Recent advances in transdermal sensors for glucose monitoring

Boosting the Piezoelectric Sensitivity of Amino Acid Crystals by Mechanical Annealing for the Engineering of Fully Degradable Force Sensors

Biodegradable piezoelectric force sensors can be used as implantable medical devices for monitoring physiological pressures of impaired organs or providing essential stimuli for drug delivery and tissue regeneration without the need of additional invasive removal surgery or battery power. However, traditional piezoelectric materials, such as inorganic ceramics and organic polymers, show unsatisfactory degradability, and cytotoxicity. Amino acid crystals are biocompatible and exhibit outstanding piezoelectric properties, but their small crystal size makes it difficult to align the crystals for practical applications. Here, a mechanical-annealing strategy is reported for engineering all-organic biodegradable piezoelectric force sensors using natural amino acid crystals as piezoelectric materials. It is shown that the piezoelectric constant of the mechanical-annealed crystals can reach 12 times that of the single crystal powders. Moreover, mechanical annealing results in flat and smooth surfaces, thus improving the contact of the crystal films with the electrodes and leading to high output voltages of the devices. The packaged force sensors can be used to monitor dynamic motions, including muscle contraction and lung respiration, in vivo for 4 weeks and then gradually degrade without causing obvious inflammation or systemic toxicity. This work provides a way to engineer all-organic and biodegradable force sensors for potential clinical applications.

Microneedle-Based Device for Biological Analysis

The collection and analysis of biological samples are an effective means of disease diagnosis and treatment. Blood sampling is a traditional approach in biological analysis. However, the blood sampling approach inevitably relies on invasive techniques and is usually performed by a professional. The microneedle (MN)-based devices have gained increasing attention due to their noninvasive manner compared to the traditional blood-based analysis method. In the present review, we introduce the materials for fabrication of MNs. We categorize MN-based devices based on four classes: MNs for transdermal sampling, biomarker capture, detecting or monitoring analytes, and bio-signal recording. Their design strategies and corresponding application are highlighted and discussed in detail. Finally, future perspectives of MN-based devices are discussed.