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Zhou R, Pitt MA. Dual-process modeling of sequential decision making in the balloon analogue risk task. Cogn Psychol 2024; 149:101629. [PMID: 38211408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
People are often faced with repeated risky decisions that involve uncertainty. In sequential risk-taking tasks, like the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), the underlying decision process is not yet fully understood. Dual-process theory proposes that human cognition involves two main families of processes, often referred to as System 1 (fast and automatic) and System 2 (slow and conscious). We cross models of the BART with different architectures of the two systems to yield a pool of computational dual-process models that are evaluated on multiple performance measures (e.g., parameter identifiability, model recovery, and predictive accuracy). Results show that the best-performing model configuration assumes the two systems are competitively connected, an evaluation process based on the Scaled Target Learning model of the BART, and an assessment rate that incorporates sensitivity to the trial number, pumping opportunity, and bias to engage in System 1. Findings also shed light on how modeling choices and response times in a dual-process framework can benefit our understanding of sequential risk-taking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhou
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Mark A Pitt
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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2
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Strauss M, Griffon L, Elbaz M, Arnulf I, Chennaoui M, Léger D. Altered reinforcement learning in Narcolepsy type I and other central disorders of hypersomnolence. Sleep Med 2024; 113:103-110. [PMID: 37995471 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are described in central disorders of hypersomnolence (CDH), but studies remain very limited and largely focused on narcolepsy type 1 (NT1). The precise nature and origin of these cognitive impairments is poorly understood. Specifically, impaired decision making under ambiguity has been reported in NT1 and suggested to be caused by dysregulation of the direct projections of hypocretin neurons to the dopamine network. However, the decision-making tasks used previously embed different cognitive functions that are difficult to isolate. This study aims to test reinforcement learning in participants with NT1 and with other (non-hypocretin deficient) CDH in a task known to directly depend on the dopamine system. Participants with NT1 (N = 27), other CDH (N = 34, including narcolepsy type 2 and idiopathic hypersomnia, matched with NT1 participants for sleepiness severity), and healthy participants (N = 34) took part in the study. Results showed that all groups had normal and similar positive reinforcement learning, a pattern not suggestive of dopamine deficiency. However, both participants with NT1 and other CDH had decreased learning abilities to avoid losses. This decreased negative reinforcement learning in participants with CDH was associated with the alteration of vigilance. This study provides new insights into the nature of decision making impairment in people with CDH and suggests that these alterations could be minimized by restoring adequate vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Strauss
- Université Paris Cité, VIFASOM ERC 7330, Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, 75006, Paris, France; APHP Hôtel Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, 75004, Paris, France; Neuropsychology and Functional Imaging Research Group (UR2NF) at Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN) and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), CUB Hôpital Érasme, Service de Neurologie, Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du sommeil, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Lucie Griffon
- Université Paris Cité, VIFASOM ERC 7330, Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, 75006, Paris, France; APHP Hôtel Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, 75004, Paris, France; Unité de Ventilation Non-invasive et du sommeil de l'enfant, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Elbaz
- Université Paris Cité, VIFASOM ERC 7330, Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, 75006, Paris, France; APHP Hôtel Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- APHP-Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Fédération des Pathologies du Sommeil, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Narcolepsies and Rare Hypersomnias, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- Université Paris Cité, VIFASOM ERC 7330, Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, 75006, Paris, France; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité Fatigue et vigilance, 91220, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Damien Léger
- Université Paris Cité, VIFASOM ERC 7330, Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, 75006, Paris, France; APHP Hôtel Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, 75004, Paris, France
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3
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Sebri V, Triberti S, Granic GD, Pravettoni G. Reward-dependent dynamics and changes in risk taking in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2181065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sebri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Triberti
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Georg D. Granic
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Marketing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Kóbor A, Tóth-Fáber E, Kardos Z, Takács Á, Éltető N, Janacsek K, Csépe V, Nemeth D. Deterministic and probabilistic regularities underlying risky choices are acquired in a changing decision context. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1127. [PMID: 36670165 PMCID: PMC9859780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictions supporting risky decisions could become unreliable when outcome probabilities temporarily change, making adaptation more challenging. Therefore, this study investigated whether sensitivity to the temporal structure in outcome probabilities can develop and remain persistent in a changing decision environment. In a variant of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task with 90 balloons, outcomes (rewards or balloon bursts) were predictable in the task's first and final 30 balloons and unpredictable in the middle 30 balloons. The temporal regularity underlying the predictable outcomes differed across three experimental conditions. In the deterministic condition, a repeating three-element sequence dictated the maximum number of pumps before a balloon burst. In the probabilistic condition, a single probabilistic regularity ensured that burst probability increased as a function of pumps. In the hybrid condition, a repeating sequence of three different probabilistic regularities increased burst probabilities. In every condition, the regularity was absent in the middle 30 balloons. Participants were not informed about the presence or absence of the regularity. Sensitivity to both the deterministic and hybrid regularities emerged and influenced risk taking. Unpredictable outcomes of the middle phase did not deteriorate this sensitivity. In conclusion, humans can adapt their risky choices in a changing decision environment by exploiting the statistical structure that controls how the environment changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kóbor
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Tóth-Fáber
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, 1064, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, 1064, Budapest, Hungary.,Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Kardos
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Takács
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Noémi Éltető
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karolina Janacsek
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, 1064, Budapest, Hungary.,Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Centre of Thinking and Learning, Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Education, Health and Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, Park Row, 150 Dreadnought, SE10 9LS, London, UK
| | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Modern Philology and Social Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Dezso Nemeth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, 1064, Budapest, Hungary. .,Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary. .,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Bâtiment 462 - Neurocampus 95 Boulevard Pinel, F-69500, Bron, France.
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Leota J, Kleinert T, Tran A, Nash K. Neural signatures of heterogeneity in risk-taking and strategic consistency. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7214-7230. [PMID: 34561929 PMCID: PMC9292925 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
People display a high degree of heterogeneity in risk-taking behaviour, but this heterogeneity remains poorly understood. Here, we use a neural trait approach to examine if task-independent, brain-based differences can help uncover the sources of heterogeneity in risky decision-making. We extend prior research in two key ways. First, we disentangled risk-taking and strategic consistency using novel measures afforded by the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. Second, we applied a personality neuroscience framework to explore why personality traits are typically only weakly related to risk-taking behaviour. We regressed participants' (N = 104) source localized resting-state electroencephalographic activity on risk-taking and strategic consistency. Results revealed that higher levels of resting-state delta-band current density (reflecting reduced cortical activation) in the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were associated with increased risk-taking and decreased strategic consistency, respectively. These results suggest that heterogeneity in risk-taking behaviour is associated with neural dispositions related to sensitivity to the risk of loss, whereas heterogeneity in strategic consistency is associated with neural dispositions related to strategic decision-making. Finally, extraversion, neuroticism, openness, and self-control were broadly associated with both of the identified neural traits, which in turn mediated indirect associations between personality traits and behavioural measures. These results provide an explanation for the weak direct relationships between personality traits and risk-taking behaviour, supporting a personality neuroscience framework of traits and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Leota
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tobias Kleinert
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alex Tran
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Nash
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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