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Einafshar M(M, Rajaeirad M, Babazadeh Ghazijahani A, Skipper Andersen M. On the importance of precision in cortical bone drilling: Integrating experimental validation and computational modeling. J Orthop 2024; 56:70-76. [PMID: 38800589 PMCID: PMC11127272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2024.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cortical bone drilling is integral to orthopedic and dental surgeries, yet challenges such as thermal necrosis persist. Previous finite element (FE) models may overlook critical parameters, impacting accuracy. This study aims to integrate experimental and computational approaches to predict essential parameters-initial temperature, point angle, and spindle speed-enhancing precision in cortical bone drilling. Methods Bovine cortical samples were utilized to systematically investigate the impact of four independent parameters on maximum temperature (MT) and maximum thrust force (MTF). Parameters included drill bit initial temperature (IT), diameter, point angle, and spindle speed (225-2700 rpm, feed rate 0.5-3 mm/s). Experimental procedures involved an orthopedic handpiece with titanium drill bits. DEFORM-3D V6.02 facilitated FE simulation, with the validated model developed for the second stage of the drilling process. Results The validated model highlighted the significant impact of drill bit IT on MT, predicting a 26.14 % decrease in final bone temperature as IT decreased from 25 to 5 °C. Increasing the point angle from 70 to 120° resulted in a 13.1 % MT increase and a 26.9 % decrease in MTF. Spindle speed variations exhibited a 48.3 % temperature increase and an 82.8 % MTF decrease. Conclusions Integrating experimental validation and computational modeling offers a comprehensive approach to predict drilling parameters. Precision in cortical bone drilling can be optimized by selecting specific parameters, including lower drill bit IT, smaller point angles, and controlled spindle speeds. This optimization reduces the risk of bone necrosis and thermal damage, thereby enhancing surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohadese Rajaeirad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Xie S, Cui L, Liu J, Qing P, Li J. Impact of screw tip design on screw anchorage: mechanical testing and numerical simulation. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:447. [PMID: 39080768 PMCID: PMC11287948 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screw loosening is a commonly reported issue following spinal screw fixation and can lead to various complications. The initial cause of screw loosening is biomechanical deterioration. Previous studies have demonstrated that modifications in screw design can impact the local biomechanical environment, specifically the stress distribution on bone-screw interfaces. There are several different designs of screw tips available for clinically used pedicle screws; however, it remains unclear whether these variations affect the local stress distribution and subsequent screw anchorage ability. METHODS This study conducted comprehensive biomechanical research using polyurethane foam mechanical tests and corresponding numerical simulations to investigate this topic. Models of pedicle screw-fixed osteoporotic polyurethane foam were created with two different clinically used screw tip designs (flat and steep) featuring varying tip lengths, taper angles, and diameters, as well as identical flank overlap areas and thread designs. The anchorage ability of the different models was assessed through toggle and pull-out test. Additionally, numerical mechanical models were utilized to compute the stress distributions at the screw and bone-screw interfaces in the different models. RESULTS Mechanical tests revealed superior anchorage ability in models utilizing flat-tipped screws. Furthermore, numerical modeling indicated improved anchorage ability and reduced stress concentration tendency in these models. CONCLUSION Changes in screw tip design can significantly impact the biomechanical anchoring capability of screws. Specifically, flatter tip pedicle screws may mitigate the risk of screw loosening by alleviating stress concentration on bone-screw interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Xie
- Department of Spine surgery, Mianyang Orthopedic Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, 621052, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Cui
- Department of Spine surgery, Mianyang Orthopedic Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, 621052, P.R. China
| | - Jinhui Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopaedic Engineering, Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Peidong Qing
- Department of Spine surgery, Mianyang Orthopedic Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, 621052, P.R. China.
| | - Jingchi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Disorders, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, P.R. China.
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Xi Z, Xie Y, Sun S, Wang N, Chen S, Kang X, Li J. Stepwise reduction of bony density in patients induces a higher risk of annular tears by deteriorating the local biomechanical environment. Spine J 2024; 24:831-841. [PMID: 38232914 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT The relationship between osteoporosis and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) remains unclear. Considering that annular tear is the primary phenotype of IDD in the lumbar spine, the deteriorating local biomechanical environment may be the main trigger for annular tears. PURPOSE To investigate whether poor bone mineral density (BMD) in the vertebral bodies may increase the risk of annular tears via the degradation of the local biomechanical environment. STUDY DESIGN This study was a retrospective investigation with relevant numerical mechanical simulations. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 64 patients with low back pain (LBP) and the most severe IDD in the L4-L5 motion segment were enrolled. OUTCOME MEASURES Annulus integration status was assessed using diffusion tensor fibre tractography (DTT). Hounsfield unit (HU) values of adjacent vertebral bodies were employed to determine BMD. Numerical simulations were conducted to compute stress values in the annulus of models with different BMDs and body positions. METHODS The clinical data of the 64 patients with low back pain were collected retrospectively. The BMD of the vertebral bodies was measured using the HU values, and the annulus integration status was determined according to DTT. The data of the patients with and without annular tears were compared, and regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for annular tears. Furthermore, finite element models of the L4-L5 motion segment were constructed and validated, followed by estimating the maximum stress on the post and postlateral interfaces between the superior and inferior bony endplates (BEPs) and the annulus. RESULTS Patients with lower HU values in their vertebral bodies had significantly higher incidence rates of annular tears, with decreased HU values being an independent risk factor for annular tears. Moreover, increased stress on the BEP-annulus interfaces was associated with a stepwise reduction of bony density (ie, elastic modulus) in the numerical models. CONCLUSIONS The stepwise reduction of bony density in patients results in a higher risk of annular tears by deteriorating the local biomechanical environment. Thus, osteoporosis should be considered to be a potential risk factor for IDD biomechanically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100th. Shizi Street , Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China; Department of Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, 2th. Jiankang Street, Yining, 835000, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100th. Shizi Street , Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Shenglu Sun
- Department of Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100th. Shizi Street , Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100th. Shizi Street , Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100th. Shizi Street , Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, 2th. Jiankang Street, Yining, 835000, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Jingchi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.182, Chunhui Rd, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, P.R. China.
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Synek A, Ortner L, Pahr DH. Accuracy of osseointegrated screw-bone construct stiffness and peri-implant loading predicted by homogenized FE models relative to micro-FE models. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 140:105740. [PMID: 36863197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Computational predictions of stiffness and peri-implant loading of screw-bone constructs are highly relevant to investigate and improve bone fracture fixations. Homogenized finite element (hFE) models have been used for this purpose in the past, but their accuracy has been questioned given the numerous simplifications, such as neglecting screw threads and modelling the trabecular bone structure as a continuum. This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of hFE models of an osseointegrated screw-bone construct when compared to micro-FE models considering the simplified screw geometry and different trabecular bone material models. Micro-FE and hFE models were created from 15 cylindrical bone samples with a virtually inserted, osseointegrated screw (fully bonded interface). Micro-FE models were created including the screw with threads (=reference models) and without threads to quantify the error due to screw geometry simplification. In the hFE models, the screws were modelled without threads and four different trabecular bone material models were used, including orthotropic and isotropic material derived from homogenization with kinematic uniform boundary conditions (KUBC), as well as from periodicity-compatible mixed uniform boundary conditions (PMUBC). Three load cases were simulated (pullout, shear in two directions) and errors in the construct stiffness and the volume average strain energy density (SED) in the peri-implant region were evaluated relative to the micro-FE model with a threaded screw. The pooled error caused by only omitting screw threads was low (max: 8.0%) compared to the pooled error additionally including homogenized trabecular bone material (max: 92.2%). Stiffness was predicted most accurately using PMUBC-derived orthotropic material (error: -0.7 ± 8.0%) and least accurately using KUBC-derived isotropic material (error: +23.1 ± 24.4%). Peri-implant SED averages were generally well correlated (R2 ≥ 0.76), but slightly over- or underestimated by the hFE models and SED distributions were qualitatively different between hFE and micro-FE models. This study suggests that osseointegrated screw-bone construct stiffness can be predicted accurately using hFE models when compared to micro-FE models and that volume average peri-implant SEDs are well correlated. However, the hFE models are highly sensitive to the choice of trabecular bone material properties. PMUBC-derived isotropic material properties represented the best trade-off between model accuracy and complexity in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Synek
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Austria.
| | - Lukas Ortner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Austria
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Austria; Division Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Austria
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Saghaei Z, Hashemi A. Homogeneous material models can overestimate stresses in high tibial osteotomy: A finite element analysis. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2023; 237:224-232. [PMID: 36598138 DOI: 10.1177/09544119221144811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although widely used numerical models can assess the stability of lateral hinges in high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and may provide acceptable results in comparative studies, accurate stress prediction may not be possible due to simplified homogeneous models of the bone. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a heterogeneous versus four homogeneous models on the results of stress and force. Each of the four homogenized FE models utilized the same elastic modulus of 16,700 MPa for the cortical while employing a single elastic modulus varying from 155 to 5000 MPa for the cancellous. In heterogeneous model, the modulus of each element was assigned using the bone density. It was found that stresses at the hinge in homogeneous models were higher than those in the heterogeneous model. The maximum principal stress (MPS) was 437 MPa for the heterogeneous model while that was 2179, 2351, 2581, and 2637 MPa for the homogeneous models with the elastic moduli of 155, 500, 2130, and 5000 MPa, respectively. Also, the opening force was 150 N for the heterogeneous model significantly lower than 649-1534 N range predicted for the homogeneous models. The use of a homogeneous model in the FE analysis of HTO overestimated the stresses and force. Thus, in addition to casting doubt on the use of a single modulus in the numerical analysis of HTO, Future HTO studies can use our results as a benchmark for comparison purposes and highlight the use of patient-specific bone density - elastic modulus relation in simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Saghaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ata Hashemi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran
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Ye H, Yang Y, Xing T, Tan G, Jin S, Zhao Z, Zhang W, Li Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Zheng R, Lu Y, Wu L. Anatomical and Biomechanical Stability of Single/Double Screw-Cancellous Bone Fixations of Regan-Morry Type III Ulnar Coronoid Fractures in Adults: CT Measurement and Finite Element Analysis. Orthop Surg 2023; 15:1072-1084. [PMID: 36647280 PMCID: PMC10102310 DOI: 10.1111/os.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE At present, it is still uncertain whether single screw has the same stability as double screws in the treatment of ulnar coronal process basal fracture (Regan-Morry type III). So, we aimed to compare the pull-out force and anti-rotation torque of anterior single/double screw-cancellous bone fixation (aSSBF, aDSBF) in this fracture, and further study the influencing factors on anatomical and biomechanical stability of smart screw internal fixations. METHODS A total of 63 adult volunteers with no history of elbow injury underwent elbow CT scanning with associated three-dimensional reconstruction that enabled the measurements of bone density and fixed length of the proximal ulna and coronoid. The models of coronal process basal fracture, aSSBF and aDSBF, were developed and validated. Using the finite element model test, the sensitivity analysis of pull-out force and rotational torque was carried out. RESULTS The pull-out force of aSSBF model was positively correlated with the density of the cancellous bone and linearly related to the fixed depth of the screw. The load pattern of pull-out force of aDSBF model was similar to that of aSSBF model. The ultimate torque of aDSBF model was higher than that of aSSBF model, but the load pattern of ultimate torque of both models was similar to each other when the fracture reset was satisfactory, and the screw nut attaches closely to coronoid process. Moreover, with enhancement of initial pre-tightening force, the increase of ultimate torque of both models was small. CONCLUSIONS In addition to three pull-out stability factors of smart screw fixations, fracture surface fitting degree and nut fitting degree are the other two important anatomical and biomechanical stability factors of smart screw fixations both for rotational stability. When all pull-out stability and rotational stability factors meet reasonable conditions simultaneously, single or double screw fixation methods are stable for the treatments of ulnar coronoid basal fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ye
- Institute of Digitized Medicine and Intelligent Technology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Teda Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingyang Xing
- Institute of Digitized Medicine and Intelligent Technology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guirong Tan
- Institute of Digitized Medicine and Intelligent Technology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuxun Jin
- Institute of Digitized Medicine and Intelligent Technology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- Institute of Digitized Medicine and Intelligent Technology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weikang Zhang
- Institute of Digitized Medicine and Intelligent Technology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Institute of Digitized Medicine and Intelligent Technology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianshun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rongmei Zheng
- Institute of Digitized Medicine and Intelligent Technology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Teda Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Institute of Digitized Medicine and Intelligent Technology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Einafshar M, Hashemi A, Kiapour A. Evaluation of the efficacy of modal analysis in predicting the pullout strength of fixation bone screws. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1220. [PMID: 36601373 PMCID: PMC9799086 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pilot hole preparation has been shown to have an impact on the short and long-term stability of the screw fixation constructs. Purpose Investigation and comparison of two nondestructive modal analysis methods with conventional insertion torque (IT) and pullout tests in optimum pilot hole diameter detection. Methods Twenty conical core titanium screws were embedded in high-density polyethylene blocks with different pilot hole diameters. The maximum IT was recorded for each screw during implantation. Then, two modal analysis methods including accelerometer (classical modal analysis [CMA]) and acoustic modal analysis (AMA) were carried out to measure the natural frequency (NF) of the bone-screw structure. Finally, stiffness (S), pullout force (Fult), displacement at Fult (dult) and energy dissipation (ED) were obtained from the destructive pullout test. Results The IT increased, as the pilot hole diameter decreased. The maximum value of IT was observed in the smallest pilot hole diameter. The same trend was found for the Fult and the first NF derived from both modal methods except for 5.5 mm pilot hole diameter. The natural NFs derived from CMA and AMA showed high correlations in different groups (R2 = 0.94) and did not deviate from y = x hypothesis in linear regression analysis. The Fult, dult, and ED were measured 4800 ± 172 N, 3.10 ± 0.08 mm and 14.23 ± 1.10 N.mm, respectively. Discussion No significant change was observed in "S" between the groups. The highest Fult and first NF were obtained for the 5.5 mm pilot hole diameter. Both CMA and AMA were found to be reliable methods and can promote the undesirable contradiction between Fult and IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadjavad Einafshar
- Biomechanical Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical EngineeringAmirkabir University of TechnologyTehranIran,Department of Material and ProductionAalborg UniversityAalborgDenamrk
| | - Ata Hashemi
- Biomechanical Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical EngineeringAmirkabir University of TechnologyTehranIran
| | - Ali Kiapour
- Departments of NeurosurgeryMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Jerban S, Alenezi S, Afsahi AM, Ma Y, Du J, Chung CB, Chang E. MRI-based mechanical competence assessment of bone using micro finite element analysis (micro-FEA): Review. Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 88:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ovesy M, Silva-Henao JD, Fletcher JWA, Gueorguiev B, Zysset PK, Varga P. Non-linear explicit micro-FE models accurately predict axial pull-out force of cortical screws in human tibial cortical bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:105002. [PMID: 34894498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Screws are the most frequently used implants for treatment of bone fractures and play an essential role in determining fixation stability. Robust prediction of the bone-screw interface failure would enable development of improved fixation strategies and implant designs, ultimately reducing failure rates and improving outcomes of bone fracture treatments. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of micro-computed tomography image based bone volume measures, linear micro-finite element (FE) and non-linear micro-FE simulations in predicting pull-out force of 3.5 mm screws in human cadaveric tibial cortical bone. Axial pull-out experiments were performed in forty samples harvested from a single human tibia to measure ultimate force, which was correlated with bone volume around the screw and the predictions by both linear micro-FE and non-linear explicit micro-FE models. Correlation strength was similar for bone volume around the screw (R2 = 0.866) and linear micro-FE (R2 = 0.861), but the explicit non-linear micro-FE models were able to capture the experimental results more accurately (R2 = 0.913) and quantitatively correctly. Therefore, this technique may have potential for future in silico studies aiming at implant design optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Ovesy
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juan Diego Silva-Henao
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland; Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | | | | | - Philippe K Zysset
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Varga
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland.
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