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Osete JR, Akkouh IA, Ievglevskyi O, Vandenberghe M, de Assis DR, Ueland T, Kondratskaya E, Holen B, Szabo A, Hughes T, Smeland OB, Steen VM, Andreassen OA, Djurovic S. Transcriptional and functional effects of lithium in bipolar disorder iPSC-derived cortical spheroids. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3033-3043. [PMID: 36653674 PMCID: PMC10615757 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is recommended for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder (BD). However, its mechanism of action is still poorly understood. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain organoids have emerged as a powerful tool for modeling BD-related disease mechanisms. We studied the effects of 1 mM Li treatment for 1 month in iPSC-derived human cortical spheroids (hCS) from 10 healthy controls (CTRL) and 11 BD patients (6 Li-responders, Li-R, and 5 Li non-treated, Li-N). At day 180 of differentiation, BD hCS showed smaller size, reduced proportion of neurons, decreased neuronal excitability and reduced neural network activity compared to CTRL hCS. Li rescued excitability of BD hCS neurons by exerting an opposite effect in the two diagnostic groups, increasing excitability in BD hCS and decreasing it in CTRL hCS. We identified 132 Li-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were overrepresented in sodium ion homeostasis and kidney-related pathways. Moreover, Li regulated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased mitochondrial reserve capacity in BD hCS. Through long-term Li treatment of a human 3D brain model, this study partly elucidates the functional and transcriptional mechanisms underlying the clinical effects of Li, such as rescue of neuronal excitability and neuroprotection. Our results also underscore the substantial influence of treatment duration in Li studies. Lastly, this study illustrates the potential of patient iPSC-derived 3D brain models for precision medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Requena Osete
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ibrahim A Akkouh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Ievglevskyi
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthieu Vandenberghe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Denis Reis de Assis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elena Kondratskaya
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Børge Holen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Attila Szabo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy Hughes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B Smeland
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vidar Martin Steen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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2
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Taskaeva I, Kasatova A, Surodin D, Bgatova N, Taskaev S. Study of Lithium Biodistribution and Nephrotoxicity in Skin Melanoma Mice Model: The First Step towards Implementing Lithium Neutron Capture Therapy. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020518. [PMID: 36836875 PMCID: PMC9965240 DOI: 10.3390/life13020518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is one of the promising treatment methods for malignant melanoma. The main issue of this technology is the insufficient selectivity of 10B accumulation in tumor cells. As a result of the neutron absorption by boron, an 84% energy release occurred within the cell by the nuclear reaction 10B (n, α)7Li, which lead to tumor cell death. The use of lithium instead of boron brings a new unique opportunity-local 100% energy release-since all products of the 6Li (n, α)3H reaction have high linear energy transfer characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of Li in the tumor, skin, blood, brain and kidney in experimental animals with B16 melanoma and to analyze the potential Li toxicity after lithium carbonate administration at single doses of 300 and 400 mg/kg. Lithium carbonate was chosen since there is a long-term experience of its use in clinical practice for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was used to evaluate Li concentrations in tissue samples. The accumulation efficiency of Li in the tumor was the highest at a time point of 30 min (22.4 µg/g; at a dose of 400 mg/kg). Despite the high lithium accumulation in the kidneys, the pathological changes in kidney tissues were not found. Thus, lithium may actually be used for the Li-NCT development and future studies can be conducted using 6Li and following irradiation of tumor cells using the schemes of lithium administration tested in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Taskaeva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(983)-301-52-21
| | - Anna Kasatova
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry Surodin
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya Bgatova
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Taskaev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Yang C, Zhu B, Zhan M, Hua ZC. Lithium in Cancer Therapy: Friend or Foe? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041095. [PMID: 36831437 PMCID: PMC9954674 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium, a trace element important for fetal health and development, is considered a metal drug with a well-established clinical regime, economical production process, and a mature storage system. Several studies have shown that lithium affects tumor development by regulating inositol monophosphate (IMPase) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Lithium can also promote proliferation and programmed cell death (PCD) in tumor cells through a number of new targets, such as the nuclear receptor NR4A1 and Hedgehog-Gli. Lithium may increase cancer treatment efficacy while reducing side effects, suggesting that it can be used as an adjunctive therapy. In this review, we summarize the effects of lithium on tumor progression and discuss the underlying mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss lithium's limitations in antitumor clinical applications, including its narrow therapeutic window and potential pro-cancer effects on the tumor immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yang
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (Z.-C.H.)
| | - Mingjie Zhan
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (Z.-C.H.)
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Grauffel C, Weng WH, Dudev T, Lim C. Trinuclear Calcium Site in the C2 Domain of PKCα/γ Is Prone to Lithium Attack. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20657-20666. [PMID: 34396011 PMCID: PMC8359144 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li+) is the first-line therapy for bipolar disorder and a candidate drug for various diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. Despite being the captivating subject of many studies, the mechanism of lithium's therapeutic action remains unclear. To date, it has been shown that Li+ competes with Mg2+ and Na+ to normalize the activity of inositol and neurotransmitter-related signaling proteins, respectively. Furthermore, Li+ may co-bind with Mg2+-loaded adenosine or guanosine triphosphate to alter the complex's susceptibility to hydrolysis and mediate cellular signaling. Bipolar disorder patients exhibit abnormally high cytosolic Ca2+ levels and protein kinase C (PKC) hyperactivity that can be downregulated by long-term Li+ treatment. However, the possibility that monovalent Li+ could displace the bulkier divalent Ca2+ and inhibit PKC activity has not been considered. Here, using density functional theory calculations combined with continuum dielectric methods, we show that Li+ may displace the native dication from the positively charged trinuclear site in the C2 domain of cytosolic PKCα/γ. This would affect the membrane-docking ability of cytosolic PKCα/γ and reduce the abnormally high membrane-associated active PKCα/γ levels, thus downregulating the PKC hyperactivity found in bipolar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Grauffel
- Institute of Biomedical
Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Weng
- Institute of Biomedical
Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute of Biomedical
Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing
Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Gunawan R, Imran A, Ahmed I, Liu Y, Chu Y, Guo L, Yang M, Lau C. FROZEN! Intracellular multi-electrolyte analysis measures millimolar lithium in mammalian cells. Analyst 2021; 146:5186-5197. [PMID: 34297019 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00806d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium salts are commonly used as medication for Bipolar Disorder (BD) and depression. However, there are limited methods to quantify intracellular lithium. Most methods to analyze intracellular electrolytes require tedious sample processing, specialized and often expensive machinery, sometimes involving harmful chemicals, and a bulk amount of the sample. In this work, we report a novel method (FROZEN!) based on cell isolation (from the surrounding medium) through rapid de-ionized water cleaning, followed by flash freezing for preservation. SKOV3 cells were cultured in normal medium and a medium containing 1.0 mM lithium. Lithium and other intracellular electrolytes in the isolated and preserved cells were simultaneously analyzed with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Key electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium, along with lithium, were detectable at the single-cell level. We found that cells cultured in the lithium medium have an intracellular lithium concentration of 0.5 mM. Concurrently, the intracellular concentrations of other positively charged electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and magnesium) were reduced by the presence of lithium. FROZEN! will greatly facilitate research in intracellular electrolyte balance during drug treatment, or other physiological stresses. In particular, the cell isolation and preservation steps can be easily performed by many laboratories worldwide, after which the samples are sent to an analytical laboratory for electrolyte analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renardi Gunawan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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Vosahlikova M, Roubalova L, Cechova K, Kaufman J, Musil S, Miksik I, Alda M, Svoboda P. Na +/K +-ATPase and lipid peroxidation in forebrain cortex and hippocampus of sleep-deprived rats treated with therapeutic lithium concentration for different periods of time. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 102:109953. [PMID: 32360816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is a typical mood stabilizer and the first choice for treatment of bipolar disorder (BD). Despite an extensive clinical use of Li, its mechanisms of action remain widely different and debated. In this work, we studied the time-course of the therapeutic Li effects on ouabain-sensitive Na+/K+-ATPase in forebrain cortex and hippocampus of rats exposed to 3-day sleep deprivation (SD). We also monitored lipid peroxidation as malondialdehyde (MDA) production. In samples of plasma collected from all experimental groups of animals, Li concentrations were followed by ICP-MS. The acute (1 day), short-term (7 days) and chronic (28 days) treatment of rats with Li resulted in large decrease of Na+/K+-ATPase activity in both brain parts. At the same time, SD of control, Li-untreated rats increased Na+/K+-ATPase along with increased production of MDA. The SD-induced increase of Na+/K+-ATPase and MDA was attenuated in Li-treated rats. While SD results in a positive change of Na+/K+-ATPase, the inhibitory effect of Li treatment may be interpreted as a pharmacological mechanism causing a normalization of the stress-induced shift and return the Na+/K+-ATPase back to control level. We conclude that SD alone up-regulates Na+/K+-ATPase together with increased peroxidative damage of lipids. Chronic treatment of rats with Li before SD, protects the brain tissue against this type of damage and decreases Na+/K+-ATPase level back to control level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Vosahlikova
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Roubalova
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristina Cechova
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jonas Kaufman
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Musil
- Department of Trace Element Analysis, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Miksik
- Laboratory of Translation Metabolism, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Svoboda
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Haimovich A, Goldbourt A. How does the mood stabilizer lithium bind ATP, the energy currency of the cell: Insights from solid-state NMR. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129456. [PMID: 31678143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium, in the form of a salt, is a mood stabilizer and a leading drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder. It has a very narrow therapeutic range and a variety of side effects. Lithium can replace magnesium and other cations in enzymes and small molecules, among them ATP, thereby affecting and inhibiting many biochemical pathways. The form of binding of lithium ions to ATP is not known. METHODS Here we extract the binding environment of lithium in solid ATP using a multi-nuclear multi-dimensional solid-state NMR approach. RESULTS We determine that the coordination sphere of lithium includes, at a distance of 3.0(±0.4) Å, three phosphates; the two phosphates closest to the ribose ring from one ATP molecule, and the middle phosphate from another ATP molecule. A water molecule most probably completes the fourth coordination. Despite the use of excess lithium in the preparations, sodium ions still remain bound to the sample, at distances of 4.3-5.5 Å from Li, and coordinate the first phosphate and two terminal phosphates. CONCLUSIONS Solid-state NMR enables to unravel the exact coordination of lithium in ATP showing binding to three phosphates from two molecules, none of which are the terminal gamma phosphate. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The methods we use are applicable to study lithium bound to a variety of ATP-bound enzymes, or to other cellular targets of lithium, consequently suggesting a molecular basis for its mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haimovich
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - A Goldbourt
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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Dudev T, Mazmanian K, Weng WH, Grauffel C, Lim C. Free and Bound Therapeutic Lithium in Brain Signaling. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2960-2970. [PMID: 31556294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lithium, a first-line therapy for bipolar disorder, is effective in preventing suicide and new depressive/manic episodes. Yet, how this beguilingly simple monocation with only two electrons could yield such profound therapeutic effects remains unclear. An in-depth understanding of lithium's mechanisms of actions would help one to develop better treatments limiting its adverse side effects and repurpose lithium for treating traumatic brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. In this Account, we begin with a comparison of the physicochemical properties of Li+ and its key native rivals, Na+ and Mg2+, to provide physical grounds for their competition in protein binding sites. Next, we review the abnormal signaling pathways and proteins found in bipolar patients, who generally have abnormally high intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations, high G-protein levels, and hyperactive phosphatidylinositol signaling and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) activity. We briefly summarize experimental findings on how lithium, at therapeutic doses, modulates these abnormal signaling pathways and proteins. Following this survey, we address the following aspects of lithium's therapeutic actions: (1) Can Li+ displace Na+ from the allosteric Na+-binding sites in neurotransmitter transporters and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs); if so, how would this affect the host protein's function? (2) Why are certain Mg2+-dependent enzymes targeted by Li+? (3) How does Li+ binding to Mg2+-bound ATP/GTP (denoted as NTP) in solution affect the cofactor's conformation and subsequent recognition by the host protein? (4) How do NTP-Mg-Li complexes modulate the properties of the respective cellular receptors and signal-transducing proteins? We show that Li+ may displace Na+ from allosteric Na+-binding sites in certain GPCRs and stabilize inactive conformations, preventing these receptors from relaying signal to the respective G-proteins. It may also displace Mg2+ in enzymes containing highly cationic Mg2+-binding sites such as GSK3β, but not in enzymes containing Mg2+-binding sites with low or zero charge. We further show that Li+ binding to Mg2+-NTP in water does not alter the NTP conformation, which is locked by all three phosphates binding to Mg2+. However, bound lithium in the form of [NTP-Mg-Li]2- dianions can activate or inhibit the host protein depending on the NTP-binding pocket's shape, which determines the metal-binding mode: The ATP-binding pocket's shape in the P2X receptor is complementary to the native ATP-Mg solution conformation and nicely fits [ATP-Mg-Li]2-. However, since the ATP βγ phosphates bind Li+, bimetallic [ATP-Mg-Li]2- may be more resistant to hydrolysis than the native cofactor, enabling ATP to reside longer in the binding site and elicit a prolonged P2X response. In contrast, the elongated GTP-binding pockets in G-proteins allow only two GTP phosphates to bind Mg2+, so the GTP conformation is no longer "triply-locked". Consequently, Li+ binding to GTP-Mg can significantly alter the native cofactor's structure, lowering the activated G-protein level, thus attenuating hyperactive G-protein-mediated signaling in bipolar patients. In summary, we have presented a larger "connected" picture of lithium's diverse effects based on its competition as a free monocation with native cations or as a phosphate-bound polyanionic complex modulating the host protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Karine Mazmanian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cédric Grauffel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Dudev T, Grauffel C, Hsu STD, Lim C. How Native and Non-Native Cations Bind and Modulate the Properties of GTP/ATP. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:3311-3320. [PMID: 29768917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) exist in physiological solution mostly bound to cations. Interestingly, their cellular Mg2+-bound forms have been shown to bind Li+, a first-line drug for bipolar disorder. However, solution structures of NTP/NDP (N = A or G) bound to Li+ and/or Mg2+ have not been solved, thus precluding knowledge of how the native Mg2+-bound cofactor conformation changes upon binding non-native Li+ and/or switching its environment from aqueous solution to proteins. Using well-calibrated methods that reproduce experimental structural and thermodynamic parameters of several Mg2+/Li+-nucleotide complexes, we show that the native NTP/NDP-Mg2+ cofactor adopts a "folded" conformation in water that remains unperturbed upon Li+ binding. We further show that the ATP-binding pockets of receptors such as P2X are complementary in shape to the "folded" ATP-Mg2+ solution structure, whereas the elongated GTP-binding pockets found in G-proteins necessitate the GTP-Mg2+ cofactor to undergo a conformational change from its "folded" conformation in solution to an extended one upon G-protein binding. Implications of the findings on how Li+, in its bound state, can manifest its therapeutic effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Sofia University , Sofia 1164 , Bulgaria
| | - Cédric Grauffel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Shang-Te Danny Hsu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
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Dudev T, Mazmanian K, Lim C. Competition between Li + and Na + in sodium transporters and receptors: Which Na +-Binding sites are "therapeutic" Li + targets? Chem Sci 2018; 9:4093-4103. [PMID: 29780538 PMCID: PMC5944251 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05284g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Li+ (turquoise), the better charge acceptor, can displace Na+ (purple) bound by only one or two aa residues in buried sites. Thus, Li+ can displace Na+ bound by Asp– and Ser in the A2AAR/β1AR receptor and enhance the metal site's stability, thus prohibiting structural distortions induced by agonist binding, leading to lower cytosolic levels of activated G-proteins, which are hyperactive in bipolar disorder patients.
Sodium (Na+) acts as an indispensable allosteric regulator of the activities of biologically important neurotransmitter transporters and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which comprise well-known drug targets for psychiatric disorders and addictive behavior. How selective these allosteric Na+-binding sites are for the cognate cation over abiogenic Li+, a first-line drug to treat bipolar disorder, is unclear. Here, we reveal how properties of the host protein and its binding cavity affect the outcome of the competition between Li+ and Na+ for allosteric binding sites in sodium transporters and receptors. We show that rigid Na+-sites that are crowded with multiple protein ligands are well-protected against Li+ attack, but their flexible counterparts or buried Na+-sites containing only one or two protein ligands are vulnerable to Li+ substitution. These findings suggest a novel possible mode of Li+ therapeutic action: By displacing Na+ bound by ≤2 protein ligands in buried GPCR sites and stabilizing the receptor's inactive state, Li+ could prohibit conformational changes to an active state, leading to lower cytosolic levels of activated guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, which are hyperactive/overexpressed in bipolar disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Sofia University , Sofia 1164 , Bulgaria .
| | - Karine Mazmanian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan . .,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program , Taiwan International Graduate Program , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan . .,Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
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Vosahlikova M, Ujcikova H, Chernyavskiy O, Brejchova J, Roubalova L, Alda M, Svoboda P. Effect of therapeutic concentration of lithium on live HEK293 cells; increase of Na + /K + -ATPase, change of overall protein composition and alteration of surface layer of plasma membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1099-1112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Dudev T, Grauffel C, Lim C. How Native and Alien Metal Cations Bind ATP: Implications for Lithium as a Therapeutic Agent. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42377. [PMID: 28195155 PMCID: PMC5307966 DOI: 10.1038/srep42377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the major energy currency of the cell, exists in solution mostly as ATP-Mg. Recent experiments suggest that Mg2+ interacts with the highly charged ATP triphosphate group and Li+ can co-bind with the native Mg2+ to form ATP-Mg-Li and modulate the neuronal purine receptor response. However, it is unclear how the negatively charged ATP triphosphate group binds Mg2+ and Li+ (i.e. which phosphate group(s) bind Mg2+/Li+) and how the ATP solution conformation depends on the type of metal cation and the metal-binding mode. Here, we reveal the preferred ATP-binding mode of Mg2+/Li+ alone and combined: Mg2+ prefers to bind ATP tridentately to each of the three phosphate groups, but Li+ prefers to bind bidentately to the terminal two phosphates. We show that the solution ATP conformation depends on the cation and its binding site/mode, but it does not change significantly when Li+ binds to Mg2+-loaded ATP. Hence, ATP-Mg-Li, like Mg2+-ATP, can fit in the ATP-binding site of the host enzyme/receptor, activating specific signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Cédric Grauffel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder: pharmacology and pharmacogenetics. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:661-70. [PMID: 25687772 PMCID: PMC5125816 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
After decades of research, the mechanism of action of lithium in preventing recurrences of bipolar disorder remains only partially understood. Lithium research is complicated by the absence of suitable animal models of bipolar disorder and by having to rely on in vitro studies of peripheral tissues. A number of distinct hypotheses emerged over the years, but none has been conclusively supported or rejected. The common theme emerging from pharmacological and genetic studies is that lithium affects multiple steps in cellular signaling, usually enhancing basal and inhibiting stimulated activities. Some of the key nodes of these regulatory networks include GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3), CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and Na(+)-K(+) ATPase. Genetic and pharmacogenetic studies are starting to generate promising findings, but remain limited by small sample sizes. As full responders to lithium seem to represent a unique clinical population, there is inherent value and need for studies of lithium responders. Such studies will be an opportunity to uncover specific effects of lithium in those individuals who clearly benefit from the treatment.
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Meffre D, Grenier J, Bernard S, Courtin F, Dudev T, Shackleford G, Jafarian-Tehrani M, Massaad C. Wnt and lithium: a common destiny in the therapy of nervous system pathologies? Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1123-48. [PMID: 23749084 PMCID: PMC11113114 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is required for neurogenesis, the fate of neural progenitors, the formation of neuronal circuits during development, neuron positioning and polarization, axon and dendrite development and finally for synaptogenesis. This signaling pathway is also implicated in the generation and differentiation of glial cells. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of action of Wnt signaling pathways and their implication in the development and correct functioning of the nervous system. We also illustrate how a dysregulated Wnt pathway could lead to psychiatric, neurodegenerative and demyelinating pathologies. Lithium, used for the treatment of bipolar disease, inhibits GSK3β, a central enzyme of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, lithium could, to some extent, mimic Wnt pathway. We highlight the possible dialogue between lithium therapy and modulation of Wnt pathway in the treatment of the diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Meffre
- UMR 8194 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Julien Grenier
- UMR 8194 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- UMR 8194 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Françoise Courtin
- UMR 8194 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Todor Dudev
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Charbel Massaad
- UMR 8194 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
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Abstract
AbstractLithium is one of the most widely used drugs in neuropsychopharmacology. Preclinical scientists have made several advances in ascertaining the molecular mechanisms of action of this cation; such as its ability to stabilize monoamine levels, to interact with second messengers, and its neuroprotective effects, possibly over suicidal behaviors. Nevertheless, there remains a gap of knowledge between the pharmacological advances and the number of reliable clinical trials, creating a lack of evidence-based medicine to support medical prescriptions. In this review we examine lithium’s molecular mechanisms of action and evaluate their relevance in clinical applications.
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Altamura AC, Lietti L, Dobrea C, Benatti B, Arici C, Dell'Osso B. Mood stabilizers for patients with bipolar disorder: the state of the art. Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 11:85-99. [PMID: 21158558 DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a prevalent and disabling condition, often comorbid with other medical and psychiatric conditions and frequently misdiagnosed. International treatment guidelines for BD recommend the use of mood stabilizers - either in monotherapy or in association - as the gold standard in both acute and long-term therapy. Commonly used in the clinical practice of BD, mood stabilizers have represented an evolving field over the last few years. The concept of stabilization, in fact, has been stressed as the ultimate objective of the treatment of BD, given the chronic and recurrent nature of the illness, which accounts for its significant levels of impairment and disability. To date, different compounds are included within the broad class of mood stabilizers, with lithium, anticonvulsants and, more recently, atypical antipsychotics being the most representative agents. This article is aimed at providing an updated review of the available literature in relation to the role of mood stabilizers in BD, with particular emphasis on their mechanism of action, main clinical aspects and specific use in the different phases of BD treatment, according to the most recently published international treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carlo Altamura
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on sodium-induced apoptosis in human olfactory neuroepithelial progenitor cells. Psychiatry Res 2010; 178:391-4. [PMID: 20472302 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) peptide are linked to the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the BDNF gene (BDNF) have been associated with bipolar illness. Since both elevated intracellular sodium and apoptosis are believed to contribute to cellular dysfunction in bipolar disorder, it is important to determine the effect of exogenous BDNF on apoptosis induced by the high levels of intracellular sodium seen in ill bipolar patients. Human olfactory neuroepithelial progenitor cells were treated with monensin, a sodium ionophore that increases intracellular sodium and leads to apoptosis. Apoptosis was quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for mono- and oligonucleosomes. Elevation of intracellular sodium concentration by monensin induced apoptosis. BDNF 100ng/mL pretreatment or co-treatment attenuated the monensin-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment with BDNF for 24h reduced monensin-induced apoptosis by 93%. Co-treatment of BDNF and monensin increased intracellular sodium concentration and reduced apoptosis by 66%. Monensin for 24h models a process that is believed to occur during ill phases of bipolar illness. Treatment with BDNF greatly attenuates or prevents monensin-induced apoptosis. The functional consequences of BDNF SNPs, known to be associated with bipolar illness, need to be examined.
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Huang X, Lei Z, Li XP, El-Mallakh RS. Response of sodium pump to ouabain challenge in human glioblastoma cells in culture. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 10:884-92. [PMID: 19995221 DOI: 10.1080/15622970902995620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a severe psychiatric condition that manifests with abnormalities in ion regulation. Previous studies have suggested that glia may be specifically involved in the pathophysiology of this condition. Since the potent sodium pump inhibitor, ouabain, has been used previously to model the ionic changes of bipolar illness, we investigated its effect of on sodium pump expression and activity in a human glioblastoma cell line. LN229 cells were grown with or without ouabain 10(-7) M for 3 days, and the effect of a therapeutic concentration of lithium was also examined. The mRNA transcription of sodium pump isoforms was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the protein expression of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated pump isoforms was semi-quantified utilizing Western blot. Ouabain treatment caused an increase of some 6-fold in alpha1 protein expression and a doubling of alpha1 mRNA. alpha3 protein and alpha2 and alpha3 mRNA more than doubled. Lithium treatment alone had no effect, but lithium co-administered with ouabain normalized Na pump protein and mRNA expression for alpha1 and 2, but not alpha3. These results suggest that disturbance of ion regulation induces changes in glial cell sodium regulatory systems which are normalized by lithium treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Huang
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY, USA
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Marmol F. Lithium: bipolar disorder and neurodegenerative diseases Possible cellular mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of lithium. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1761-71. [PMID: 18789369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar illness is a major psychiatric disorder that affects 1-3% of the worldwide population. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that this illness is substantially heritable. However, the genetic characteristics remain unknown and a clear personality has not been identified for these patients. The clinical history of lithium began in mid-19th century when it was used to treat gout. In 1940, it was used as a substitute for sodium chloride in hypertensive patients. However, it was then banned, as it had major side effects. In 1949, Cade reported that lithium could be used as an effective treatment for bipolar disorder and subsequent studies confirmed this effect. Over the years, different authors have proposed many biochemical and biological effects of lithium in the brain. In this review, the main mechanisms of lithium action are summarised, including ion dysregulation; effects on neurotransmitter signalling; the interaction of lithium with the adenylyl cyclase system; inositol phosphate and protein kinase C signalling; and possible effects on arachidonic acid metabolism. However, none of the above mechanisms are definitive, and sometimes results have been contradictory. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have reported that lithium may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, due to its effects on neuroprotective proteins like Bcl-2 and its actions on regulators of apoptosis and cellular resilience, such as GSK-3. However, results are contradictory and more specific studies into the use of lithium in therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Marmol
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Both mania and bipolar depression are characterized by elevations of intracellular sodium concentrations. This observation has been purported to be central to the pathophysiology of abnormal moods in bipolar illness. Reduction of sodium influx is a proposed shared mechanism of action of effective mood stabilizers, but direct documentation of this effect for lithium has never been demonstrated. METHODS Flame spectroscopic determinations of intracellular sodium concentration were performed in the human glioma cell line, LN292, after treatment with the sodium pump inhibitor, ouabain, and co-treatment with ouabain and lithium. RESULTS Ouabain 0.1 microM doubles the intracellular sodium concentration after 3 days. Pretreatment with lithium 1 mM for 1 week normalizes intracellular sodium. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration that lithium can normalize abnormally elevated intracellular sodium levels. This may be an important mechanism of lithium action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Huang
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Loiusville, KY 40292, USA
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Mármol F. [Lithium: 55 years of history in the therapy of bipolar affective disorder]. Med Clin (Barc) 2006; 127:189-95. [PMID: 16834956 DOI: 10.1157/13090712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The clinical history of lithium began in mid-19th century when it was used to treat gout. It was subsequently administered as a substitute for sodium chloride and towards the end of 1940 its effects for the control of mania were discovered. At present it is used effectively for treatment of mania and for the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. Though its effect on affective illnesses is evident, the same cannot be said of its mechanism of action, since in spite of the numerous studies performed to date it is still not known exactly how this ion acts. Many theories have been proposed, the most important of which are: normalisation of possible ionic alterations; interactions with the adenylyl cyclase cAMP system; effects on the phosphatidylinositol cycle; stabilisation of the levels of neuroprotective proteins; normalisation of the values of some cytosolic endopeptidases; etc. In any case, it has yet to be determined which of these is the principal factor responsible for lithium's therapeutic action, while at the same time the possibility cannot be totally ruled out that its precise mechanism of action is still to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Mármol
- Departamento de Farmacología y Química Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
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