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Rogers GL, Huang C, Mathur A, Huang X, Chen HY, Stanten K, Morales H, Chang CH, Kezirian EJ, Cannon PM. Reprogramming human B cells with custom heavy-chain antibodies. Nat Biomed Eng 2024:10.1038/s41551-024-01240-4. [PMID: 39039240 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-024-01240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin locus of B cells can be reprogrammed by genome editing to produce custom or non-natural antibodies that are not induced by immunization. However, current strategies for antibody reprogramming require complex expression cassettes and do not allow for customization of the constant region of the antibody. Here we show that human B cells can be edited at the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus to express heavy-chain-only antibodies that support alterations to both the fragment crystallizable domain and the antigen-binding domain, which can be based on both antibody and non-antibody components. Using the envelope protein (Env) from the human immunodeficiency virus as a model antigen, we show that B cells edited to express heavy-chain antibodies to Env support the regulated expression of B cell receptors and antibodies through alternative splicing and that the cells respond to the Env antigen in a tonsil organoid model of immunization. This strategy allows for the reprogramming of human B cells to retain the potential for in vivo amplification while producing molecules with flexibility of composition beyond that of standard antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chun Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Atishay Mathur
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hsu-Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalya Stanten
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heidy Morales
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chan-Hua Chang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Kezirian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Hu Y, Huang J, Wang S, Sun X, Wang X, Yu H. Deciphering Autoimmune Diseases: Unveiling the Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Prognostic Potential of Immune Repertoire Sequencing. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02079-2. [PMID: 38914737 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are immune system disorders where the body exhibits an immune response to its own antigens, causing damage to its own tissues and organs. The pathogenesis of AIDs is incompletely understood. However, recent advances in immune repertoire sequencing (IR-seq) technology have opened-up a new avenue to study the IR. These studies have revealed the prevalence in IR alterations, potentially inducing AIDs by disrupting immune tolerance and thereby contributing to our comprehension of AIDs. IR-seq harbors significant potential for the clinical diagnosis, personalized treatment, and prognosis of AIDs. This article reviews the application and progress of IR-seq in diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes, to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of AIDs and offer valuable references for the diagnosis and treatment of AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Hu
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Jialing Huang
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongsong Yu
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China.
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3
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Zhu L, Peng Q, Wu Y, Yao X. scBCR-seq revealed a special and novel IG H&L V(D)J allelic inclusion rearrangement and the high proportion dual BCR expressing B cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:319. [PMID: 37804328 PMCID: PMC11073065 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial report of V (D) J "allelic exclusion/inclusion" (allelic exclusion rearrangement or allelic inclusion rearrangement) and the concept of the "dual B cell receptor (BCR)" in 1961, despite ongoing discoveries, the precise proportion and source mechanism of dual BCR under physiological conditions have been puzzling immuologists. This study takes advantage of the single cell B cell receptor sequencing (scBCR-seq) technology, which can perfectly match the heavy and light chains of BCR at the level of a single B cell, and obtain the full length mRNA sequence of the complementary determining region 3 (CDR3). Through analyzing the pairing of functional IGH (immunoglobulin heavy chain) and IGL (immunoglobulin light chain) in single B cell from both human and mouse bone marrow and peripheral blood, it was observed that dual BCR B cells exhibit stable and high levels of expression. Among them, the human bone marrow and peripheral blood contain about 10% dual (or multiple) BCR B cells, while in mouse peripheral blood and bone marrow memory B cells, this proportion reaches around 20%. At the same time, we innovatively found that in each research sample of humans and mice, there are three (or more) functional rearrangements (mRNA level) of a single chain in a single B cell. By analyzing the position, direction and other compositional characteristics of the V(D)J gene family, we found that at least two (or more) of them are derived from over two (or more) specific allelic inclusion rearrangements of a single chromosome (mRNA molecular level evidence), our findings also highlighted the necessity of classified single cell sequencing data based on single, dual (or multiple) and cannot be assembled into BCR when analyzing the B cell repertoire. The results of this article provides new methods and modeling references for evaluating the proportion and source mechanisms of dual BCR B cells, as well as potential significance of allelic inclusion (exclusion escape) of V(D)J rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanwei Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation and Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation and Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation and Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation and Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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4
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Banach M, Harley ITW, Getahun A, Cambier JC. Comparative analysis of the repertoire of insulin-reactive B cells in type 1 diabetes-prone and resistant mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961209. [PMID: 36275764 PMCID: PMC9579539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Seropositivity for autoantibodies against multiple islet antigens is associated with development of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D), suggesting a role for B cells in disease. The importance of B cells in T1D is indicated by the effectiveness of B cell-therapies in mouse models and patients. B cells contribute to T1D by presenting islet antigens, including insulin, to diabetogenic T cells that kill pancreatic beta cells. The role of B cell receptor (BCR) affinity in T1D development is unclear. Here, we employed single cell RNA sequencing to define the relationship between BCR affinity for insulin and B cell phenotype during disease development. We utilized immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (VH125) mouse models in which high-affinity insulin-reactive B cells (IBCs) were previously shown to be anergic in diabetes-resistant VH125.C57BL/6-H2g7 and activated in VH125. NOD mice developing disease. Here, high-affinity IBCs were found in the spleen of prediabetic VH125. NOD mice and exhibited marginal zone or follicular phenotypes. Ig light chains expressed by these B cells are unmutated and biased toward Vκ4-74 and Vκ4-57 usage. Receptors expressed by anergic high-affinity IBCs of diabetes-resistant VH125.C57BL/6-H2g7 are also unmutated; however, in this genetic background light chains are polymorphic relative to those of NOD. Light chains derived from NOD and C57BL/6-H2g7 genetic backgrounds conferred divergent kinetics of binding to insulin when paired with the VH125 heavy chain. These findings suggest that relaxation of tolerance mechanisms in the NOD mouse leads to accumulation and partial activation of B cells expressing germline encoded high-affinity BCRs that support development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Banach
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Isaac T. W. Harley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rheumatology Section, Medicine Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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5
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Floudas A, Smith CM, Tynan O, Neto N, Krishna V, Wade SM, Hanlon M, Cunningham C, Marzaioli V, Canavan M, Fletcher JM, Mullan RH, Cole S, Hao LY, Monaghan MG, Nagpal S, Veale DJ, Fearon U. Distinct stromal and immune cell interactions shape the pathogenesis of rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1224-1242. [PMID: 35701153 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immune and stromal cell communication is central in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), however, the nature of these interactions in the synovial pathology of the two pathotypes can differ. Identifying immune-stromal cell crosstalk at the site of inflammation in RA and PsA is challenging. This study creates the first global transcriptomic analysis of the RA and PsA inflamed joint and investigates immune-stromal cell interactions in the pathogenesis of synovial inflammation. METHODS Single cell transcriptomic profiling of 178 000 synovial tissue cells from five patients with PsA and four patients with RA, importantly, without prior sorting of immune and stromal cells. This approach enabled the transcriptomic analysis of the intact synovial tissue and identification of immune and stromal cell interactions. State of the art data integration and annotation techniques identified and characterised 18 stromal and 14 immune cell clusters. RESULTS Global transcriptomic analysis of synovial cell subsets identifies actively proliferating synovial T cells and indicates that due to differential λ and κ immunoglobulin light chain usage, synovial plasma cells are potentially not derived from the local memory B cell pool. Importantly, we report distinct fibroblast and endothelial cell transcriptomes indicating abundant subpopulations in RA and PsA characterised by differential transcription factor usage. Using receptor-ligand interactions and downstream target characterisation, we identify RA-specific synovial T cell-derived transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and macrophage interleukin (IL)-1β synergy in driving the transcriptional profile of FAPα+THY1+ invasive synovial fibroblasts, expanded in RA compared with PsA. In vitro characterisation of patient with RA synovial fibroblasts showed metabolic switch to glycolysis, increased adhesion intercellular adhesion molecules 1 expression and IL-6 secretion in response to combined TGF-β and IL-1β treatment. Disrupting specific immune and stromal cell interactions offers novel opportunities for targeted therapeutic intervention in RA and PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Floudas
- Molecular Rheumatology, Clinical Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- Eular Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Univeristy College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor M Smith
- Translational Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Tynan
- Molecular Rheumatology, Clinical Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- Eular Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Univeristy College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nuno Neto
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vinod Krishna
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Sarah M Wade
- Molecular Rheumatology, Clinical Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- Eular Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Univeristy College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Megan Hanlon
- Molecular Rheumatology, Clinical Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- Eular Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Univeristy College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare Cunningham
- Molecular Rheumatology, Clinical Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- Eular Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Univeristy College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Viviana Marzaioli
- Molecular Rheumatology, Clinical Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- Eular Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Univeristy College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Canavan
- Molecular Rheumatology, Clinical Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- Eular Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Univeristy College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean M Fletcher
- Translational Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronan H Mullan
- Department of Rheumatology, Tallaght University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Cole
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Ling-Yang Hao
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Michael G Monaghan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sunil Nagpal
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Douglas J Veale
- Eular Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Univeristy College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ursula Fearon
- Molecular Rheumatology, Clinical Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- Eular Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Univeristy College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Andreani T, Slot LM, Gabillard S, Strübing C, Reimertz C, Yaligara V, Bakker AM, Olfati-Saber R, Toes REM, Scherer HU, Augé F, Šimaitė D. Benchmarking computational methods for B-cell receptor reconstruction from single-cell RNA-seq data. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac049. [PMID: 35855325 PMCID: PMC9278041 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple methods have recently been developed to reconstruct full-length B-cell receptors (BCRs) from single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. This need emerged from the expansion of scRNA-seq techniques, the increasing interest in antibody-based drug development and the importance of BCR repertoire changes in cancer and autoimmune disease progression. However, a comprehensive assessment of performance-influencing factors such as the sequencing depth, read length or number of somatic hypermutations (SHMs) as well as guidance regarding the choice of methodology is still lacking. In this work, we evaluated the ability of six available methods to reconstruct full-length BCRs using one simulated and three experimental SMART-seq datasets. In addition, we validated that the BCRs assembled in silico recognize their intended targets when expressed as monoclonal antibodies. We observed that methods such as BALDR, BASIC and BRACER showed the best overall performance across the tested datasets and conditions, whereas only BASIC demonstrated acceptable results on very short read libraries. Furthermore, the de novo assembly-based methods BRACER and BALDR were the most accurate in reconstructing BCRs harboring different degrees of SHMs in the variable domain, while TRUST4, MiXCR and BASIC were the fastest. Finally, we propose guidelines to select the best method based on the given data characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Andreani
- AI & Deep Analytics—Omics Data Science, Sanofi , Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Linda M Slot
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center , 2333 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carsten Strübing
- Immunology & Inflammation Research, Sanofi , Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Claus Reimertz
- Immunology & Inflammation Research, Sanofi , Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Veeranagouda Yaligara
- Molecular Biology & Genomics, Translational Science Unit, Sanofi , Chilly-Mazarin 91385, France
| | - Aleida M Bakker
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center , 2333 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center , 2333 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans U Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center , 2333 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franck Augé
- AI & Deep Analytics—Omics Data Science, Sanofi , Paris 91385, France
| | - Deimantė Šimaitė
- AI & Deep Analytics—Omics Data Science, Sanofi , Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
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7
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Peterson JN, Boackle SA, Taitano SH, Sang A, Lang J, Kelly M, Rahkola JT, Miranda AM, Sheridan RM, Thurman JM, Rao VK, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Elevated Detection of Dual Antibody B Cells Identifies Lupus Patients With B Cell-Reactive VH4-34 Autoantibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:795209. [PMID: 35185888 PMCID: PMC8854503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.795209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
About 5% of B cells in healthy mice and humans are allelically or isotypically included and hence co-express two different antibodies. In mice, dual antibody B cells (B2R) expand with systemic autoimmunity, co-express autoreactive and non-autoreactive antibodies, and participate in immune responses, but this phenomenon is strain dependent. This study was developed with two goals: 1) to establish the contribution of TLR and IFN receptor signaling to the development of germinal center B cells that express two antibodies in MRL/lpr mice; and 2) to determine whether B2R B cells are increased and particularly activated in a subset of adult patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Results from the MRL/lpr studies indicate that the enhanced differentiation of dual-κ B cells into germinal center B cells is due to a heightened response to TLR7 and TLR9 signaling, further fueled by an increased response to type II IFN. To understand the clinical and translational implications of our observations in mouse B2R B cells, cohorts of SLE patients and healthy controls were recruited and evaluated for expression of dual BCRs. Results from flow cytometry and microscopy revealed supraphysiological frequencies of κ+λ+ B2R cells in one fourth of the SLE patients. Abnormal numbers of κ+λ+ B cells correlated with higher frequencies of activated naïve B cells and age-associated B cells, and a lower proportion of "B cells that are naïve IgD+" (BND). However, results from single cell V(D)J sequencing demonstrated that these high κ+λ+ SLE patients harbored normal frequencies of κ+λ+ and other B2R B cells. and we further show that their B cells were instead decorated by κ and λ VH4-34 autoantibodies. Thus, our findings indicate that elevated flow cytometric detection of isotypically-included B cells can identify patients with high titers of B cell-reactive VH4-34 autoantibodies and abnormal distribution of B cell subsets relevant to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob N. Peterson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Susan A. Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sophina H. Taitano
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Allison Sang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Margot Kelly
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy T. Rahkola
- Mucosa and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anjelica M. Miranda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ryan M. Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Joshua M. Thurman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - V. Koneti Rao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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8
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Pelanda R, Greaves SA, Alves da Costa T, Cedrone LM, Campbell ML, Torres RM. B-cell intrinsic and extrinsic signals that regulate central tolerance of mouse and human B cells. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:12-26. [PMID: 34997597 PMCID: PMC8986553 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The random recombination of immunoglobulin V(D)J gene segments produces unique IgM antibodies that serve as the antigen receptor for each developing B cell. Hence, the newly formed B cell repertoire is comprised of a variety of specificities that display a range of reactivity with self-antigens. Newly generated IgM+ immature B cells that are non-autoreactive or that bind self-antigen with low avidity are licensed to leave the bone marrow with their intact antigen receptor and to travel via the blood to the peripheral lymphoid tissue for further selection and maturation. In contrast, clones with medium to high avidity for self-antigen remain within the marrow and undergo central tolerance, a process that revises their antigen receptor or eliminates the autoreactive B cell altogether. Thus, central B cell tolerance is critical for reducing the autoreactive capacity and avidity for self-antigen of our circulating B cell repertoire. Bone marrow cultures and mouse models have been instrumental for understanding the mechanisms that regulate the selection of bone marrow B cells. Here, we review recent studies that have shed new light on the contribution of the ERK, PI3K, and CXCR4 signaling pathways in the selection of mouse and human immature B cells that either bind or do not bind self-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah A Greaves
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thiago Alves da Costa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lena M Cedrone
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret L Campbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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9
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Lei K, Yuan M, Zhou T, Ye Q, Zeng B, Zhou Q, Wei A, Guo L. Research progress in the application of bile acid-drug conjugates: A "trojan horse" strategy. Steroids 2021; 173:108879. [PMID: 34181976 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid transporters are highly expressed in intestinal cells and hepatocytes, and they determine the uptake of drugs in cells by modulating cellular entry and exit. In order to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs and investigate the potential application prospects of drugs used to target cancer, numerous studies have adopted these transporters to identify prodrug strategies. Through the connection of covalent bonds between drugs and bile acids, the resulting bile acid-drug conjugates continue to be recognized as similar to natural unmodified bile acid and is translocated by the transporter. The present mini-review provides a brief summary of recent progress of the application of bile acid-drug conjugates based primarily on ASBT, NTCP, and OATP, with the hope of contributing to subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Minghao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ailing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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10
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Slot LM, Vergroesen RD, Kerkman PF, Staudinger E, Reijm S, van Dooren HJ, van der Voort EIH, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM, Scherer HU. Light chain skewing in autoantibodies and B-cell receptors of the citrullinated antigen-binding B-cell response in rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247847. [PMID: 33784344 PMCID: PMC8009422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting 1% of the world population. RA is associated with the presence of autoantibodies, of which anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are most prominent. ACPA are produced by citrullinated antigen-binding B cells that have presumably survived tolerance checkpoints. So far, it is unclear how and when such autoreactive B cells emerge. Light chain (LC) rearrangement and mutation rates can be informative with regard to selection steps during B-cell development. Therefore, we studied LC characteristics of ACPA-expressing B cells and secreted ACPA with the aim to better understand the development of this disease-specific, autoreactive B-cell response. Paired ACPA-IgG and ACPA-depleted IgG were isolated from serum (n = 87) and synovial fluid (SF, n = 21) of patients with established RA. We determined the LC composition for each fraction by ELISA using kappa(Igκ)- and lambda(Igλ) LC-specific antibodies. Cellular LC expression was determined using flow cytometry. In addition, we used a B-cell receptor (BCR)-specific PCR to obtain LC variable region sequences of citrullinated antigen- and tetanus toxoid (TT)-binding B cells. In serum, we observed an increased frequency of lambda LC in ACPA-IgG (1.64:1) compared to control IgG (2.03:1) and to the κ/λ ratio reported for healthy individuals (2:1). A similar trend towards higher frequencies of lambda LCs was observed for ACPA-IgG in SF (1.84:1). Additionally, the percentage of Igλ-expressing B cells was higher for citrullinated antigen-binding B cells (51%) compared to TT-specific (43%) and total CD19+CD20+ B cells (36%). Moreover, an increased Igλ percentage was observed in BCR-sequences derived from ACPA-expressing (49%) compared to TT-specific B cells (34%). Taken together, we report an enhanced frequency of lambda LCs in the secreted ACPA-IgG repertoire and, on the cellular level, in BCR sequences of ACPA-expressing B cells compared to control. This skewing in the autoreactive B-cell repertoire could reflect a process of active selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Slot
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Priscilla F. Kerkman
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Staudinger
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Reijm
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo J. van Dooren
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom W. J. Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René E. M. Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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11
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Zhou JQ, Kleinstein SH. Cutting Edge: Ig H Chains Are Sufficient to Determine Most B Cell Clonal Relationships. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1687-1692. [PMID: 31484734 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
B cell clonal expansion is vital for adaptive immunity. High-throughput BCR sequencing enables investigating this process but requires computational inference to identify clonal relationships. This inference usually relies on only the BCR H chain, as most current protocols do not preserve H:L chain pairing. The extent to which paired L chains aids inference is unknown. Using human single-cell paired BCR datasets, we assessed the ability of H chain-based clonal clustering to identify clones. Of the expanded clones identified, <20% grouped cells expressing inconsistent L chains. H chains from these misclustered clones contained more distant junction sequences and shared fewer V segment mutations than the accurate clones. This suggests that additional H chain information could be leveraged to refine clonal relationships. Conversely, L chains were insufficient to refine H chain-based clonal clusters. Overall, the BCR H chain alone is sufficient to identify clonal relationships with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Q Zhou
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511; .,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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12
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Usefulness of Bcl-2 Expression and the Expression of Cytoplasmic Immunoglobulin Light Chains in the Differentiation Between B-Cell Lymphoma and Reactive Lymphocytic Proliferations in FNA. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112648. [PMID: 31146399 PMCID: PMC6601031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is helpful in differentiating between B-cell lymphoma (BCL) and reactive lymphocytic proliferation (RLP) in FNA biopsies. However; the presence of inconclusive surface immunoglobulin light chains (sIg LC) poses a problem. We investigated the usefulness of additional tests; namely Bcl-2 expression and expression of cytoplasmic Ig LC (cIg LC), mainly on samples with inconclusive sIg LC. Both tests were performed on 232 FNA samples from lymph nodes. Bcl-2 alone was determined qualitatively and quantitatively on 315 samples. The quantitative test was correctly positive in 76% of cases and falsely negative in 24%. The correctly positive results of the qualitative test were 11% points lower. cIg LC correctly identified 65% of BCL with dual positive sIg LC; 36% of BCL with difficult to interpret sIg LC and only 7% of BCL with negative sIg LC. The best results in differentiating between BCL and RLP were obtained when all three tests were used together. In samples with inconclusive sIg LC and additional monoclonal or polyclonal populations the κ:λ ratios did not differentiate between RLP and BCL. We propose that in case of inconclusive sIg LC Bcl-2 test is used first. The addition of cIg LC test is sensible only in cases with dual positive and difficult to interpret sIg LC.
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13
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Lindeman I, Stubbington MJT. Antigen Receptor Sequence Reconstruction and Clonality Inference from scRNA-Seq Data. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1935:223-249. [PMID: 30758830 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9057-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe TraCeR and BraCeR, our computational tools for reconstruction of paired full-length antigen receptor sequences and clonality inference from single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data. In brief, TraCeR reconstructs T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences from scRNA-seq data by extracting sequencing reads derived from TCRs by aligning the reads from each cell against synthetic TCR sequences. TCR-derived reads are then assembled into full-length recombined TCR sequences. BraCeR builds on the TraCeR pipeline and accounts for somatic hypermutations (SHM) and isotype switching. Here we discuss experimental design, use of the tools, and interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Lindeman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Jiang AS, Wu Z, Wei EX, Ni H, You B, Yang T, Jiang JG. Plasma cell myeloma with dual expression of kappa and lambda light chains. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:4718-4723. [PMID: 31949873 PMCID: PMC6962953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cell myeloma is a clonal proliferation of neoplastic plasma cells and typically expresses a monoclonal heavy and/or light chain immunoglobulin. Plasma cell myeloma with dual expression of kappa and lambda light chains in a single clone is extremely rare. Here we report three cases of plasma cell myeloma with a co-expression of both kappa and lambda light chains. All three cases were confirmed by comprehensive workup including IHC, ISH and flow cytometry analysis to detect light chain expression patterns at the mRNA and protein levels. We also reviewed three cases so far published in the literature. Our study suggests that plasma cell myeloma with dual light chain expression may be more likely to be light chain only myeloma. It may have a high frequency of complex cytogenetic and/or FISH abnormalities, associated with a high-risk disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medicine School185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Zhao Wu
- Department of Pathology, Genoptix Medical Laboratory2110 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
| | - Eric X Wei
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Hongyu Ni
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bei You
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medicine School185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Pathology, Los Alamitos Medical Center3751 Katella Avenue, Los Alamitos, CA 90720, USA
| | - Jie-Gen Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medicine School185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Pathology, Genoptix Medical Laboratory2110 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
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15
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Imkeller K, Wardemann H. Assessing human B cell repertoire diversity and convergence. Immunol Rev 2018; 284:51-66. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- German Cancer Research Center; B Cell Immunology; Heidelberg Germany
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16
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Totonchy J, Osborn JM, Chadburn A, Nabiee R, Argueta L, Mikita G, Cesarman E. KSHV induces immunoglobulin rearrangements in mature B lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006967. [PMID: 29659614 PMCID: PMC5919685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) is a B cell tropic human pathogen, which is present in vivo in monotypic immunoglobulin λ (Igλ) light chain but polyclonal B cells. In the current study, we use cell sorting to infect specific B cell lineages from human tonsil specimens in order to examine the immunophenotypic alterations associated with KSHV infection. We describe IL-6 dependent maturation of naïve B lymphocytes in response to KSHV infection and determine that the Igλ monotypic bias of KSHV infection in vivo is due to viral induction of BCR revision. Infection of immunoglobulin κ (Igκ) naïve B cells induces expression of Igλ and isotypic inclusion, with eventual loss of Igκ. We show that this phenotypic shift occurs via re-induction of Rag-mediated V(D)J recombination. These data explain the selective presence of KSHV in Igλ B cells in vivo and provide the first evidence that a human pathogen can manipulate the molecular mechanisms responsible for immunoglobulin diversity. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection of human B cells is poorly understood. KSHV infection in humans is heavily biased towards B cells with a specific subtype of antibody molecule (lambda light chain rather than kappa light chain). This has been a conundrum in the field for years because there is no known physiological distinction between B cells with different light chains that might provide a mechanism for this bias. Here, we develop a novel system for infecting B cells from human tonsil with KSHV and tracking how the virus alters the cells over time. Using this system, we demonstrate a number of KSHV-driven alterations in B cells, including the fact that KSHV infection of kappa light chain positive B cells drives them to become lambda light chain positive by re-inducing recombination events that are normally restricted to B cell development in the bone marrow. We believe that this study is the first demonstration that a virus can alter immunoglobulin specificity via direct infection of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Totonchy
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of Amercia
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, United States of Amercia
| | - Jessica M. Osborn
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of Amercia
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of Amercia
| | - Ramina Nabiee
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, United States of Amercia
| | - Lissenya Argueta
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of Amercia
| | - Geoffrey Mikita
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of Amercia
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of Amercia
- * E-mail:
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17
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Anti-HIV-1 B cell responses are dependent on B cell precursor frequency and antigen-binding affinity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4743-4748. [PMID: 29666227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803457115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that humans can produce potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to several different epitopes on the HIV-1 spike has reinvigorated efforts to develop an antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine. Antibody cloning from single cells revealed that nearly all bNAbs show unusual features that could help explain why it has not been possible to elicit them by traditional vaccination and instead would require a sequence of different immunogens. This idea is supported by experiments with genetically modified immunoglobulin (Ig) knock-in mice. Sequential immunization with a series of specifically designed immunogens was required to shepherd the development of bNAbs. However, knock-in mice contain superphysiologic numbers of bNAb precursor-expressing B cells, and therefore how these results can be translated to a more physiologic setting remains to be determined. Here we make use of adoptive transfer experiments using knock-in B cells that carry a synthetic intermediate in the pathway to anti-HIV-1 bNAb development to examine how the relationship between B cell receptor affinity and precursor frequency affects germinal center (GC) B cell recruitment and clonal expansion. Immunization with soluble HIV-1 antigens can recruit bNAb precursor B cells to the GC when there are as few as 10 such cells per mouse. However, at low precursor frequencies, the extent of clonal expansion is directly proportional to the affinity of the antigen for the B cell receptor, and recruitment to GCs is variable and dependent on recirculation.
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18
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Longo NS, Rogosch T, Zemlin M, Zouali M, Lipsky PE. Mechanisms That Shape Human Antibody Repertoire Development in Mice Transgenic for Human Ig H and L Chain Loci. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3963-3977. [PMID: 28438896 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To determine the impact of the milieu on the development of the human B cell repertoire, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of productive and nonproductive Ig gene rearrangements from transgenic mice engineered to express single copies of the unrearranged human H chain and L chain Ig gene loci. By examining the nonproductive repertoire as an indication of the immediate product of the rearrangement machinery without an impact of selection, we discovered that the distribution of human rearrangements arising in the mouse was generally comparable to that seen in humans. However, differences between the distribution of nonproductive and productive rearrangements that reflect the impact of selection suggested species-specific selection played a role in shaping the respective repertoires. Although expression of some VH genes was similar in mouse and human (IGHV3-23, IGHV3-30, and IGHV4-59), other genes behaved differently (IGHV3-33, IGHV3-48, IGHV4-31, IGHV4-34, and IGHV1-18). Gene selection differences were also noted in L chains. Notably, nonproductive human VH rearrangements in the transgenic mice expressed shorter CDRH3 with less N addition. Even the CDRH3s in the productive rearrangements were shorter in length than those of the normal human productive repertoire. Amino acids in the CDRH3s in both species showed positive selection of tyrosines and glycines, and negative selection of leucines. The data indicate that the environment in which B cells develop can affect the expressed Ig repertoire by exerting influences on the distribution of expressed VH and VL genes and by influencing the amino acid composition of the Ag binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Longo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tobias Rogosch
- Pediatric Immunology and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Klinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.,Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical School, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Moncef Zouali
- INSERM & Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75475 Paris, France; and
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19
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Abstract
Immune tolerance hinders the potentially destructive responses of lymphocytes to host tissues. Tolerance is regulated at the stage of immature B cell development (central tolerance) by clonal deletion, involving apoptosis, and by receptor editing, which reprogrammes the specificity of B cells through secondary recombination of antibody genes. Recent mechanistic studies have begun to elucidate how these divergent mechanisms are controlled. Single-cell antibody cloning has revealed defects of B cell central tolerance in human autoimmune diseases and in several human immunodeficiency diseases caused by single gene mutations, which indicates the relevance of B cell tolerance to disease and suggests possible genetic pathways that regulate tolerance.
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20
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Kim YK, Lee JS, Jung JW, Hikima JI, Ohtani M, Jang HB, Nho SW, Cha IS, Park SB, Lee JH, Aoki T, Jung TS. Characterization of a specific monoclonal antibody against immunoglobulin light kappa/L1 chain in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:88-96. [PMID: 27840171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Ig) are heterodimeric proteins that play critical roles in the adaptive immune system of vertebrates. Because of their plasticity, teleostean Igs are more diverse, and thus do not conform to mammalian classifications. Because of this, mammalian-based Ig cell markers cannot be used successfully to study immune responses in fish. There is therefore a need to produce Ig-specific cell markers for fish. Here, we attempted to identify the specific isotype detected by an Ig light chain-specific monoclonal antibody (anti-olive flounder IgL-mAb: M7C3-4) that we had previously produced [11]. Three newly identified sequences of the Ig light chain from olive flounder were classified according to their isotypes. Subsequent analyses revealed that M7C3-4 was able to specifically detect lymphocytes expressing one of the κ chains (Igκ-a) in olive flounder. Interestingly, Igκ-a+ B cells were more abundant in spleen and trunk-kidney than in peripheral blood, indicating a distribution different from that of IgM+ B cells. Our work reveals interesting aspects of B cell distribution and differentiation, and may aid in the production of suitable and effective cell markers for olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyu Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jae Wook Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jun-Ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Maki Ohtani
- Department of Veterinary Diseases Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 13626, Denmark
| | - Ho Bin Jang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Seong Won Nho
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - In Seok Cha
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Seong Bin Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lee
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Changwon 51688, South Korea
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, 513, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
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21
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Increased Kappa/Lambda Hybrid Antibody in Serum Is a Novel Biomarker Related to Disease Activity and Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2953072. [PMID: 27143816 PMCID: PMC4837281 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2953072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The κ/λ hybrid antibodies in normal human serum were reported recently, but their clinical relevance has not yet been explored. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the major joint diseases, and the early diagnosis and treatment of RA remain a challenge. Here, we developed a double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system to quantify relative serum κ/λ hybrid antibody levels in RA patients, osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and healthy controls (HC) in order to assess their potential use as a serological biomarker of early disease and clinical activity and to preliminarily investigate their immunomodulatory roles in RA. Surprisingly, we found that κ/λ hybrid antibody was markedly increased in both early and established RA. Serum κ/λ hybrid antibody levels were significantly correlated with clinical indexes and inflammatory markers in RA. Further analysis showed a positive correlation between κ/λ hybrid antibody levels and the 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28). In conclusion, serum κ/λ hybrid antibodies in RA were identified for the first time. High levels of κ/λ hybrid antibody may be a useful tool in distinguishing early RA from OA and HC. We suggest κ/λ hybrid antibody as a marker for disease activity. The increased κ/λ hybrid antibodies were associated with inflammatory conditions in RA.
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22
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Proudhon C, Hao B, Raviram R, Chaumeil J, Skok JA. Long-Range Regulation of V(D)J Recombination. Adv Immunol 2015; 128:123-82. [PMID: 26477367 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Given their essential role in adaptive immunity, antigen receptor loci have been the focus of analysis for many years and are among a handful of the most well-studied genes in the genome. Their investigation led initially to a detailed knowledge of linear structure and characterization of regulatory elements that confer control of their rearrangement and expression. However, advances in DNA FISH and imaging combined with new molecular approaches that interrogate chromosome conformation have led to a growing appreciation that linear structure is only one aspect of gene regulation and in more recent years, the focus has switched to analyzing the impact of locus conformation and nuclear organization on control of recombination. Despite decades of work and intense effort from numerous labs, we are still left with an incomplete picture of how the assembly of antigen receptor loci is regulated. This chapter summarizes our advances to date and points to areas that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Proudhon
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Bingtao Hao
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Ramya Raviram
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Julie Chaumeil
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Jane A Skok
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
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23
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Jiwani S, Bornhost J, Alapat D. Biphenotypic plasma cell myeloma: two cases of plasma cell neoplasm with a coexpression of kappa and lambda light chains. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:8536-8544. [PMID: 26339430 PMCID: PMC4555758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plasma cell neoplasm (PCM) is a medullary and extra medullary proliferation of clonal plasma cells that occurs due to accidental translocation of proto-oncogenes into immunoglobulin (Ig) gene loci. While the majority of plasma cell neoplasms are monoclonal, up to 2% of the PCMs [1] considered being biclonal based on electrophoretic analysis, characterized by secretion of paraprotein with two distinct heavy chains or light chains are possible and present unique diagnostic challenges. METHODS Traditionally protein electrophoresis has been used to diagnose, characterize, and monitor progression of plasma cell neoplasm. To characterize neoplastic plasma cells, in our institution, other ancillary studies, including in situ hybridization, flow cytometric analyses of plasma cell surface markers and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins with DNA ploidy, are also utilized routinely. RESULTS We present two cases of plasma cell myeloma in which the neoplastic plasma cells shows production of cytoplasmic kappa and lambda light chain, with secretion of free lambda light chain only. Co-expression of kappa and lambda light chain by the same neoplastic plasma cells is a rare but reported phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that serum electrophoresis alone could mischaracterize biphenotypic myeloma as monotypic plasma cell myelomas in the absence of additional testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanawaz Jiwani
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock 72205, AR, America
| | - Joshua Bornhost
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock 72205, AR, America
| | - Daisy Alapat
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock 72205, AR, America
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24
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In-depth determination and analysis of the human paired heavy- and light-chain antibody repertoire. Nat Med 2014; 21:86-91. [PMID: 25501908 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput immune repertoire sequencing has emerged as a critical step in the understanding of adaptive responses following infection or vaccination or in autoimmunity. However, determination of native antibody variable heavy-light pairs (VH-VL pairs) remains a major challenge, and no technologies exist to adequately interrogate the >1 × 10(6) B cells in typical specimens. We developed a low-cost, single-cell, emulsion-based technology for sequencing antibody VH-VL repertoires from >2 × 10(6) B cells per experiment with demonstrated pairing precision >97%. A simple flow-focusing apparatus was used to sequester single B cells into emulsion droplets containing lysis buffer and magnetic beads for mRNA capture; subsequent emulsion RT-PCR generated VH-VL amplicons for next-generation sequencing. Massive VH-VL repertoire analyses of three human donors provided new immunological insights including (i) the identity, frequency and pairing propensity of shared, or 'public', VL genes, (ii) the detection of allelic inclusion (an implicated autoimmune mechanism) in healthy individuals and (iii) the occurrence of antibodies with features, in terms of gene usage and CDR3 length, associated with broadly neutralizing antibodies to rapidly evolving viruses such as HIV-1 and influenza.
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Levin-Klein R, Bergman Y. Epigenetic regulation of monoallelic rearrangement (allelic exclusion) of antigen receptor genes. Front Immunol 2014; 5:625. [PMID: 25538709 PMCID: PMC4257082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While most genes in the mammalian genome are transcribed from both parental chromosomes in cells where they are expressed, approximately 10% of genes are expressed monoallelically, so that any given cell will express either the paternal or maternal allele, but not both. The antigen receptor genes in B and T cells are well-studied examples of a gene family, which is expressed in a monoallelic manner, in a process coined "allelic exclusion." During lymphocyte development, only one allele of each antigen receptor undergoes V(D)J rearrangement at a time, and once productive rearrangement is sensed, rearrangement of the second allele is prevented. In this mini review, we discuss the epigenetic processes, including asynchronous replication, nuclear localization, chromatin condensation, histone modifications, and DNA methylation, which appear to regulate the primary rearrangement of a single allele, while blocking the rearrangement of the second allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Levin-Klein
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University Medical School , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Yehudit Bergman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University Medical School , Jerusalem , Israel
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