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Lo YL, Hwang R, Teng PPC, Tan YE. Corpus Callosum-Mediated Interhemispheric Interactions in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. J Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 41:473-477. [PMID: 38922289 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The corpus callosum is crucial for interhemispheric interactions in the motor control of limb functions. Human and animal studies suggested spinal cord pathologies may induce cortical reorganization in sensorimotor areas. We investigate participation of the corpus callosum in executions of a simple motor task in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) using transcranial magnetic stimulation. METHODS Twenty patients with CSM with various MRI grades of severity of cord compression were compared with 19 normal controls. Ipsilateral silent period, contralateral silent period, central motor conduction time, and transcallosal conduction time (TCT) were determined. RESULTS In both upper and lower limbs, TCTs were significantly increased for patients with CSM than normal controls ( p < 0.001 for all), without side-to-side differences. Ipsilateral silent period and contralateral silent period durations were significantly increased bilaterally for upper limbs in comparison to controls ( p < 0.01 for all), without side-to-side differences. There were no significant correlations of TCT with central motor conduction time nor severity of CSM for both upper and lower limbs ( p > 0.05 for all) bilaterally. CONCLUSIONS Previous transcranial magnetic stimulation studies show increased motor cortex excitability in CSM; hence, increased TCTs observed bilaterally may be a compensatory mechanism for effective unidirectional and uniplanar execution of muscle activation in the distal limb muscles. Lack of correlation of TCTs with severity of CSM or central motor conduction time may be in keeping with a preexistent role of the corpus callosum as a predominantly inhibitory pathway for counteracting redundant movements resulting from increased motor cortex excitability occurring after spinal cord lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Long Lo
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; and
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruby Hwang
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yam Eng Tan
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
Meta-control describes an interhemispheric response conflict that results from the perception of stimuli that elicit a different reaction in each hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere for the perceived stimulus class often wins this competition. There is evidence from pigeons that meta-control results from interhemispheric response conflicts that prolong reaction time when the animal is confronted with conflicting information. However, recent evidence in pigeons also makes it likely that the dominant hemisphere can slow down the subdominant hemisphere, such that meta-control could instead result from the interhemispheric speed differences. Since both explanations make different predictions for the effect of commissurotomy, we tested pigeons in a meta-control task both before and after transection of the commissura anterior. This fiber pathway is the largest pallial commissura of the avian brain. The results revealed a transient phase in which meta-control possibly resulted from interhemispheric response conflicts. In subsequent sessions and after commissurotomy, however, the results suggest interhemispheric speed differences as a basis for meta-control. Furthermore, they reveal that meta-control is modified by interhemispheric transmission via the commissura anterior, although it does not seem to depend on it.
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Xiao Q, Güntürkün O. Asymmetrical Commissural Control of the Subdominant Hemisphere in Pigeons. Cell Rep 2018; 25:1171-1180.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Chung S, Jeong JH, Ko S, Yu X, Kim YH, Isaac JTR, Koretsky AP. Peripheral Sensory Deprivation Restores Critical-Period-like Plasticity to Adult Somatosensory Thalamocortical Inputs. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2707-2717. [PMID: 28658619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work has shown that thalamocortical (TC) inputs can be plastic after the developmental critical period has closed, but the mechanism that enables re-establishment of plasticity is unclear. Here, we find that long-term potentiation (LTP) at TC inputs is transiently restored in spared barrel cortex following either a unilateral infra-orbital nerve (ION) lesion, unilateral whisker trimming, or unilateral ablation of the rodent barrel cortex. Restoration of LTP is associated with increased potency at TC input and reactivates anatomical map plasticity induced by whisker follicle ablation. The reactivation of TC LTP is accompanied by reappearance of silent synapses. Both LTP and silent synapse formation are preceded by transient re-expression of synaptic GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which are required for the reappearance of TC plasticity. These results clearly demonstrate that peripheral sensory deprivation reactivates synaptic plasticity in the mature layer 4 barrel cortex with features similar to the developmental critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungsoo Chung
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyun Jeong
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukjin Ko
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Yu
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High-field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Young-Hwan Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - John T R Isaac
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Alan P Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Freund N, Valencia-Alfonso CE, Kirsch J, Brodmann K, Manns M, Güntürkün O. Asymmetric top-down modulation of ascending visual pathways in pigeons. Neuropsychologia 2016; 83:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cross-hemispheric collaboration and segregation associated with task difficulty as revealed by structural and functional connectivity. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8191-200. [PMID: 26019335 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0464-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that brain regions in one hemisphere may interact very closely with their corresponding contralateral regions (collaboration) or operate relatively independent of them (segregation), the specific brain regions (where) and conditions (how) associated with collaboration or segregation are largely unknown. We investigated these issues using a split field-matching task in which participants matched the meaning of words or the visual features of faces presented to the same (unilateral) or to different (bilateral) visual fields. Matching difficulty was manipulated by varying the semantic similarity of words or the visual similarity of faces. We assessed the white matter using the fractional anisotropy (FA) measure provided by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and cross-hemispheric communication in terms of fMRI-based connectivity between homotopic pairs of cortical regions. For both perceptual and semantic matching, bilateral trials became faster than unilateral trials as difficulty increased (bilateral processing advantage, BPA). The study yielded three novel findings. First, whereas FA in anterior corpus callosum (genu) correlated with word-matching BPA, FA in posterior corpus callosum (splenium-occipital) correlated with face-matching BPA. Second, as matching difficulty intensified, cross-hemispheric functional connectivity (CFC) increased in domain-general frontopolar cortex (for both word and face matching) but decreased in domain-specific ventral temporal lobe regions (temporal pole for word matching and fusiform gyrus for face matching). Last, a mediation analysis linking DTI and fMRI data showed that CFC mediated the effect of callosal FA on BPA. These findings clarify the mechanisms by which the hemispheres interact to perform complex cognitive tasks.
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Jonckers E, Güntürkün O, De Groof G, Van der Linden A, Bingman VP. Network structure of functional hippocampal lateralization in birds. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1418-28. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Department of Biopsychology; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Geert De Groof
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | | | - Verner P. Bingman
- Department of Psychology; Bowling Green State University; Bowling Green Ohio
- J.P. Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior; Bowling Green State University; Bowling Green Ohio
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Evidence for interhemispheric conflict during meta-control in pigeons. Behav Brain Res 2014; 270:146-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Coronel JC, Federmeier KD. Task demands modulate decision and eye movement responses in the chimeric face test: examining the right hemisphere processing account. Front Psychol 2014; 5:229. [PMID: 24688475 PMCID: PMC3960575 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A large and growing body of work, conducted in both brain-intact and brain-damaged populations, has used the free viewing chimeric face test as a measure of hemispheric dominance for the extraction of emotional information from faces. These studies generally show that normal right-handed individuals tend to perceive chimeric faces as more emotional if the emotional expression is presented on the half of the face to the viewer's left (“left hemiface”). However, the mechanisms underlying this lateralized bias remain unclear. Here, we examine the extent to which this bias is driven by right hemisphere processing advantages vs. default scanning biases in a unique way—by changing task demands. In particular, we compare the original task with one in which right-hemisphere-biased processing cannot provide a decision advantage. Our behavioral and eye movement data are inconsistent with the predictions of a default scanning bias account and support the idea that the left hemiface bias found in the chimeric face test is largely due to strategic use of right hemisphere processing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Coronel
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kara D Federmeier
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neurosciences, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Champaign, IL, USA
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Urgesi C, Fornasari L, Canalaz F, Perini L, Cremaschi S, Faleschini L, Thyrion EZ, Zuliani M, Balestrieri M, Fabbro F, Brambilla P. Impaired configural body processing in anorexia nervosa: evidence from the body inversion effect. Br J Psychol 2013; 105:486-508. [PMID: 24206365 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) suffer from severe disturbances of body perception. It is unclear, however, whether such disturbances are linked to specific alterations in the processing of body configurations with respect to the local processing of body part details. Here, we compared a consecutive sample of 12 AN patients with a group of 12 age-, gender- and education-matched controls using an inversion effect paradigm requiring the visual discrimination of upright and inverted pictures of whole bodies, faces and objects. The AN patients presented selective deficits in the discrimination of upright body stimuli, which requires configural processing. Conversely, patients and controls showed comparable abilities in the discrimination of inverted bodies, which involves only detail-based processing, and in the discrimination of both upright and inverted faces and objects. Importantly, the body inversion effect negatively correlated with the persistence scores at the Temperament and Character Inventory, which evaluates increased tendency to convert a signal of punishment into a signal of reinforcement. These results suggest that the deficits of configural processing in AN patients may be associated with their obsessive worries about body appearance and to the excessive attention to details that characterizes their general perceptual style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Urgesi
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Udine, Italy; IRCCS Scientific Institute "E. Medea", Pordenone, Italy
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Motor control and neural plasticity through interhemispheric interactions. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:823285. [PMID: 23326685 PMCID: PMC3541646 DOI: 10.1155/2012/823285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum, which is the largest white matter structure in the human brain, connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the independent processing of the hemispheres and in integrating information between both hemispheres. The functional integrity of interhemispheric interactions can be tested electrophysiologically in humans by using transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroencephalography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. As a brain structural imaging, diffusion tensor imaging has revealed the microstructural connectivity underlying interhemispheric interactions. Sex, age, and motor training in addition to the size of the corpus callosum influence interhemispheric interactions. Several neurological disorders change hemispheric asymmetry directly by impairing the corpus callosum. Moreover, stroke lesions and unilateral peripheral impairments such as amputation alter interhemispheric interactions indirectly. Noninvasive brain stimulation changes the interhemispheric interactions between both motor cortices. Recently, these brain stimulation techniques were applied in the clinical rehabilitation of patients with stroke by ameliorating the deteriorated modulation of interhemispheric interactions. Here, we review the interhemispheric interactions and mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these interactions and propose rehabilitative approaches for appropriate cortical reorganization.
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van der Knaap LJ, van der Ham IJM. How does the corpus callosum mediate interhemispheric transfer? A review. Behav Brain Res 2011; 223:211-21. [PMID: 21530590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the largest white matter structure in the human brain, connecting cortical regions of both hemispheres. Complete and partial callosotomies or callosal lesion studies have granted more insight into the function of the corpus callosum, namely the facilitation of communication between the cerebral hemispheres. How the corpus callosum mediates this information transfer is still a topic of debate. Some pose that the corpus callosum maintains independent processing between the two hemispheres, whereas others say that the corpus callosum shares information between hemispheres. These theories of inhibition and excitation are further explored by reviewing recent behavioural studies and morphological findings to gain more information about callosal function. Additional information regarding callosal function in relation to altered morphology and dysfunction in disorders is reviewed to add to the discussion of callosal involvement in interhemispheric transfer. Both the excitatory and inhibitory theories seem likely candidates to describe callosal function, however evidence also exists for both functions within the same corpus callosum. For future research it would be beneficial to investigate the functional role of the callosal sub regions to get a better understanding of function and use more appropriate experimental methods to determine functional connectivity when looking at interhemispheric transfer.
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Adam R, Güntürkün O. When one hemisphere takes control: metacontrol in pigeons (Columba livia). PLoS One 2009; 4:e5307. [PMID: 19390578 PMCID: PMC2668796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vertebrate brains are composed of two hemispheres that receive input, compute, and interact to form a unified response. How the partially different processes of both hemispheres are integrated to create a single output is largely unknown. In some cases one hemisphere takes charge of the response selection – a process known as metacontrol. Thus far, this phenomenon has only been shown in a handful of studies with primates, mostly conducted in humans. Metacontrol, however, is even more relevant for animals like birds with laterally placed eyes and complete chiasmatic decussation since visual input to the hemispheres is largely different. Methodology/Principal Findings Homing pigeons (Columba livia) were trained with a color discrimination task. Each hemisphere was trained with a different color pair and therefore had a different experience. Subsequently, the pigeons were binocularly examined with two additional stimuli that combined the positive color of one hemisphere with a negative color that had been shown to the other, omitting the availability of a coherent solution and confronting the pigeons with a conflicting situation. Some of the pigeons responded to both stimuli, indicating that none of the hemispheres dominated the overall preference. Some birds, however, responded primarily to one of the conflicting stimuli, showing that they based their choice on the left- or right-monocularly learned color pair, indicating hemispheric metacontrol. Conclusions/Significance We could demonstrate for the first time that metacontrol is a widespread phenomenon that also exists in birds, and thus in principle requires no corpus callosum. Our results are closely similar to those in humans: monocular performance was higher than binocular one and animals displayed different modes of hemispheric dominance. Thus, metacontrol is a dynamic and widely distributed process that possibly constitutes a requirement for all animals with a bipartite brain to confront the problem of choosing between two hemisphere-bound behavioral options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Adam
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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