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Alahakoon S, Willans MJ, Huang Y. In Situ Multinuclear Magic-Angle Spinning NMR: Monitoring Crystallization of Molecular Sieve AlPO 4-11 in Real Time. JACS AU 2023; 3:1670-1683. [PMID: 37388699 PMCID: PMC10302754 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular sieves are crystalline three-dimensional frameworks with well-defined channels and cavities. They have been widely used in industry for many applications such as gas separation/purification, ion exchange, and catalysis. Obviously, understanding the formation mechanisms is fundamentally important. High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method for the study of molecular sieves. However, due to technical challenges, the vast majority of the high-resolution solid-state NMR studies on molecular sieve crystallization are ex situ. In the present work, using a new commercially available NMR rotor that can withhold high pressure and high temperature, we examined the formation of molecular sieve AlPO4-11 under dry gel conversion conditions by in situ multinuclear (1H, 27Al, 31P, and 13C) magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR. In situ high-resolution NMR spectra obtained as a function of heating time provide much insights underlying the crystallization mechanism of AlPO4-11. Specifically, in situ 27Al and 31P MAS NMR along with 1H → 31P cross-polarization (CP) MAS NMR were used to monitor the evolution of the local environments of framework Al and P, in situ 1H → 13C CP MAS NMR to follow the behavior of the organic structure directing agent, and in situ 1H MAS NMR to unveil the effect of water content on crystallization kinetics. The in situ MAS NMR results lead to a better understanding of the formation of AlPO4-11.
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2
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Hong S, Mallette AJ, Neeway JJ, Motkuri RK, Rimer JD, Mpourmpakis G. Understanding formation thermodynamics of structurally diverse zeolite oligomers with first principles calculations. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1301-1315. [PMID: 36625388 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02764j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of many zeolitic processes, including nucleation and interzeolite transformation, are not fully understood owing to complex growth mixtures that obfuscate in situ monitoring of molecular events. In this work, we provide insights into zeolite chemistry by investigating the formation thermodynamics of small zeolitic species using first principles calculations. We systematically study how formation energies of pure-silicate and aluminosilicate species differ by structure type and size, temperature, and the presence of alkali or alkaline earth metal cations (Na+, K+, and Ca2+). Highly condensed (cage-like) species are found to be strongly preferred to simple rings in the pure-silicate system, and this thermodynamic preference increases with temperature. Introducing aluminum leads to more favorable formation thermodynamics for all species. Moreover, for species with a low Si/Al ratio (≤2), a thermodynamic preference does not exist among structure types; instead, a pool of diverse aluminosilicate structures compete in formation. Metal cation effects strongly depend on the presence of aluminum, cage size, cation type, and location, since each of these factors can alter electrostatic interactions between cations and zeolitic species. We reveal that confined metal cations may destabilize pure-silicate cages due to localized interactions; conversely, they stabilize aluminosilicates due to strong cation-framework attractions in sufficiently large cages. Importantly, this work rationalizes a series of experimental observations and can potentially guide efforts for controlling zeolite nucleation/crystallization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungil Hong
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Adam J Mallette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - James J Neeway
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Radha Kishan Motkuri
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Giannis Mpourmpakis
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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3
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Goldman M, Huang Y. Investigation into the crystallization of molecular sieve DNL-6. CAN J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization of DNL-6, a silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) based molecular sieve with the RHO topology, was investigated under both the hydrothermal synthesis (HTS) and dry-gel conversion (DGC) conditions. Crystallization of DNL-6 under the HTS conditions is rather fast. But a combination of crystallization under the DGC conditions and reducing reaction temperature slow down the reactions, allowing for intermediates to be captured. Under the DGC conditions, DNL-6 crystallizes through a semi-crystalline layered phase. The nature of this intermediate is aluminophosphate (AlPO) rather than SAPO with most P atoms having a local environment of P(–O–Al)3(OH). The surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium chloride) used for synthesis appears to be part of the layered intermediate. Si is directly incorporated in the DNL-6 framework via SM II mechanism when the semi-crystalline AlPO phase is transforming to DNL-6 with the assistance of a very small amount of water. Both the structure directing agent and the surfactant play a role in the formation of DNL-6, as they were found within the final synthesized products. SEM data show that hydrothermal synthesis produces a much more crystalline product. The facts that the semi-crystalline layered phase was also observed in the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the solid samples obtained under the HTS conditions and that the evolution of the local structure around P and Al in the intermediate phases are similar imply that under the reaction conditions employed in the present study, the formation pathways of DNL-6 under the HTS and DGC conditions appear to have some similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Goldman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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4
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Petersen H, Weidenthaler C. A review of recent developments for the in situ/operando characterization of nanoporous materials. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00977c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is a review on up-to-date in situ/operando methods for a comprehensive characterization of nanoporous materials. The group of nanoporous materials is constantly growing, and with it, the variety of...
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5
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Trunschke A. Prospects and challenges for autonomous catalyst discovery viewed from an experimental perspective. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autonomous catalysis research requires elaborate integration of operando experiments into automated workflows. Suitable experimental data for analysis by artificial intelligence can be measured more readily according to standard operating procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Trunschke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Bakken K, Pedersen VH, Blichfeld AB, Nylund IE, Tominaka S, Ohara K, Grande T, Einarsrud MA. Structures and Role of the Intermediate Phases on the Crystallization of BaTiO 3 from an Aqueous Synthesis Route. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9567-9576. [PMID: 33869937 PMCID: PMC8047748 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbonate formation is a prevailing challenge in synthesis of BaTiO3, especially through wet chemical synthesis routes. In this work, we report the phase evolution during thermal annealing of an aqueous BaTiO3 precursor solution, with a particular focus on the structures and role of intermediate phases forming prior to BaTiO3 nucleation. In situ infrared spectroscopy, in situ X-ray total scattering, and transmission electron microscopy were used to reveal the decomposition, pyrolysis, and crystallization reactions occurring during thermal processing. Our results show that the intermediate phases consist of nanosized calcite-like BaCO3 and BaTi4O9 phases and that the intimate mixing of these along with their metastability ensures complete decomposition to form BaTiO3 above 600 °C. We demonstrate that the stability of the intermediate phases is dependent on the processing atmosphere, where especially enhanced CO2 levels is detrimental for the formation of phase pure BaTiO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Bakken
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Viviann H. Pedersen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Anders B. Blichfeld
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Inger-Emma Nylund
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Satoshi Tominaka
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Koji Ohara
- Diffraction
and Scattering Division, Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tor Grande
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Mari-Ann Einarsrud
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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7
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Sinnwell MA, Miller QRS, Palys L, Barpaga D, Liu L, Bowden ME, Han Y, Ghose S, Sushko ML, Schaef HT, Xu W, Nyman M, Thallapally PK. Molecular Intermediate in the Directed Formation of a Zeolitic Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17598-17606. [PMID: 32957777 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Directed synthesis promises control over architecture and function of framework materials. In practice, however, designing such syntheses requires a detailed understanding of the multistep pathways of framework formations, which remain elusive. By identifying intermediate coordination complexes, this study provides insights into the complex role of a structure-directing agent (SDA) in the synthetic realization of a promising material. Specifically, a novel molecular intermediate was observed in the formation of an indium zeolitic metal-organic framework (ZMOF) with a sodalite topology. The role of the imidazole SDA was revealed by time-resolved in situ powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauren Palys
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | | | | | | | - Yi Han
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Sanjit Ghose
- National Synchrotron Light Sources II (NSLS-II) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | | | | | - Wenqian Xu
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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8
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Mesecke K, Malorny W, Warr LN. In situ monitoring of hydrothermal reactions by X-ray diffraction with Bragg-Brentano geometry. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:1163-1166. [PMID: 32788908 PMCID: PMC7401785 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720006019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This note describes an autoclave chamber developed and constructed by Anton Paar and its application for in situ experiments under hydrothermal conditions. Reactions of crystalline phases can be studied by successive in situ measurements on a conventional laboratory X-ray diffractometer with Bragg-Brentano geometry at temperatures <483 K and saturated vapour pressure <2 MPa. Variations in the intensity of X-ray diffraction reflections of both reactants and products provide quantitative information for studying the reaction kinetics of both dissolution and crystal growth. Feasibility is demonstrated by studying a cementitious mixture used for autoclaved aerated concrete production. During a period of 5.7 h at 466 K and 1.35 MPa, the crystallization of torbermorite and the partial consumption of quartz were monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Mesecke
- Hochschule Wismar, Philipp-Müller-Strasse 14, 23966 Wismar, Germany.,University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17A, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Winfried Malorny
- Hochschule Wismar, Philipp-Müller-Strasse 14, 23966 Wismar, Germany
| | - Laurence N Warr
- University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17A, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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9
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Embrechts H, Hartmann M, Peukert W, Distaso M. In Situ Monitoring of Particle Formation with Spectroscopic and Analytical Techniques Under Solvothermal Conditions. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidemarie Embrechts
- FAU Erlangen-NurembergInstitute of Particle Technology Cauerstrasse 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- FAU Erlangen-NurembergInterdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems Haberstrasse 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Martin Hartmann
- FAU Erlangen-NurembergInterdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems Haberstrasse 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
- FAU Erlangen-NurembergErlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC) Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- FAU Erlangen-NurembergInstitute of Particle Technology Cauerstrasse 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- FAU Erlangen-NurembergInterdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems Haberstrasse 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Monica Distaso
- FAU Erlangen-NurembergInstitute of Particle Technology Cauerstrasse 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- FAU Erlangen-NurembergInterdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems Haberstrasse 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
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10
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Houlleberghs M, Martens JA, Breynaert E. Low-cost disposable high-pressure setup for in situ X-ray experiments. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1893-1894. [PMID: 30407202 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518011165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A low-cost, flexible and fast method to create disposable sample cells suitable for in situ catalytic or material synthesis studies based on standard quartz capillaries, heat-shrinkable tubing and standard Swagelok components is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Houlleberghs
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, Box 2461, Heverlee 3001, Belgium
| | - Johan A Martens
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, Box 2461, Heverlee 3001, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, Box 2461, Heverlee 3001, Belgium
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11
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Lo BTW, Ye L, Tsang SCE. The Contribution of Synchrotron X-Ray Powder Diffraction to Modern Zeolite Applications: A Mini-review and Prospects. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Van Vleet MJ, Weng T, Li X, Schmidt J. In Situ, Time-Resolved, and Mechanistic Studies of Metal–Organic Framework Nucleation and Growth. Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Van Vleet
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tingting Weng
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xinyi Li
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - J.R. Schmidt
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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13
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Sheng P, Wang G, Dong M, Chen G, Yang H, Fan W, Qin Z, Wang J. Systematic study of the crystallization process of CrAPO-5 using in situ high resolution X-ray diffraction. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28572d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic study of the hydrothermal crystallization process of CrAPO-5 by in situ high resolution X-ray powder diffraction (HRXRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Guofu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Mei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Zhangfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
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14
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Møller KT, Hansen BRS, Dippel AC, Jørgensen JE, Jensen TR. Characterization of Gas-Solid Reactions using In Situ Powder X-ray Diffraction. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Birgisson S, Jensen KMØ, Christiansen TL, von Bülow JF, Iversen BB. In situ powder X-ray diffraction study of the hydro-thermal formation of LiMn2O4nanocrystallites. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:15075-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01307g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Jensen KMØ, Tyrsted C, Bremholm M, Iversen BB. In situ studies of solvothermal synthesis of energy materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:1594-1611. [PMID: 24599741 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Solvothermal and hydrothermal synthesis, that is, synthesis taking place in a solvent at elevated temperature and pressure, is a powerful technique for the production of advanced energy materials as it is versatile, cheap, and environmentally friendly. However, the fundamental reaction mechanisms dictating particle formation and growth under solvothermal conditions are not well understood. In order to produce tailor-made materials with specific properties for advanced energy technologies, it is essential to obtain an improved understanding of these processes and, in this context, in situ studies are an important tool as they provide real time information on the reactions taking place. Here, we present a review of the use of powder diffraction and total scattering methods for in situ studies of synthesis taking place under solvothermal and hydrothermal conditions. The experimental setups used for in situ X-ray and neutron studies are presented, and methods of data analysis are described. Special attention is given to the methods used to extract structural information from the data, for example, Rietveld refinement, whole powder pattern modelling and pair distribution function analysis. Examples of in situ studies are presented to illustrate the types of chemical insight that can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Ø Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C (Denmark) www.cmc.chem.au.dk
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17
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Nørby P, Johnsen S, Iversen BB. In situ X-ray diffraction study of the formation, growth, and phase transition of colloidal Cu(2-x)S nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4295-303. [PMID: 24717103 DOI: 10.1021/nn5010638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation, growth, and phase transition of colloidal monodisperse spherical copper sulfide nanocrystals synthesized in dodecanethiol have been followed by in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The formation of nanocrystals involves a thermal decomposition of the crystalline precursor [CuSC12H25], which upon heating forms an isotropic liquid that subsequently turns into colloidal β-chalcocite phase Cu2S nanocrystals. The redox reaction step in the precursor solution has been studied by proton NMR. Upon heating, high digenite phase nanocrystals are formed through a solid-state rearrangement phase transition of the β-chalcocite phase nanocrystals at temperatures above 260 °C. TEM and PXRD reveal that the nanocrystal size is independent of synthesis temperature and stabilizes after the phase transition has completed. Spherical monodisperse nanocrystals are obtained in all experiments, with the nanocrystals in the β-chalcocite phase (7 nm) being smaller than those in high digenite phase (11 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nørby
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Lane DW, Nyombi A, Shackel J. Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction mapping on a benchtop X-ray fluorescence system. J Appl Crystallogr 2014. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576714000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction mapping is presented, using a conventional low-power benchtop X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, the Seiko Instruments SEA6000VX. Hyper spectral X-ray maps with a 10 µm step size were collected from polished metal surfaces, sectioned Bi, Pb and steel shot gun pellets. Candidate diffraction lines were identified by eliminating those that matched a characteristic line for an element and those predicted for escape peaks, sum peaks, and Rayleigh and Compton scattered primary X-rays. The maps showed that the crystallites in the Bi pellet were larger than those observed in the Pb and steel pellets. The application of benchtop spectrometers to energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction mapping is discussed, and the capability for lower atomic number and lower-symmetry materials is briefly explored using multi-crystalline Si and polycrystalline sucrose.
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19
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Wragg DS, Bleken FL, O'Brien MG, Di Michiel M, Fjellvåg H, Olsbye U. The fast Z-scan method for studying working catalytic reactors with high energy X-ray diffraction: ZSM-5 in the methanol to gasoline process. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:8662-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44343d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Rodriguez JA, Hanson JC, Stacchiola D, Senanayake SD. In situ/operando studies for the production of hydrogen through the water-gas shift on metal oxide catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:12004-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50416f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Nørby P, Jensen KMØ, Lock N, Christensen M, Iversen BB. In situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction study of formation and growth of yttrium and ytterbium aluminum garnet nanoparticles in sub- and supercritical water. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41854e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Ibsen CJS, Birkedal H. Influence of poly(acrylic acid) on apatite formation studied byin situX-ray diffraction using an X-ray scattering reaction cell with high-precision temperature control. J Appl Crystallogr 2012. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889812036576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic additives influence crystallization processes in a multitude of ways. In biomineralization,e.g.bone or shell, such additives play a crucial role in morphology, and in polymorph and size control. However, the specific interactions between the additives and the growing mineral are in general unknown. Here, a model of bone mineralization, namely the formation of apatite nanocrystals under the influence of poly(acrylic acid), is studied usingin situX-ray diffraction. Since the kinetics of these reactions are very temperature dependent, a new X-ray scattering reaction cell has been developed that allows very high temperature precision, with an r.m.s. variation during operation of ∼0.05 K. The performance of the cell and its use in studying the apatite/poly(acrylic acid) system are discussed. The apatite formation process proceedsviathe formation of an amorphous precursor which then crystallizes. It is found that poly(acrylic acid) retards crystallization and reduces the growth rate of the forming crystallites.
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Tyrsted C, Pauw BR, Jensen KMØ, Becker J, Christensen M, Iversen BB. Watching Nanoparticles Form: An In Situ (Small-/Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering/Total Scattering) Study of the Growth of Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia in Supercritical Fluids. Chemistry 2012; 18:5759-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Wei YX, Ye ZF, Wang YL, Ma MG, Li YF. Enhanced ammonia nitrogen removal using consistent ammonium exchange of modified zeolite and biological regeneration in a sequencing batch reactor process. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2011; 32:1337-1343. [PMID: 21970175 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2010.536784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing preferential ion exchange of the modified zeolite, the zeo-sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is recommended for a new nitrogen removal process. In this study, natural zeolite was modified by sodium chloride to enhance sorption capacity for ammoniacal nitrogen. The untreated and treated zeolite was characterized by XPS and XRD techniques. The sorption isotherm tests showed that equilibrium sorption data were better represented by the Langmuir model than by the Freundlich model. Treatment of natural zeolite by sodium chloride increased the sorption capacity for ammoniacal nitrogen removal from aqueous solutions. As a result of the continuous bioregeneration of ammonium saturated zeolite-floc in the SBR, the nitrogen removal efficiency of the zeo-SBR was relatively ideal. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that microbes were abundant in the zeo-SBR process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Resources and Environment, Institute of Biochemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
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26
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Effects of quartz particle size and water-to-solid ratio on hydrothermal synthesis of tobermorite studied by in-situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2011.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Stavitski E, Goesten M, Juan-Alcañiz J, Martinez-Joaristi A, Serra-Crespo P, Petukhov AV, Gascon J, Kapteijn F. Kinetic Control of Metal-Organic Framework Crystallization Investigated by Time-Resolved In Situ X-Ray Scattering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9624-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Stavitski E, Goesten M, Juan-Alcañiz J, Martinez-Joaristi A, Serra-Crespo P, Petukhov AV, Gascon J, Kapteijn F. Kinetic Control of Metal-Organic Framework Crystallization Investigated by Time-Resolved In Situ X-Ray Scattering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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KIKUMA J, MATSUNO SY. Development of an in situ X-ray Diffraction System for Hydrothermal Reaction. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2011. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.61.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun KIKUMA
- Analysis and Simulation Center, Asahi-KASEI Corporation, 2-1, Samejima, Fuji-shi, Shizuoka 416-8501
| | - Shin-ya MATSUNO
- Analysis and Simulation Center, Asahi-KASEI Corporation, 2-1, Samejima, Fuji-shi, Shizuoka 416-8501
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Zhou Y, Antonova E, Bensch W, Patzke GR. In situ X-ray diffraction study of the hydrothermal crystallization of hierarchical Bi₂WO₆ nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:2412-2417. [PMID: 20714655 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The hydrothermal crystallization of hierarchical Bi₂WO₆ nanostructures has been monitored with in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD). The kinetic data analysis according to the Avrami-Erofe'ev model suggests that the formation of nanostructured Bi₂(2)WO₆ is diffusion controlled with Avrami exponents around 0.5 and that the growth mechanism is temperature independent in the interval from 150 to 180°C. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics and the crystal structure of the resulting hydrothermal products depend on the pH value of the Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O/K₂WO₄ hydrothermal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Ibsen CJS, Birkedal H. Modification of bone-like apatite nanoparticle size and growth kinetics by alizarin red S. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:2478-2486. [PMID: 20931127 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00488j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nanocrystals in biomineralization such as in bone occurs under the influence of organic molecules. Prompted by this fact, the effect of alizarin red S, a dye used in in vivo bone labeling methods, on bone-like carbonated apatite nanocrystal formation was investigated as a function of alizarin red S additive concentration. The obtained nanoparticles were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR as well thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) while the kinetics of nanoparticle formation was investigated by in situ pH and synchrotron XRD measurements. Increasing alizarin red S concentration lead to amorphous particles over a threshold concentration and to smaller crystallites in a dose-dependent fashion. Alizarin red S induced a macroscopic lattice strain that scaled linearly with the alizarin red S concentration; this effect is reminiscent of that seen in biogenic calcium carbonates. TGA showed that the amorphous particles contained significantly more water than the crystalline samples and the DSC data showed that crystallization occurs after loss of most of the included organic material. The in situ studies showed that the formation of apatite goes via the very rapid formation of an amorphous precursor that after a certain nucleation time crystallizes into apatite. This nucleation time increased exponentially with alizarin red S concentration showing that this additive strongly stabilizes the amorphous precursor phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Jon Steenberg Ibsen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 140 Langelandsgade, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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32
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Jensen TR, Nielsen TK, Filinchuk Y, Jørgensen JE, Cerenius Y, Gray EM, Webb CJ. Versatile in situ powder X-ray diffraction cells for solid-gas investigations. J Appl Crystallogr 2010; 43:1456-1463. [PMID: 22477780 PMCID: PMC3253740 DOI: 10.1107/s0021889810038148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two multipurpose sample cells of quartz (SiO2) or sapphire (Al2O3) capillaries, developed for the study of solid–gas reactions in dosing or flow mode, are presented. They allow fast change of pressure up to 100 or 300 bar (1 bar = 100 000 Pa) and can also handle solid–liquid–gas studies. This paper describes new sample cells and techniques for in situ powder X-ray diffraction specifically designed for gas absorption studies up to ca 300 bar (1 bar = 100 000 Pa) gas pressure. The cells are for multipurpose use, in particular the study of solid–gas reactions in dosing or flow mode, but can also handle samples involved in solid–liquid–gas studies. The sample can be loaded into a single-crystal sapphire (Al2O3) capillary, or a quartz (SiO2) capillary closed at one end. The advantages of a sapphire single-crystal cell with regard to rapid pressure cycling are discussed, and burst pressures are calculated and measured to be ∼300 bar. An alternative and simpler cell based on a thin-walled silicate or quartz glass capillary, connected to a gas source via a VCR fitting, enables studies up to ∼100 bar. Advantages of the two cell types are compared and their applications are illustrated by case studies.
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33
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Aerts A, Kirschhock CEA, Martens JA. Methods for in situ spectroscopic probing of the synthesis of a zeolite. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4626-42. [PMID: 20949188 DOI: 10.1039/b919704b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the crystallization mechanism of zeolites remains an increasingly important challenge in chemistry. During the last decade, in situ spectroscopic methods have provided an unprecedented level of detail of the underlying molecular mechanisms and their kinetics. Magnetic resonance, vibrational and X-ray absorption techniques have emerged as principal tools for the in situ observation of crystallization. In this tutorial review, we discuss how these in situ methods have contributed to our understanding of the complex and diverse molecular processes that govern zeolite crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Aerts
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, K.U. Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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34
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Kikuma J, Tsunashima M, Ishikawa T, Matsuno SY, Ogawa A, Matsui K, Sato M. In-Situ X-ray Diffraction under Hydrothermal Condition Using Synchrotron Radiation and Its Application to Tobermorite Formation Reaction. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2010. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.59.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kikuma
- Analysis and Simulation Center, Asahi-KASEI Corporation
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Masugu Sato
- Industrial Application Division, SPring-8/JASRI
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35
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O'Brien MG, Beale AM, Weckhuysen BM. The role of synchrotron radiation in examining the self-assembly of crystalline nanoporous framework materials: from zeolites and aluminophosphates to metal organic hybrids. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4767-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00088d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Simmance K, Sankar G, Bell RG, Prestipino C, Beek WV. Tracking the formation of cobalt substituted ALPO-5 using simultaneous in situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:559-62. [DOI: 10.1039/b920245e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Kikuma J, Tsunashima M, Ishikawa T, Matsuno SY, Ogawa A, Matsui K, Sato M. Formation Process of Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete Studied by in situ X-ray Diffraction under Hydrothermal Condition. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2010. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.59.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kikuma
- Analysis and Simulation Center, Asahi-KASEI Corporation
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Masugu Sato
- Industrial Application Division, SPring-8/JASRI
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38
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Bremholm M, Felicissimo M, Iversen B. Time‐Resolved In Situ Synchrotron X‐ray Study and Large‐Scale Production of Magnetite Nanoparticles in Supercritical Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Bremholm M, Felicissimo M, Iversen B. Time-Resolved In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Study and Large-Scale Production of Magnetite Nanoparticles in Supercritical Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4788-91. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Gao T, Fjellvåg H, Norby P. Structural and morphological evolution of beta-MnO2 nanorods during hydrothermal synthesis. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:055610. [PMID: 19417357 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/5/055610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Beta-MnO(2) nanorods were synthesized via a redox reaction of (NH(4))(2)S(2)O(8) and MnSO(4) under hydrothermal conditions. In situ and ex situ x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were employed to follow the structural and morphological evolution during growth. It was found that the crystallization of beta-MnO(2) nanorods proceeds through two steps: gamma-MnO(2) nanorods form first via a dissolution-recrystallization process and then transform topologically into beta-MnO(2) with increasing temperature. The phase transformation was associated with a short-range rearrangement of MnO(6) octahedra. Vibrational spectroscopic studies showed that the beta-MnO(2) nanorods had four infrared absorptions at 726, 552, 462 and 418 cm(-1) and four Raman scattering bands at 759 (B(2g)), 662 (A(1g)), 576 (Ramsdellite impurity) and 537 (E(g)) cm(-1), which are in agreement with Mn-O lattice vibrations within a rutile-type MnO(6) octahedral matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gao
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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41
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Bremholm M, Jensen H, Iversen SB, Iversen BB. Reactor design for in situ X-ray scattering studies of nanoparticle formation in supercritical water syntheses. J Supercrit Fluids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Bauer J, Selvam T, Ofili J, Che E, Herrmann R, Schwieger W. Stability of AlPO and SAPO molecular sieves during adsorption-desorption cycles of water vapor investigated by in-situ XRD measurements. FROM ZEOLITES TO POROUS MOF MATERIALS - THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF INTERNATIONAL ZEOLITE CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 15TH INTERNATIONAL ZEOLITE CONFERENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(07)80930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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43
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Michailovski A, Patzke GR. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Molybdenum Oxide Based Materials: Strategy and Structural Chemistry. Chemistry 2006; 12:9122-34. [PMID: 17111440 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The preparative flexibility of hydrothermal syntheses needs to be systemised for exploring complex structure-synthesis relationships and morphology control options in materials chemistry. This is demonstrated for the targeted hydrothermal preparation of molybdenum oxide materials: firstly, in situ studies were employed for the efficient production of MoO(3) nanofibres. Furthermore, ionic substances as structure-directing tools brought forward a new class of fluorinated polyoxomolybdates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexej Michailovski
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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