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Ali MA, Abu Damir H, Adem MA, Ali OM, Amir N, Shah AAM, Al Muhairi SSM, Al Abdouli KOS, Khawaja JR, Fagieri TA, Adam A, Elkhouly AA, Al Marri ZJ, Jamali M, Murphy D, Adem A. Effects of long-term dehydration on stress markers, blood parameters, and tissue morphology in the dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1236425. [PMID: 38116506 PMCID: PMC10728728 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1236425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dromedary camels robustly withstand dehydration, and the rough desert environment but the adaptation mechanisms are not well understood. One of these mechanisms is that the dromedary camel increases its body temperature to reduce the process of evaporative cooling during the hot weather. Stress in general, has deleterious effects in the body. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of dehydration and rehydration on stress parameters in the dromedary camels and how it pacifies these effects. Methods Nineteen male camels were randomly divided into control, dehydrated and rehydrated groups, and fed alfalfa hay ad-libitum. The dehydrated and rehydrated groups were water-restricted for 20 days after which the rehydrated camels were provided with water for 72 h. The control and dehydrated camels were slaughtered at day 20 from the start of experiment whereas the rehydrated group was killed 72 h later. Many biochemical, hematological histopathological parameters and gene analysis were performed in relevant tissues collected including blood, plasma, and tissues. Results and discussion It was observed that severely dehydrated camels lost body weight, passed very hard feces, few drops of concentrated urine, and were slightly stressed as reflected behaviorally by loss of appetite. Physiologically, the stress of dehydration elicited modulation of plasma stress hormones for water preservation and energy supply. Our results showed significant increase in cortisol, norepinephrine and dopamine, and significant decrease in epinephrine and serotonin. The significant increase in malondialdehyde was accompanied with significant increase in antioxidants (glutathione, retinol, thiamin, tocopherol) to provide tissue protection from oxidative stress. The physiological blood changes observed during dehydration serve different purposes and were quickly restored to normality by rehydration. The dehydrated/rehydrated camels showed reduced hump size and serous atrophy of perirenal and epicardial fat. The latter changes were accompanied by significantly increased expression of genes encoding proteins for energy production (ANGPTL4, ACSBG1) from fat and significantly decreased expression of genes (THRSP; FADS 1&2) encoding proteins enhancing energy expenditure. This process is vital for camel survival in the desert. Dehydration induced no major effects in the vital organs. Only minor degenerative changes were observed in hepatic and renal cells, physiological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in heart and follicular hyperplasia in splenic but lipidosis was not depicted in liver hepatocytes. Ketone bodies were not smelled in urine, sweat and breathing of dehydrated animals supporting the previous finding that the ß hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in ketone body formation, is low in the camel liver and rumen. Rehydration restored most of blood and tissues to normal or near normal. In conclusion, camels are adapted to combat dehydration stress and anorexia by increasing anti-stressors and modulating genes involved in fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Abu Damir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muna A Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Osman M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naheed Amir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma A M Shah
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salama S M Al Muhairi
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled O S Al Abdouli
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Javed R Khawaja
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tareq A Fagieri
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelnasir Adam
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aboubakr A Elkhouly
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zhaya J Al Marri
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Jamali
- Department of Biochemistry, Khawarizmi College, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Xin S, Man W, Fluhr JW, Song S, Elias PM, Man MQ. Cutaneous resonance running time varies with age, body site and gender in a normal Chinese population. Skin Res Technol 2011; 16:413-21. [PMID: 21039906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2010.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES One phenomenon of skin aging is loss of cutaneous elasticity. Measurement of cutaneous resonance running time (CRRT) is a method to assess skin elasticity. Yet, information regarding the directional changes of CRRT associated with age, body sites and gender is not yet available. In the present study, we assessed whether changes in CRRT vary with age, body sites and gender in a normal Chinese population. METHODS A Reviscometer was used to measure CRRTs in various directions on the left dorsal hand, the forehead and the left canthus of 806 normal Chinese volunteers, aged 2.5-94 years. RESULTS With aging, CRRTs decreased in all directions on the hand, the forehead and the canthus. A more dramatic reduction in CRRTs on the forehead and the canthus was observed in both the 2-8 and the 3-9 o'clock directions. CRRTs in males aged 11-20 years were longer than those in females in some directions on all three body sites. Females aged between 21 years and 40 years showed longer CRRTs than males in some directions of the hand. There were no gender differences in subjects aged 0-10 (except on the canthus) and those over 80 years old. CONCLUSION CRRTs vary with age, body sites and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Xin
- Dalian Skin Disease Hospital, Liaoning, China
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