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Ahmed R, Zaitone SA, Abdelmaogood AKK, Atef HM, Soliman MFM, Badawy AM, Ali HS, Zaid A, Mokhtar HI, Elabbasy LM, Kandil E, Yosef AM, Mahran RI. Chemotherapeutic potential of betanin/capecitabine combination targeting colon cancer: experimental and bioinformatic studies exploring NFκB and cyclin D1 interplay. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1362739. [PMID: 38645563 PMCID: PMC11026609 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1362739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Betanin (C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₁₃) is safe to use as food additives approved by the FDA with anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in many types of cancer cell lines. The current experiment was designed to test the chemotherapeutic effect of the combination of betanin with the standard chemotherapeutic agent, capecitabine, against chemically induced colon cancer in mice. Methods: Bioinformatic approach was designed to get information about the possible mechanisms through which the drugs may control cancer development. Five groups of mice were assigned as, (i) saline, (ii) colon cancer, (iii) betanin, (iv) capecitabine and (v) betanin/capecitabine. Drugs were given orally for a period of six weeks. Colon tissues were separated and used for biological assays and histopathology. Results: In addition, the mRNA expression of TNF-α (4.58-fold), NFκB (5.33-fold), IL-1β (4.99-fold), cyclin D1 (4.07-fold), and IL-6 (3.55-fold) and protein levels showed several folds increases versus the saline group. Tumor histopathology scores in the colon cancer group (including cryptic distortion and hyperplasia) and immunostaining for NFκB (2.94-fold) were high while periodic-acid Schiff staining demonstrated poor mucin content (33% of the saline group). These pathologic manifestations were reduced remarkably in betanin/capecitabine group. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings demonstrated the usefulness of betanin/capecitabine combination in targeting colon cancer and highlighted that betanin is a promising adjuvant therapy to capecitabine in treating colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Ahmed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sawsan A. Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Huda M. Atef
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona F. M. Soliman
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, New Damiettta, Egypt
| | - Alaa M. Badawy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Howaida S. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - AbdelNaser Zaid
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hatem I. Mokhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Kantara Branch, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa M. Elabbasy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Kandil
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Mokhtar Yosef
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rama I. Mahran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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2
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Diez A, Krause AL, Maini PK, Gaffney EA, Seirin-Lee S. Turing Pattern Formation in Reaction-Cross-Diffusion Systems with a Bilayer Geometry. Bull Math Biol 2024; 86:13. [PMID: 38170298 PMCID: PMC10764571 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Conditions for self-organisation via Turing's mechanism in biological systems represented by reaction-diffusion or reaction-cross-diffusion models have been extensively studied. Nonetheless, the impact of tissue stratification in such systems is under-explored, despite its ubiquity in the context of a thin epithelium overlying connective tissue, for instance the epidermis and underlying dermal mesenchyme of embryonic skin. In particular, each layer can be subject to extensively different biochemical reactions and transport processes, with chemotaxis - a special case of cross-diffusion - often present in the mesenchyme, contrasting the solely molecular transport typically found in the epidermal layer. We study Turing patterning conditions for a class of reaction-cross-diffusion systems in bilayered regions, with a thin upper layer and coupled by a linear transport law. In particular, the role of differential transport through the interface is explored together with the presence of asymmetry between the homogeneous equilibria of the two layers. A linear stability analysis is carried out around a spatially homogeneous equilibrium state in the asymptotic limit of weak and strong coupling strengths, where quantitative approximations of the bifurcation curve can be computed. Our theoretical findings, for an arbitrary number of reacting species, reveal quantitative Turing conditions, highlighting when the coupling mechanism between the layered regions can either trigger patterning or stabilize a spatially homogeneous equilibrium regardless of the independent patterning state of each layer. We support our theoretical results through direct numerical simulations, and provide an open source code to explore such systems further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Diez
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Andrew L Krause
- Mathematical Sciences Department, Durham University, Upper Mountjoy Campus, Stockton Rd, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre For Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Andrew Wiles Building, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Eamonn A Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre For Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Andrew Wiles Building, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Sungrim Seirin-Lee
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Department of Mathematical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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3
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Rombouts J, Elliott J, Erzberger A. Forceful patterning: theoretical principles of mechanochemical pattern formation. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57739. [PMID: 37916772 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological pattern formation is essential for generating and maintaining spatial structures from the scale of a single cell to tissues and even collections of organisms. Besides biochemical interactions, there is an important role for mechanical and geometrical features in the generation of patterns. We review the theoretical principles underlying different types of mechanochemical pattern formation across spatial scales and levels of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rombouts
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenna Elliott
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Erzberger
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Zhao H, Chen X, Zhang L, Tang C, Meng F, Zhou L, Zhu P, Lu Z, Lu Y. Ingestion of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fmb14 prevents depression-like behavior and brain neural activity via the microbiota-gut-brain axis in colitis mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:1909-1928. [PMID: 36748225 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo04014j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Large preclinical evidence suggested that colitis was one of the risk factors for depression and probiotics were effective therapeutic agents to prevent the disease. The effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fmb14 on colitis-related depression-like behavior and its possible mechanisms were investigated. One week of DSS exposure led to the following changes in male C57BL/6N mice: a reduction in the movement distance from 2218 to 1299 cm, time in central areas from 23.6 s to 11.5 s, and time in the bright box from 217 s to 103 s, which were restored to 1816 cm, 18.4 s, and 181 s, respectively, with preadministration of Fmb14 for 8 weeks. All improvements provided by Fmb14 indicated a remarkable protective effect on depression-like behavior. Fmb14 first worked to repair intestinal barrier damage and the inflammatory response in the colon through ZO1 and Ocln enhancement and IL-1β, NF-κB and IL-6 reduction, respectively. Second, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota was modulated by Fmb14, including reduction of Akkermansia (18.9% to 5.4%), Mucispirillum (0.6% to 0.1%) and Bifidobacterium (0.32% to 0.03%). Fmb14 supplementation ameliorates the brain inflammatory response via IL-18 and NF-κB reduction and improves the blood-brain barrier via increased levels of ZO1 and Ocln. Moreover, brain activity was facilitated by an increase in BDNF and dopamine and the downregulation of GABA in the Fmb14 group. As a consequence of the modulatory effect on the dysfunction of neurotransmitters and neuroinflammation, Fmb14 prevents neurodegeneration by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and Nissl edema. In addition, the correlation analysis further demonstrated the preventative effect of Fmb14 on depression-like behavior through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Together, these findings demonstrated the important role of Fmb14 in biological signal transduction over the microbiota-gut-brain axis to improve mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhao
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chao Tang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Fanqiang Meng
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Libang Zhou
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yingjian Lu
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
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5
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Burbanks A, Cerasuolo M, Ronca R, Turner L. A hybrid spatiotemporal model of PCa dynamics and insights into optimal therapeutic strategies. Math Biosci 2023; 355:108940. [PMID: 36400316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using a hybrid cellular automaton with stochastic elements, we investigate the effectiveness of multiple drug therapies on prostate cancer (PCa) growth. The ability of Androgen Deprivation Therapy to reduce PCa growth represents a milestone in prostate cancer treatment, nonetheless most patients eventually become refractory and develop castration-resistant prostate cancer. In recent years, a "second generation" drug called enzalutamide has been used to treat advanced PCa, or patients already exposed to chemotherapy that stopped responding to it. However, tumour resistance to enzalutamide is not well understood, and in this context, preclinical models and in silico experiments (numerical simulations) are key to understanding the mechanisms of resistance and to assessing therapeutic settings that may delay or prevent the onset of resistance. In our mathematical system, we incorporate cell phenotype switching to model the development of increased drug resistance, and consider the effect of the micro-environment dynamics on necrosis and apoptosis of the tumour cells. The therapeutic strategies that we explore include using a single drug (enzalutamide), and drug combinations (enzalutamide and everolimus or cabazitaxel) with different treatment schedules. Our results highlight the effectiveness of alternating therapies, especially alternating enzalutamide and cabazitaxel over a year, and a comparison is made with data taken from TRAMP mice to verify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Burbanks
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Lion Gate Building, Lion Terrace, Portsmouth, PO1 3HF, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Cerasuolo
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Lion Gate Building, Lion Terrace, Portsmouth, PO1 3HF, Hampshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Leo Turner
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Lion Gate Building, Lion Terrace, Portsmouth, PO1 3HF, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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6
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Hoehme S, Hammad S, Boettger J, Begher-Tibbe B, Bucur P, Vibert E, Gebhardt R, Hengstler JG, Drasdo D. Digital twin demonstrates significance of biomechanical growth control in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. iScience 2022; 26:105714. [PMID: 36691615 PMCID: PMC9860368 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial liver removal is an important therapy option for liver cancer. In most patients within a few weeks, the liver is able to fully regenerate. In some patients, however, regeneration fails with often severe consequences. To better understand the control mechanisms of liver regeneration, experiments in mice were performed, guiding the creation of a spatiotemporal 3D model of the regenerating liver. The model represents cells and blood vessels within an entire liver lobe, a macroscopic liver subunit. The model could reproduce the experimental data only if a biomechanical growth control (BGC)-mechanism, inhibiting cell cycle entrance at high compression, was taken into account and predicted that BGC may act as a short-range growth inhibitor minimizing the number of proliferating neighbor cells of a proliferating cell, generating a checkerboard-like proliferation pattern. Model-predicted cell proliferation patterns in pigs and mice were found experimentally. The results underpin the importance of biomechanical aspects in liver growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany,Institute of Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Research (SIKT), Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany,Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Jan Boettger
- Faculty of Medicine, Rudolf-Schoenheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brigitte Begher-Tibbe
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Petru Bucur
- Unité INSERM 1193, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Villejuif, France,Service de Chirurgie Digestive, CHU Trousseau, Tours, France
| | - Eric Vibert
- Unité INSERM 1193, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Villejuif, France
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Rudolf-Schoenheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany,Inria Paris & Sorbonne Université LJLL, 75012 Paris, France,Correspondence:
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7
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Corominas-Murtra B, Hannezo E. Modelling the dynamics of mammalian gut homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022:S1084-9521(22)00317-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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8
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Mechanical forces directing intestinal form and function. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R791-R805. [PMID: 35882203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate intestine experiences a range of intrinsically generated and external forces during both development and adult homeostasis. It is increasingly understood how the coordination of these forces shapes the intestine through organ-scale folding and epithelial organization into crypt-villus compartments. Moreover, accumulating evidence shows that several cell types in the adult intestine can sense and respond to forces to regulate key cellular processes underlying adult intestinal functions and self-renewal. In this way, transduction of forces may direct both intestinal homeostasis as well as adaptation to external stimuli, such as food ingestion or injury. In this review, we will discuss recent insights from complementary model systems into the force-dependent mechanisms that establish and maintain the unique architecture of the intestine, as well as its homeostatic regulation and function throughout adult life.
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9
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Darrigade L, Haghebaert M, Cherbuy C, Labarthe S, Laroche B. A PDMP model of the epithelial cell turn-over in the intestinal crypt including microbiota-derived regulations. J Math Biol 2022; 84:60. [PMID: 35737118 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human health and physiology is strongly influenced by interactions between human cells and intestinal microbiota in the gut. In mammals, the host-microbiota crosstalk is mainly mediated by regulations at the intestinal crypt level: the epithelial cell turnover in crypts is directly influenced by metabolites produced by the microbiota. Conversely, enterocytes maintain hypoxia in the gut, favorable to anaerobic bacteria which dominate the gut microbiota. We constructed an individual-based model of epithelial cells interacting with the microbiota-derived chemicals diffusing in the crypt lumen. This model is formalized as a piecewise deterministic Markov process (PDMP). It accounts for local interactions due to cell contact (among which are mechanical interactions), for cell proliferation, differentiation and extrusion which are regulated spatially or by chemicals concentrations. It also includes chemicals diffusing and reacting with cells. A deterministic approximated model is also introduced for a large population of small cells, expressed as a system of porous media type equations. Both models are extensively studied through numerical exploration. Their biological relevance is thoroughly assessed by recovering bio-markers of an healthy crypt, such as cell population distribution along the crypt or population turn-over rates. Simulation results from the deterministic model are compared to the PMDP model and we take advantage of its lower computational cost to perform a sensitivity analysis by Morris method. We finally use the crypt model to explore butyrate supplementation to enhance recovery after infections by enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Darrigade
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie Haghebaert
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Cherbuy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Micalis, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Simon Labarthe
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France
- Inria, INRAE, Pléiade, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Beatrice Laroche
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRIA, Inria Saclay-Île-de-France, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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10
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Brown PJ, Green JEF, Binder BJ, Osborne JM. A rigid body framework for multicellular modeling. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 1:754-766. [PMID: 38217146 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-021-00154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Off-lattice models are a well-established approach in multicellular modeling, where cells are represented as points that are free to move in space. The representation of cells as point objects is useful in a wide range of settings, particularly when large populations are involved; however, a purely point-based representation is not naturally equipped to deal with objects that have length, such as cell boundaries or external membranes. Here we introduce an off-lattice modeling framework that exploits rigid body mechanics to represent objects using a collection of conjoined one-dimensional edges in a viscosity-dominated system. This framework can be used to represent cells as free moving polygons, to allow epithelial layers to smoothly interact with themselves, to model rod-shaped cells such as bacteria and to robustly represent membranes. We demonstrate that this approach offers solutions to the problems that limit the scope of current off-lattice multicellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Brown
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - J Edward F Green
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Binder
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - James M Osborne
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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11
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Rossides C, Pender SLF, Schneider P. 3D cyclorama for digital unrolling and visualisation of deformed tubes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14672. [PMID: 34282170 PMCID: PMC8289852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonic crypts are tubular glands that multiply through a symmetric branching process called crypt fission. During the early stages of colorectal cancer, the normal fission process is disturbed, leading to asymmetrical branching or budding. The challenging shapes of the budding crypts make it difficult to prepare paraffin sections for conventional histology, resulting in colonic cross sections with crypts that are only partially visible. To study crypt budding in situ and in three dimensions (3D), we employ X-ray micro-computed tomography to image intact colons, and a new method we developed (3D cyclorama) to digitally unroll them. Here, we present, verify and validate our '3D cyclorama' method that digitally unrolls deformed tubes of non-uniform thickness. It employs principles from electrostatics to reform the tube into a series of onion-like surfaces, which are mapped onto planar panoramic views. This enables the study of features extending over several layers of the tube's depth, demonstrated here by two case studies: (i) microvilli in the human placenta and (ii) 3D-printed adhesive films for drug delivery. Our 3D cyclorama method can provide novel insights into a wide spectrum of applications where digital unrolling or flattening is necessary, including long bones, teeth roots and ancient scrolls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Rossides
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sylvia L F Pender
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Philipp Schneider
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- High-Performance Vision Systems, Center for Vision, Automation & Control, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Hofmann F, Thalheim T, Rother K, Quaas M, Kerner C, Przybilla J, Aust G, Galle J. How to Obtain a Mega-Intestine with Normal Morphology: In Silico Modelling of Postnatal Intestinal Growth in a Cd97-Transgenic Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147345. [PMID: 34298973 PMCID: PMC8305140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal cylindrical growth peaks in mice a few weeks after birth, simultaneously with crypt fission activity. It nearly stops after weaning and cannot be reactivated later. Transgenic mice expressing Cd97/Adgre5 in the intestinal epithelium develop a mega-intestine with normal microscopic morphology in adult mice. Here, we demonstrate premature intestinal differentiation in Cd97/Adgre5 transgenic mice at both the cellular and molecular levels until postnatal day 14. Subsequently, the growth of the intestinal epithelium becomes activated and its maturation suppressed. These changes are paralleled by postnatal regulation of growth factors and by an increased expression of secretory cell markers, suggesting growth activation of non-epithelial tissue layers as the origin of enforced tissue growth. To understand postnatal intestinal growth mechanistically, we study epithelial fate decisions during this period with the use of a 3D individual cell-based computer model. In the model, the expansion of the intestinal stem cell (SC) population, a prerequisite for crypt fission, is largely independent of the tissue growth rate and is therefore not spontaneously adaptive. Accordingly, the model suggests that, besides the growth activation of non-epithelial tissue layers, the formation of a mega-intestine requires a released growth control in the epithelium, enabling accelerated SC expansion. The similar intestinal morphology in Cd97/Adgre5 transgenic and wild type mice indicates a synchronization of tissue growth and SC expansion, likely by a crypt density-controlled contact inhibition of growth of intestinal SC proliferation. The formation of a mega-intestine with normal microscopic morphology turns out to originate in changes of autonomous and conditional specification of the intestinal cell fate induced by the activation of Cd97/Adgre5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hofmann
- Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (K.R.); (M.Q.); (C.K.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: (F.H.); (T.T.)
| | - Torsten Thalheim
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Bioinformatics (IZBI), Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence: (F.H.); (T.T.)
| | - Karen Rother
- Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (K.R.); (M.Q.); (C.K.); (G.A.)
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Bioinformatics (IZBI), Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Marianne Quaas
- Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (K.R.); (M.Q.); (C.K.); (G.A.)
| | - Christiane Kerner
- Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (K.R.); (M.Q.); (C.K.); (G.A.)
| | - Jens Przybilla
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (K.R.); (M.Q.); (C.K.); (G.A.)
| | - Joerg Galle
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Bioinformatics (IZBI), Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
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Mechanical compartmentalization of the intestinal organoid enables crypt folding and collective cell migration. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:745-757. [PMID: 34155382 PMCID: PMC7611697 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal organoids capture essential features of the intestinal epithelium such as crypt folding, cellular compartmentalization and collective movements. Each of these processes and their coordination require patterned forces that are at present unknown. Here we map three-dimensional cellular forces in mouse intestinal organoids grown on soft hydrogels. We show that these organoids exhibit a non-monotonic stress distribution that defines mechanical and functional compartments. The stem cell compartment pushes the extracellular matrix and folds through apical constriction, whereas the transit amplifying zone pulls the extracellular matrix and elongates through basal constriction. The size of the stem cell compartment depends on the extracellular-matrix stiffness and endogenous cellular forces. Computational modelling reveals that crypt shape and force distribution rely on cell surface tensions following cortical actomyosin density. Finally, cells are pulled out of the crypt along a gradient of increasing tension. Our study unveils how patterned forces enable compartmentalization, folding and collective migration in the intestinal epithelium.
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