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Hao Y, Luo Y, Lin-Hong KHY, Yan M. Shared translation in second language activates unrelated words in first language. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:1245-1255. [PMID: 37932581 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored bilingual coactivation during natural monolingual sentence-reading comprehension. Native Chinese readers who had learned Japanese as a second language and those who had not learned it at all were tested. The results showed that unrelated Chinese word pairs that shared a common Japanese translation could parafoveally prime each other. Critically, this translation-related preview effect was modulated by the readers' language-learning experiences. It was found only among the late Chinese-Japanese bilinguals, but not among the monolingual Chinese readers. By setting a novel step, which was testing bilingual coactivation of semantic knowledge in a natural reading scenario without an explicit presentation of L2 words, our results suggest that bilingual word processing can be automatic, unconscious and nonselective. The study reveals an L2-to-L1 influence on readers' lexical activation during natural sentence reading in an exclusively native context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Hao
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yingyi Luo
- Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kenneth Han-Yang Lin-Hong
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Institute of Linguistics, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China.
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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2
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Yan M, Kliegl R. Chinese offers a test for universal cognitive processes. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e258. [PMID: 37779271 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese writing system is unique in its implementation of graphemic, phonological, morphological, and semantic features. We add nuances to its portrait in the target article and highlight research on radically different timelines of phonological and semantic activation during reading of Chinese and alphabetic script, paving the way for the identification of universal and culture-specific cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, ; https://www.um.edu.mo/fss/psychology/staff_yanming.html
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Reinhold Kliegl
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany ; https://www.uni-potsdam.de/en/trainingswissenschaft/staff/rkliegl
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3
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Parafoveal processing of underlying phonological information during Korean sentence reading. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:1411-1416. [PMID: 35507255 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The question of whether phonological information is integrated through the parafovea has remained unanswered particularly in Korean sentence reading. The current study used homophones with identical underlying phonological forms but with different orthography to examine phonological preview benefit effects in Korean. In an eye-tracking experiment using the boundary paradigm, target fixations were shorter (a) when the preview-target pairs were identical than when they were unrelated, (b) when the pairs were orthographically similar than when they were unrelated, and most importantly, (c) when the pairs were phonologically identical than when they were phonologically similar but different. These results indicate that underlying phonological information of a word, aside from orthographic information, is integrated through parafoveal preview during Korean sentence reading.
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Jee H, Tamariz M, Shillcock R. Systematicity in language and the fast and slow creation of writing systems: Understanding two types of non-arbitrary relations between orthographic characters and their canonical pronunciation. Cognition 2022; 226:105197. [PMID: 35689873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Words that sound similar tend to have similar meanings, at a distributed, sub-symbolic level (Monaghan, Shillcock, Christiansen, & Kirby, 2014). We extend this paradigm for measuring systematicity to letters and their canonical pronunciations. We confirm that orthographies that were consciously constructed to be systematic (Korean and two shorthand writing systems) yield significant correlations between visual distances between characters and the corresponding phonological distances between canonical pronunciations. We then extend the approach to Arabic, Hebrew, and English and show that letters that look similar tend to sound similar in their canonical pronunciations. We indicate some of the implications for education, and for understanding typical and atypical reading. By using different visual distance metrics we distinguish between symbol-based (Korean, shorthand) and effort-based (Arabic, Hebrew, English) grapho-phonemic systematicity. We reinterpret existing demonstrations of phono-semantic systematicity in terms of cognitive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jee
- Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Monica Tamariz
- Psychology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Richard Shillcock
- Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
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Liao W, Li STK, Hsiao JHW. Music reading experience modulates eye movement pattern in English reading but not in Chinese reading. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9144. [PMID: 35650229 PMCID: PMC9397380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we tested the hypothesis that in Chinese-English bilinguals,
music reading experience may modulate eye movement planning in reading English but
not Chinese sentences due to the similarity in perceptual demands on processing
sequential symbol strings separated by spaces between music notation and English
sentence reading. Chinese–English bilingual musicians and non-musicians read legal,
semantically incorrect, and syntactically (and semantically) incorrect sentences in
both English and Chinese. In English reading, musicians showed more dispersed eye
movement patterns in reading syntactically incorrect sentences than legal sentences,
whereas non-musicians did not. This effect was not observed in Chinese reading.
Musicians also had shorter saccade lengths when viewing syntactically incorrect than
correct musical notations and sentences in an unfamiliar alphabetic language
(Tibetan), whereas non-musicians did not. Thus, musicians’ eye movement planning was
disturbed by syntactic violations in both music and English reading but not in
Chinese reading, and this effect was generalized to an unfamiliar alphabetic
language. These results suggested that music reading experience may modulate
perceptual processes in reading differentially in bilinguals’ two languages,
depending on their processing similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Liao
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sara Tze Kwan Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Social Sciences, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Janet Hui-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,The Institute of Data Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Pan J, Yan M, Yeh SL. Accessing Semantic Information from Above: Parafoveal Processing during the Reading of Vertically Presented Sentences in Traditional Chinese. Cogn Sci 2022; 46:e13104. [PMID: 35122308 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As traditional Chinese readers are familiar with reading texts both horizontally rightwards and vertically downwards, the traditional Chinese script provides us a chance to investigate the influence of reading direction on preview benefits by ruling out the confounding factor of different familiarities with reading directions. The present study examines whether parafoveal information can be obtained when reading Chinese sentences in the vertical direction. We manipulated semantic and phonological relatedness between parafoveal preview words and target words. Results showed that traditional Chinese readers could obtain semantic information from preview words; however, there was no phonological preview benefit. Our findings agree with the notion that Chinese characters are well-optimized for semantic access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinger Pan
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau.,Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Su-Ling Yeh
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University.,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University
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Preview frequency effects in reading: evidence from Chinese. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 86:2256-2265. [PMID: 35083499 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01628-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies about sentence reading have shown that visual and lexical information beyond the currently fixated word can be integrated across fixations. The gaze-contingent boundary paradigm has been used widely to explore the extent to which parafoveal information can be processed before a word is fixated on. However, a critical review of the current literature suggests that unrelated mask previews are an unlikely baseline control with zero lexical activation, blurring the nature of experimental effects observed in the paradigm. The present study, therefore, aimed at shedding light on the effect of parafoveal mask properties through a manipulation of preview word frequency. Low-frequency preview words that are unrelated to target words elicited a larger interference than high-frequency preview words. We discuss implications of the preview frequency effect for computational models of eye-movement control in reading.
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Cross-linguistic differences in parafoveal semantic and orthographic processing. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 83:3183-3200. [PMID: 34312796 PMCID: PMC8550508 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated parafoveal processing by L1 and late L2 speakers of English (L1 German) while reading in English. We hypothesized that L2ers would make use of semantic and orthographic information parafoveally. Using the gaze contingent boundary paradigm, we manipulated six parafoveal masks in a sentence (Mark found th*e wood for the fire; * indicates the invisible boundary): identical word mask (wood), English orthographic mask (wook), English string mask (zwwl), German mask (holz), German orthographic mask (holn), and German string mask (kxfs). We found an orthographic benefit for L1ers and L2ers when the mask was orthographically related to the target word (wood vs. wook) in line with previous L1 research. English L2ers did not derive a benefit (rather an interference) when a non-cognate translation mask from their L1 was used (wood vs. holz), but did derive a benefit from a German orthographic mask (wood vs. holn). While unexpected, it may be that L2ers incur a switching cost when the complete German word is presented parafoveally, and derive a benefit by keeping both lexicons active when a partial German word is presented parafoveally (narrowing down lexical candidates). To the authors’ knowledge there is no mention of parafoveal processing in any model of L2 processing/reading, and the current study provides the first evidence for a parafoveal non-cognate orthographic benefit (but only with partial orthographic overlap) in sentence reading for L2ers. We discuss how these findings fit into the framework of bilingual word recognition theories.
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Pan J, Yan M, Laubrock J. Semantic preview benefit and cost: Evidence from parafoveal fast-priming paradigm. Cognition 2020; 205:104452. [PMID: 32971508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
How is semantic information in the mental lexicon accessed and selected during reading? Readers process information of both the foveal and parafoveal words. Recent eye-tracking studies hint at bi-phasic lexical activation dynamics, demonstrating that semantically related parafoveal previews can either facilitate, or interfere with lexical processing of target words in comparison to unrelated previews, with the size and direction of the effect depending on exposure time to parafoveal previews. However, evidence to date is only correlational, because exposure time was determined by participants' pre-target fixation durations. Here we experimentally controlled parafoveal preview exposure duration using a combination of the gaze-contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms. We manipulated preview duration and examined the time course of parafoveal semantic activation during the oral reading of Chinese sentences in three experiments. Semantic previews led to faster lexical access of target words than unrelated previews only when the previews were presented briefly (80 ms in Experiments 1 and 3). Longer exposure time (100 ms or 150 ms) eliminated semantic preview effects, and full preview without duration limit resulted in preview cost, i.e., a reversal of preview benefit. Our results indicate that high-level semantic information can be obtained from parafoveal words and the size and direction of the parafoveal semantic effect depends on the level of lexical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinger Pan
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau; Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau.
| | - Jochen Laubrock
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
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