1
|
Wilk JT, Furner CT, Kent EW, Kelly MT, Zhao B, Li CY. Effect of Grafting Density on the Crystallization Behavior of Molecular Bottlebrushes. Macromolecules 2024; 57:8487-8497. [PMID: 39281839 PMCID: PMC11394005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
A unique case of sterically constrained crystallization arises in bottlebrush polymers bearing semicrystalline side chains. Bottlebrushes with grafted side chains can form crystalline structures governed by the complex interplay between side chain packing and backbone confinement. The confinement effect can be readily tuned by varying the side chain grafting density, thus affording control over the crystallization behavior of these systems. In this work, the grafting density effect on the crystallization behavior of molecular bottlebrushes comprising poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) side chains grafted to a methacrylate backbone was systematically studied. Thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry showed that the bottlebrush polymers displayed suppressed crystallization temperatures, lower melting temperatures, and reduced crystallinities compared to linear homopolymer PEO. The crystalline morphology was investigated using polarized light, atomic force, and scanning electron microscopy. Isothermal crystallization experiments revealed a nonmonotonous dependence of the nucleation density on the side chain grafting density. The grafting density effect was also investigated using self-seeding experiments, revealing an increased clearing temperature and memory retention at higher grafting densities. This work highlights how grafting density influences the crystallization behavior of semicrystalline bottlebrushes, providing information for the processing and application of these unique polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Wilk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Carl T Furner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ethan W Kent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Michael T Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Christopher Y Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hofmaier M, Flemming P, Guskova O, Münch AS, Uhlmann P, Müller M. Swelling and Orientation Behavior of End-Grafted Polymer Chains by In Situ Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Complementing In Situ Ellipsometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16219-16230. [PMID: 37941338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The literature lacks established concrete parameters for assigning grafted chain regimes. In this context, dichroic in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and in situ ellipsometry were used complementarily, offering new opportunities for conformational analysis of end-grafted polymer chains. Especially polymer chain orientation was studied as a new parameter, among others, for proper chain regime assignment in this report. Alkyne-functionalized poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) with a molecular weight of 49.8 kg/mol and a contour length of around 80 nm was grafted to self-assembled monolayers bearing triazole end groups as reported. Different chain regimes were generated by using three different grafting densities. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy based on the ν(C═O) stretching vibration at around 1728 cm-1 provided a new direct approach to determine the GD of polymer chains. Significant shifts in the position of the ν(C═O) band comparing dry and wet states were observed, caused by increased hydrogen bonding interactions between PDMAEMA and water. Finally, the averaged orientation of PDMAEMA chains along the z-axis was determined using dichroic ATR-FTIR spectroscopy based on the dichroic ratios of the ν(C═O) band and molecular order parameters SZ,MOL calculated thereof. High SZ,MOL values were found for the wet state compared to the dry state, confirming that all GD PDMAEMA samples are in the brush regime in the swollen state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Hofmaier
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technical University Dresden (TUD), Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Patricia Flemming
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technical University Dresden (TUD), Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga Guskova
- Institut Theorie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Kaitzer Straße 4, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander S Münch
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden (TUD), Mommsenstraße 4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ritsema van Eck G, Chiappisi L, de Beer S. Fundamentals and Applications of Polymer Brushes in Air. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:3062-3087. [PMID: 35601464 PMCID: PMC9112284 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, high-density, end-tethered polymers, forming so-called polymer brushes, have inspired scientists to understand their properties and to translate them to applications. While earlier research focused on polymer brushes in liquids, it was recently recognized that these brushes can find application in air as well. In this review, we report on recent progress in unraveling fundamental concepts of brushes in air, such as their vapor-swelling and solvent partitioning. Moreover, we provide an overview of the plethora of applications in air (e.g., in sensing, separations or smart adhesives) where brushes can be key components. To conclude, we provide an outlook by identifying open questions and issues that, when solved, will pave the way for the large scale application of brushes in air.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido
C. Ritsema van Eck
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Chiappisi
- Institut
Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Luo Y, Pang AP, Zhu P, Wang D, Lu X. Demonstrating the Interfacial Polymer Thermal Transition from Coil-to-Globule to Coil-to-Stretch under Shear Flow Using SFG and MD Simulation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1617-1627. [PMID: 35142518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Revealing interfacial shear-induced structural responsiveness has long been an important topic in that most fluids in nature and human life are in motion and cause interesting boundary phenomena. It is amazing how the polymer chain conformation or local structural features at a boundary change under the effective shear condition. In this study, microfluidic-assisted sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation are combined to reveal that the shear flow can effectively block the so-called thermal coil-to-globule transition of the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes on the solid substrate, and the normal coil-to-globule transition transfers to a coil-to-stretch one under shear flow with increasing ambient temperature. Such findings are attributed to the balance between the shear flow and the molecular interaction with respect to the polymer chains and adjacent water molecules, thus demonstrating the significant effect of the shear flow on the structural and dynamic behaviors of the polymer chains at the boundaries from the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ping Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Peizhi Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Dayang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shurshina A, Bazunova M, Chernova V, Galina A, Titlova A, Kulish E. The impact of polymers’ supramolecular structure on water vapour sorption and drug release from films on the basis of some polysaccharide. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Yu Y, Brió Pérez M, Cao C, de Beer S. Switching (bio-) adhesion and friction in liquid by stimulus responsive polymer coatings. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
7
|
Castillo-Henríquez L, Castro-Alpízar J, Lopretti-Correa M, Vega-Baudrit J. Exploration of Bioengineered Scaffolds Composed of Thermo-Responsive Polymers for Drug Delivery in Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1408. [PMID: 33573351 PMCID: PMC7866792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune responses lead to wound healing by regulating a complex series of events promoting cellular cross-talk. An inflammatory response is presented with its characteristic clinical symptoms: heat, pain, redness, and swelling. Some smart thermo-responsive polymers like chitosan, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alginate, and poly(ε-caprolactone) can be used to create biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds. These processed thermo-responsive biomaterials possess 3D architectures similar to human structures, providing physical support for cell growth and tissue regeneration. Furthermore, these structures are used as novel drug delivery systems. Locally heated tumors above the polymer lower the critical solution temperature and can induce its conversion into a hydrophobic form by an entropy-driven process, enhancing drug release. When the thermal stimulus is gone, drug release is reduced due to the swelling of the material. As a result, these systems can contribute to the wound healing process in accelerating tissue healing, avoiding large scar tissue, regulating the inflammatory response, and protecting from bacterial infections. This paper integrates the relevant reported contributions of bioengineered scaffolds composed of smart thermo-responsive polymers for drug delivery applications in wound healing. Therefore, we present a comprehensive review that aims to demonstrate these systems' capacity to provide spatially and temporally controlled release strategies for one or more drugs used in wound healing. In this sense, the novel manufacturing techniques of 3D printing and electrospinning are explored for the tuning of their physicochemical properties to adjust therapies according to patient convenience and reduce drug toxicity and side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Castillo-Henríquez
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), 1174-1200 San José, Costa Rica;
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jose Castro-Alpízar
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica;
| | - Mary Lopretti-Correa
- Nuclear Research Center, Faculty of Science, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay;
| | - José Vega-Baudrit
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), 1174-1200 San José, Costa Rica;
- Laboratory of Polymers (POLIUNA), Chemistry School, National University of Costa Rica, 86-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|