Dept. of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedical Sciences of the Province of Cadiz (INiBICA), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Dept. of Industrial & Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Manuel J. Cobo
- Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Herrera-Viedma
- Dept. of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David B. Kaber
- Dept. of Industrial & Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Barbado D, Irles-Vidal B, Prat-Luri A, García-Vaquero MP, Vera-Garcia FJ. Training intensity quantification of core stability exercises based on a smartphone accelerometer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208262. [PMID: 30517171 PMCID: PMC6281233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although core stability (CS) training is largely used to enhance motor performance and prevent musculoskeletal injuries, the lack of methods to quantify CS training intensity hinders the design of CS programs and the comparison and generalization of their effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability of accelerometers integrated into smartphones to quantify the intensity of several CS isometric exercises. Additionally, this study analyzed to what extent the pelvic acceleration data represent the local stability of the core structures or the whole-body postural control. Twenty-three male and female physically-active individuals performed two testing-sessions spaced one week apart, each consisting of two 6-second trials of five variations of frontal bridge, back bridge, lateral bridge and bird-dog exercises. In order to assess load intensity based on the postural control challenge of CS exercises, a smartphone accelerometer and two force platforms were used to measure the mean pelvic linear acceleration and the mean velocity of the centre of pressure displacement, respectively. Reliability was assessed through the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC3,1) and the standard error of measurement (SEM). In addition, Pearson coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between parameters. The reliability analysis showed that most CS exercise variations obtained moderate-to-high reliability scores for pelvic acceleration (0.71<ICC<0.88; 13.23%≤SEM≤22.99%) and low-to-moderate reliability scores for centre of pressure displacement (0.24<ICC<0.89; 9.88%≤SEM≤35.90%). Regarding the correlation analysis, correlations between pelvic acceleration and centre of pressure displacement were moderate-to-high (0.52≤r≤0.81). Based on these results, smartphone accelerometers seem reliable devices to quantify isometric CS exercise intensity, which is useful to identify the individuals’ CS status and to improve the dose-response characterization of CS programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barbado
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Belen Irles-Vidal
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Amaya Prat-Luri
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
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