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Molter F, Thomas AW, Huettel SA, Heekeren HR, Mohr PNC. Gaze-dependent evidence accumulation predicts multi-alternative risky choice behaviour. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010283. [PMID: 35793388 PMCID: PMC9292127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Choices are influenced by gaze allocation during deliberation, so that fixating an alternative longer leads to increased probability of choosing it. Gaze-dependent evidence accumulation provides a parsimonious account of choices, response times and gaze-behaviour in many simple decision scenarios. Here, we test whether this framework can also predict more complex context-dependent patterns of choice in a three-alternative risky choice task, where choices and eye movements were subject to attraction and compromise effects. Choices were best described by a gaze-dependent evidence accumulation model, where subjective values of alternatives are discounted while not fixated. Finally, we performed a systematic search over a large model space, allowing us to evaluate the relative contribution of different forms of gaze-dependence and additional mechanisms previously not considered by gaze-dependent accumulation models. Gaze-dependence remained the most important mechanism, but participants with strong attraction effects employed an additional similarity-dependent inhibition mechanism found in other models of multi-alternative multi-attribute choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Molter
- School of Business & Economics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin W. Thomas
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Huettel
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department for Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hauke R. Heekeren
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter N. C. Mohr
- School of Business & Economics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin, Germany
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Spektor MS, Bhatia S, Gluth S. The elusiveness of context effects in decision making. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:843-854. [PMID: 34426050 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contextual features influence human and non-human decision making, giving rise to preference reversals. Decades of research have documented the species and situations in which these effects are observed. More recently, however, researchers have focused on boundary conditions, that is, settings in which established effects disappear or reverse. This work is scattered across academic disciplines and some results appear to contradict each other. We synthesize recent findings and resolve apparent contradictions by considering them in terms of three core categories of decision context: spatial arrangement, attribute concreteness, and deliberation time. We suggest that these categories could be understood using theories of choice representation, which specify how context shapes the information over which deliberation processes operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Spektor
- Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Graduate School of Economics, Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sudeep Bhatia
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut Street, 19104 Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastian Gluth
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Attraction comes from many sources: Attentional and comparative processes in decoy effects. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500007889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe attraction effect emerges when adding a seemingly irrelevant option (decoy) to a binary choice shifts preference towards a target option. This suggests that choice behaviour is dynamic, i.e., choice values are developed during deliberation, rather than manifesting some pre-existing preference set. Whereas several models of multialternative and multiattribute decision making consider dynamic choice processes as crucial to explain the attraction effect, empirically investigating the exact nature of such processes requires complementing choice output with other data. In this study, we focused on asymmetrically dominated decoys (i.e., decoys that are clearly dominated only by the target option) to examine the attentional and comparative processes responsible for the attraction effect. Through an eye-tracker paradigm, we showed that the decoy option can affect subjects’ preferences in two different and not mutually exclusive ways: by focusing the attention on the salient option and the dominance attribute, and by increasing comparisons with the choice dominant pattern. Although conceptually and procedurally distinct, both pathways for decoy effects produce an increase in preferences for the target option, in line with attentional and dynamic models of decision making. Eye-tracking data provide further details to the verification of such models, by highlighting the context-dependent nature of attention and the development of similarity-driven competitive decisional processes.
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Cataldo AM, Cohen AL. Framing context effects with reference points. Cognition 2020; 203:104334. [PMID: 32534218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Research on reference points highlights how alternatives outside the choice set can alter the perceived value of available alternatives, arguably framing the choice scenario. The present work utilizes reference points to study the effects of framing in preferential choice, using the similarity and attraction context effects as performance measures. We specifically test the predictions of Multialternative Decision by Sampling (MDbS; Noguchi & Stewart, 2018), a recent preferential choice model that can account for both reference points and context effects. In Experiment 1, consistent with predictions by MDbS, we find a standard similarity effect when no reference point is given that increases when both dimensions are framed negatively and decreases when both dimensions are framed positively. Contrary to predictions by MDbS, when the two dimensions are framed as tradeoffs, participants prefer whichever alternative performs best in the negatively framed dimension. Performance of MDbS was improved by the addition of a frame-based global attention allocation mechanism. Experiment 2 extends these results to a "by-dimension" presentation format in an attempt to bring participant behavior in line with MDbS assumptions. The empirical and modeling results replicated those of Experiment 1. Experiment 3 used the attraction effect to test the effects of framing when the best-performing alternative on each dimension was identical across target conditions, therefore reducing the potential effects of a global attention allocation mechanism. The effects of framing were indeed greatly reduced, and the performance of MDbS was markedly improved. The results extend framing to the context effects literature, provide new benchmarks for models and theories of context effects, and point to the need for a global attention mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Cataldo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States of America.
| | - Andrew L Cohen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States of America
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Wollschlaeger LM, Diederich A. Similarity, Attraction, and Compromise Effects: Original Findings, Recent Empirical Observations, and Computational Cognitive Process Models. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.133.1.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Preference reversals—a decision maker prefers A over B in one situation but B over A in another—demonstrate that human behavior violates invariance assumptions of (utility-based) rational choice theories. In the field of multi-alternative multi-attribute decision-making research, 3 preference reversals received special attention: similarity, attraction, and compromise effects. The 3 so-called context effects are changes in (relative) choice probabilities for 2 choice alternatives after a third “decoy” option is added to the set. Despite their simplicity, the effects demonstrate that choice probabilities in multi-alternative decision making are contingent on the local context, that is, on the choice set under consideration. Because of their simplicity, on the other hand, similarity, attraction, and compromise effects have been successfully examined in numerous studies to date, and they have become of increasing interest for differentiating between computational cognitive process models of multi-alternative multi-attribute decision making. However, the stimulus arrangement for producing the effects seems to vary between studies, which becomes challenging when model accounts are compared. The purpose of this review is to present various paradigms in a coherent way and describe various model accounts based on a common structure.
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Cognitive and Neural Bases of Multi-Attribute, Multi-Alternative, Value-based Decisions. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:251-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Response-time data provide critical constraints on dynamic models of multi-alternative, multi-attribute choice. Psychon Bull Rev 2019; 26:901-933. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-018-1557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The comparison process as an account of variation in the attraction, compromise, and similarity effects. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 26:934-942. [PMID: 30264240 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-018-1531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Context effects are changes in preference that occur when alternatives are added to a choice set. Models that account for context effects typically assume a within-dimension comparison process; however, the presentation format of a choice set can influence comparison strategies. The present study jointly tests the influence of presentation format on the attraction, compromise, and similarity effects in a within-subjects design. Participants completed a series of choices designed to elicit each of the three context effects, with either a by-alternative or by-dimension format. Whereas the by-alternative format elicited a standard similarity effect, but null attraction and reverse compromise effects, the by-dimension format elicited standard attraction and compromise effects, but a reverse similarity effect. These novel results are supported by a re-analysis of the eye-tracking data collected by Noguchi and Stewart (Cognition, 132(1), 44-56, 2014) and demonstrate that flexibility in the comparison process should be incorporated into theories of preferential choice.
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Spektor MS, Kellen D, Hotaling JM. When the Good Looks Bad: An Experimental Exploration of the Repulsion Effect. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:1309-1320. [PMID: 29792774 DOI: 10.1177/0956797618779041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When people are choosing among different options, context seems to play a vital role. For instance, adding a third option can increase the probability of choosing a similar dominating option. This attraction effect is one of the most widely studied phenomena in decision-making research. Its prevalence, however, has been challenged recently by the tainting hypothesis, according to which the inferior option contaminates the attribute space in which it is located, leading to a repulsion effect. In an attempt to test the tainting hypothesis and explore the conditions under which dominated options make dominating options look bad, we conducted four preregistered perceptual decision-making studies with a total of 301 participants. We identified two factors influencing individuals' behavior: stimulus display and stimulus design. Our results contribute to a growing body of literature showing how presentation format influences behavior in preferential and perceptual decision-making tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Spektor
- 1 Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel.,2 Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg
| | | | - Jared M Hotaling
- 1 Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel.,4 School of Psychology, University of New South Wales
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