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Martín-Pozuelo N, Carballo-Costa L, Solís-García M, Giancola M, Piccardi L, De las Cuevas-Terán I, Robles-García V. Measuring spatial navigation during locomotion in children: A systematic review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33817. [PMID: 39050448 PMCID: PMC11268208 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial navigation allows us to move around our environment, walking being the most advanced form of human locomotion. Over the years, a range of tools has been developed to study spatial navigation in children. Aim. To describe the role of locomotion during the assessment of spatial navigation in children, providing an overview of the instruments available for assessing spatial navigation in typically developing children and those with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods and Procedures. A systematic search was performed in six electronic databases between December 2022 and February 2023, then updated in July 2023. Cross-sectional and observational studies were included. Outcomes and results. Of the 3,385 studies screened, 47 were selected for this review. Five studies described the influence of locomotion on spatial navigation, and seven studies included locomotion as an explanatory variable in this area. Most studies focused on children from five to twelve years old, whereas only nine were centred on infants and preschoolers. Just eight assessed spatial abilities in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Conclusions and implications. Children with or at risk of neurodevelopmental impairments show poorer spatial navigation skills. Having the choice to actively explore the space is more important than the way they locomote. It is necessary to have tools to assess spatial navigation during locomotion early in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Martín-Pozuelo
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group, Department of Physical Therapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade da Coruña and Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC). Lugar das Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
- Deusto Physical TherapIker, Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, 48007, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Lidia Carballo-Costa
- Sychosocial Intervention and Functional Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade da Coruña. Lugar das Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marina Solís-García
- Deusto Physical TherapIker, Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, 48007, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marco Giancola
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, P.le S. Tommasi, 1, 67010, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele Cassino Hospital, Via Gaetano di Biasio, 228, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - Isabel De las Cuevas-Terán
- Neonatal Unit, Valdecilla University Hospital - Health Research Institute IDIVAL and Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences at University of Cantabria, Avenida de Valdecilla, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Verónica Robles-García
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group, Department of Physical Therapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade da Coruña and Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC). Lugar das Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
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Spatial Learning by Using Non-Visual Geometry and a Visual 3D Landmark in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030440. [PMID: 36766329 PMCID: PMC9913453 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish conjoin environmental geometry with conspicuous landmarks to reorient towards foraging sites and social stimuli. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) can merge a rectangular opaque arena with a 2D landmark (a blue-colored wall) but cannot merge a rectangular transparent arena with a 3D landmark (a blue cylinder) without training to "feel" the environment thanks to other-than-sight pathways. Thus, their success is linked to tasks differences (spontaneous vs. rewarded). This study explored the reorientation behavior of zebrafish within a rectangular transparent arena, with a blue cylinder outside, proximal to/distal from a target corner position, on the short/long side of the arena. Adult males were extensively trained to distinguish the correct corner from the rotational one, sharing an equivalent metric-sense relationship (short surface left, long surface right), to access food and companions. Results showed that zebrafish's reorientation behavior was driven by both the non-visual geometry and the visual landmark, partially depending on the landmark's proximity and surface length. Better accuracy was attained when the landmark was proximal to the target corner. When long-term experience was allowed, zebrafish handled non-visual and visual sensory stimulations over time for reorienting. We advance the possibility that multisensory processes affect fish's reorientation behavior and spatial learning, providing a link through which to investigate animals' exploratory strategies to face situations of visual deprivation or impairments.
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Lee SA. Navigational roots of spatial and temporal memory structure. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:87-95. [PMID: 36480071 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our minds are constantly in transit, from the present to the past to the future, across places we have and have not directly experienced. Nevertheless, memories of our mental time travel are not organized continuously and are adaptively chunked into contexts and episodes. In this paper, I will review evidence that suggests that spatial boundary representations play a critical role in providing structure to both our spatial and temporal memories. I will illustrate the intimate connection between hippocampal spatial mapping and temporal sequencing of episodic memory to propose that high-level cognitive processes like mental time travel and conceptual mapping are rooted in basic navigational mechanisms that we humans and nonhuman animals share. Our neuroscientific understanding of hippocampal function across species may provide new insight into the origins of even the most uniquely human cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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4
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Different behavioral and learning effects between using boundary and landmark cues during spatial navigation. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rah YJ, Kim J, Lee SA. Effects of spatial boundaries on episodic memory development. Child Dev 2022; 93:1574-1583. [PMID: 35467753 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Children's spatial mapping starts out particularly sensitive to 3D wall-like boundaries and develops over early childhood to flexibly include other boundary types. This study investigated whether spatial boundaries influence children's episodic memory, as in adults, and whether this effect is modulated by boundary type. Eighty-one Korean children (34 girls, 36-84 months old) re-enacted a sequence of three discrete hiding events within a space containing one of three boundaries: 3D wall, aligned objects, or 2D line. Children's memory of events occurring on one side of the boundary developed earlier than those that crossed the boundary. At first, this interaction only applied to the 3D wall and extended to other boundary types with age, suggesting that children's changing spatial representations influence their episodic memory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Rah
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jiyun Kim
- Department of Education, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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Baratti G, Potrich D, Lee SA, Morandi-Raikova A, Sovrano VA. The Geometric World of Fishes: A Synthesis on Spatial Reorientation in Teleosts. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:881. [PMID: 35405870 PMCID: PMC8997125 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fishes navigate through underwater environments with remarkable spatial precision and memory. Freshwater and seawater species make use of several orientation strategies for adaptative behavior that is on par with terrestrial organisms, and research on cognitive mapping and landmark use in fish have shown that relational and associative spatial learning guide goal-directed navigation not only in terrestrial but also in aquatic habitats. In the past thirty years, researchers explored spatial cognition in fishes in relation to the use of environmental geometry, perhaps because of the scientific value to compare them with land-dwelling animals. Geometric navigation involves the encoding of macrostructural characteristics of space, which are based on the Euclidean concepts of "points", "surfaces", and "boundaries". The current review aims to inspect the extant literature on navigation by geometry in fishes, emphasizing both the recruitment of visual/extra-visual strategies and the nature of the behavioral task on orientation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Baratti
- CIMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (D.P.); (A.M.-R.)
| | - Davide Potrich
- CIMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (D.P.); (A.M.-R.)
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Anastasia Morandi-Raikova
- CIMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (D.P.); (A.M.-R.)
| | - Valeria Anna Sovrano
- CIMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (D.P.); (A.M.-R.)
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
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Sovrano VA, Baratti G, Potrich D, Bertolucci C. The geometry as an eyed fish feels it in spontaneous and rewarded spatial reorientation tasks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8020. [PMID: 32415246 PMCID: PMC7229035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Disoriented human beings and animals, the latter both sighted and blind, are able to use spatial geometric information (metric and sense properties) to guide their reorientation behaviour in a rectangular environment. Here we aimed to investigate reorientation spatial skills in three fish species (Danio rerio, Xenotoca eiseni, Carassius auratus) in an attempt to discover the possible involvement of extra-visual senses during geometric navigation. We observed the fish’s behaviour under different experimental procedures (spontaneous social cued task and rewarded exit task), providing them different temporal opportunities to experience the environmental shape (no experience, short and prolonged experience). Results showed that by using spontaneous social cued memory tasks, fishes were not able to take advantage of extra-visual senses to encode the spatial geometry, neither allowing them short time-periods of environmental exploration. Contrariwise, by using a reference memory procedure, during the rewarded exit tasks, thus providing a prolonged extra-visual experience, fishes solved the geometric task, showing also differences in terms of learning times among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Anna Sovrano
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy. .,Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Greta Baratti
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Davide Potrich
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Kamps FS, Pincus JE, Radwan SF, Wahab S, Dilks DD. Late Development of Navigationally Relevant Motion Processing in the Occipital Place Area. Curr Biol 2020; 30:544-550.e3. [PMID: 31956027 PMCID: PMC7730705 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human adults flawlessly and effortlessly navigate boundaries and obstacles in the immediately visible environment, a process we refer to as "visually guided navigation." Neuroimaging work in adults suggests this ability involves the occipital place area (OPA) [1, 2]-a scene-selective region in the dorsal stream that selectively represents information necessary for visually guided navigation [3-9]. Despite progress in understanding the neural basis of visually guided navigation, however, little is known about how this system develops. Is navigationally relevant information processing present in the first few years of life? Or does this information processing only develop after many years of experience? Although a handful of studies have found selective responses to scenes (relative to objects) in OPA in childhood [10-13], no study has explored how more specific navigationally relevant information processing emerges in this region. Here, we do just that by measuring OPA responses to first-person perspective motion information-a proxy for the visual experience of actually navigating the immediate environment-using fMRI in 5- and 8-year-old children. We found that, although OPA already responded more to scenes than objects by age 5, responses to first-person perspective motion were not yet detectable at this same age and rather only emerged by age 8. This protracted development was specific to first-person perspective motion through scenes, not motion on faces or objects, and was not found in other scene-selective regions (the parahippocampal place area or retrosplenial complex) or a motion-selective region (MT). These findings therefore suggest that navigationally relevant information processing in OPA undergoes prolonged development across childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik S Kamps
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jordan E Pincus
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Samaher F Radwan
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephanie Wahab
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel D Dilks
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Negen J, Bou Ali L, Chere B, Roome HE, Park Y, Nardini M. Coding Locations Relative to One or Many Landmarks in Childhood. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007380. [PMID: 31658253 PMCID: PMC6816551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive development studies how information processing in the brain changes over the course of development. A key part of this question is how information is represented and stored in memory. This study examined allocentric (world-based) spatial memory, an important cognitive tool for planning routes and interacting with the space around us. This is typically theorized to use multiple landmarks all at once whenever it operates. In contrast, here we show that allocentric spatial memory frequently operates over a limited spatial window, much less than the full proximal scene, for children between 3.5 and 8.5 years old. The use of multiple landmarks increases gradually with age. Participants were asked to point to a remembered target location after a change of view in immersive virtual reality. A k-fold cross-validation model-comparison selected a model where young children usually use the target location's vector to the single nearest landmark and rarely take advantage of the vectors to other nearby landmarks. The comparison models, which attempt to explain the errors as generic forms of noise rather than encoding to a single spatial cue, did not capture the distribution of responses as well. Parameter fits of this new single- versus multi-cue model are also easily interpretable and related to other variables of interest in development (age, executive function). Based on this, we theorize that spatial memory in humans develops through three advancing levels (but not strict stages): most likely to encode locations egocentrically (relative to the self), then allocentrically (relative to the world) but using only one landmark, and finally, most likely to encode locations relative to multiple parts of the scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Negen
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Bou Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Brittney Chere
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E. Roome
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yeachan Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marko Nardini
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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Standing on shoulders of a giant: Marcia Spetch’s contributions to the study of spatial reorientation. Behav Processes 2019; 160:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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