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Chen JS, Lee D, Gowthaman U. T follicular helper cells in food allergy. Curr Opin Immunol 2024; 91:102461. [PMID: 39276414 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2024.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells help direct the production of antibodies by B cells. In addition to promoting antibody responses to vaccination and infection, Tfh cells have been found to mediate antibody production to food antigens. Work over the past decade has delineated the specific phenotypes of Tfh cells that induce antibodies to food while also clarifying the divergent Tfh cell requirement for different food-specific antibody isotypes. Furthermore, Tfh and antibody responses to food can occur at multiple barrier sites - namely, skin, airway, and gut. Depending on the context of food antigen exposure, the immune response to food at these sites can be protective, as in the case of tolerance or immunotherapy, or pathogenic, as in the case of allergy. This review will highlight recent advances in our understanding of how Tfh cells promote antibodies to food as well as future avenues for continued discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Donguk Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Uthaman Gowthaman
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Xu X, Yuan J, Zhu M, Gao J, Meng X, Wu Y, Li X, Tong P, Chen H. The potential of orally exposed risk factors and constituents aggravating food allergy: Possible mechanism and target cells. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e70014. [PMID: 39230383 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.70014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Food allergy is a significant concern for the health of humans worldwide. In addition to dietary exposure of food allergens, genetic and environmental factors also play an important role in the development of food allergy. However, only the tip of the iceberg of risk factors in food allergy has been identified. The importance of food allergy caused by orally exposed risk factors and constituents, including veterinary drugs, pesticides, processed foods/derivatives, nanoparticles, microplastics, pathogens, toxins, food additives, dietary intake of salt/sugar/total fat, vitamin D, and therapeutic drugs, are highlighted and discussed in this review. Moreover, the epithelial barrier hypothesis, which is closely associated with the occurrence of food allergy, is also introduced. Additionally, several orally exposed risk factors and constituents that have been reported to disrupt the epithelial barrier are elucidated. Finally, the possible mechanisms and key immune cells of orally exposed risk factors and constituents in aggravating food allergy are overviewed. Further work should be conducted to define the specific mechanism by which these risk factors and constituents are driving food allergy, which will be of central importance to the targeted therapy of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Jinyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Xuanyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Ping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang, P. R. China
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Maurer M, Casale TB, Saini SS, Ben-Shoshan M, Laws E, Maloney J, Bauer D, Radin A, Makhija M. Dupilumab Reduces Urticaria Activity, Itch, and Hives in Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Regardless of Baseline Serum Immunoglobulin E Levels. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2024; 14:2427-2441. [PMID: 39066978 PMCID: PMC11393262 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-024-01231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 may promote mast cell activation directly via IL-4 receptor expression, or indirectly via upregulated immunoglobulin E (IgE) production. Dupilumab significantly improved CSU signs and symptoms in the phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled LIBERTY-CSU CUPID Study A. This analysis explores the impact of dupilumab on CSU signs and symptoms and serum IgE levels in patients from LIBERTY-CSU CUPID Study A with serum total IgE above and below 100 IU/mL at baseline. METHODS Patients with H1-antihistamine-refractory CSU received dupilumab (n = 70) or placebo (n = 68) for 24 weeks. Efficacy endpoints were change from baseline to weeks 12 and 24 in serum total IgE levels, Itch Severity Score over 7 days (ISS7), Urticaria Activity Score over 7 days (UAS7), and Hives Severity Score over 7 days (HSS7) in dupilumab- or placebo-treated patients with serum total IgE above and below 100 IU/mL at baseline. RESULTS Dupilumab treatment significantly reduced median (interquartile range) IgE levels at week 12 [dupilumab: -31.9% (-41.9; -22.6); placebo: -6.3% (-21.3; 14.9)] and week 24 [dupilumab: -48.2% (-56.8; - 39.5); placebo: - 6.3% (-34.5; 14.8)]. Similar IgE reductions relative to baseline were observed in dupilumab-treated patients regardless of baseline IgE level. Dupilumab treatment improved ISS7, UAS7, and HSS7 over 12 and 24 weeks, regardless of baseline serum IgE level (interaction p ≥ 0.59 for all treatment by subgroup comparisons), with weak correlations (r < 0.2) observed between IgE level changes and ISS7, UAS7, and HSS7 outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Dupilumab significantly improved CSU signs and symptoms and reduced serum IgE, regardless of baseline IgE levels. In the current analysis, baseline total IgE had no predictive value as a dupilumab treatment response biomarker in CSU. Downregulation of IgE, a key mediator of mast cell activation and histamine release, may at least partially explain the effectiveness of dupilumab in reducing CSU signs and symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04180488.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University of Berlin and Humboldt-University of Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas B Casale
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Moshe Ben-Shoshan
- Division of Allergy/Immunology/Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Allen Radin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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Maurer M, Casale TB, Saini SS, Ben-Shoshan M, Giménez-Arnau AM, Bernstein JA, Yagami A, Stjepanovic A, Radin A, Staudinger HW, Patel N, Amin N, Akinlade B, Fan C, Bauer D, Yancopoulos GD, Patel K, Mannent LP, Laws E. Dupilumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (LIBERTY-CSU CUPID): Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 154:184-194. [PMID: 38431226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent pruritic wheals (hives) and/or angioedema. Patients with CSU could remain symptomatic despite standard-of-care H1 antihistamines (H1-AH) or anti-IgE (omalizumab) treatment. Dupilumab blocks IL-4/IL-13 signaling and is approved for multiple type 2/atopic indications. OBJECTIVE We conducted two phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials comparing dupilumab with placebo in patients with symptomatic CSU despite H1-AH. METHODS In LIBERTY-CSU CUPID Study A, patients were omalizumab-naive (n = 138, aged ≥6 years). In Study B, patients were omalizumab-intolerant/incomplete responders (n = 108, aged ≥12 years). The primary end point was either change from baseline over 7 days in the Urticaria Activity Score (UAS7) or Itch Severity Score (ISS7) at week 24, with the other as a key secondary end point, depending on regional regulatory requirements. Studies were pooled for safety assessment. RESULTS In Study A, UAS7 and ISS7 improved with dupilumab versus placebo (difference -8.5 [95% CI, -13.2 to -3.9; P = .0003] and -4.2 [95% CI, -6.6 to -1.8; P = .0005]). In Study B, tested at α = 0.043 after interim analysis, UAS7 improved (difference -5.8 [95% CI, -11.4 to -0.3; P = .0390]), with a numerical trend in ISS7 (difference -2.9 [95% CI, -5.7 to -0.07; nominal P = .0449, not significant]). Pooled safety data were consistent between dupilumab and placebo and with the known dupilumab safety profile. CONCLUSIONS Dupilumab reduced urticaria activity by reducing itch and hives severity in omalizumab-naive patients with CSU uncontrolled with H1-AH. Although the primary end point for Study B was not met, dupilumab effects were small in patients who were omalizumab-intolerant/incomplete responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität, Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas B Casale
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla
| | | | - Moshe Ben-Shoshan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ana M Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Institut Mar D'Investigacions Mediques, Universitat Autónoma y Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Partner Bernstein Allergy Group and Bernstein Clinical Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Akiko Yagami
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Allen Radin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY
| | | | | | - Nikhil Amin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY
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Tiligada E, Gafarov D, Zaimi M, Vitte J, Levi-Schaffer F. Novel Immunopharmacological Drugs for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:481-506. [PMID: 37722722 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051623-091038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The exponential rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases since the mid-twentieth century has led to a genuine public health emergency and has also fostered major progress in research on the underlying mechanisms and potential treatments. The management of allergic diseases benefits from the biological revolution, with an array of novel immunomodulatory therapeutic and investigational tools targeting players of allergic inflammation at distinct pathophysiological steps. Prominent examples include therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against cytokines, alarmins, and their receptors, as well as small-molecule modifiers of signal transduction mainly mediated by Janus kinases and Bruton's tyrosine kinases. However, the first-line therapeutic options have yet to switch from symptomatic to disease-modifying interventions. Here we present an overview of available drugs in the context of our current understanding of allergy pathophysiology, identify potential therapeutic targets, and conclude by providing a selection of candidate immunopharmacological molecules under investigation for potential future use in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Tiligada
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Daria Gafarov
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Maria Zaimi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joana Vitte
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier, INSERM
- Montpellier, France
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
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Liu J, Li J, Yin J. Changes of allergic inflammation and immunological parameters after Alt a 1 and A. alternata immunotherapy in mice. World Allergy Organ J 2023; 16:100807. [PMID: 37638361 PMCID: PMC10457585 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of allergen-specific subcutaneousimmunotherapy (SCIT) with Alt a 1 of the fungus A. alternata is still unknown. Yet, few studies compare the therapeutic effects and immunological mechanisms of Alt a 1 and A. alternata extracts. We aim to explore and compare the changes in allergic inflammation and immunological mechanisms of Alt a 1 and A. alternata in mice. Methods Female BALB/c mice administrated recombinant Alt a 1 (rAlt a 1), native Alt a 1 (nAlt a 1), and A. alternata. Lung histology, airway hyper-reactivity (AHR), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytokine levels, serum immunoglobulin responses, the expression of Bcl-6, the percentages of T follicular helper cells (Tfh), cytokine-related Tfh subtypes, regulatory B cells (Breg), and IL-10+ Breg cells were detected. Results High-purity nAlt 1 protein was obtained. SCIT with Alt a 1 and Alternaria decreased airway and lung inflammation, including improvement of lung pathology, lower levels of AHR, reduction of total cell numbers, and IL-4 and IL-13 levels in BALF. Furthermore, Alt a 1-SCIT effectively suppressed the IgE responses, elevated IgG titers, and was superior in decreasing the expression of Bcl-6. Additionally, Alternaria-SCIT significantly decreased the expression of Tfh cells, L-4+ Tfh, and IL-5+ Tfh cells in the spleen, whereas Alt a 1 showed superior therapeutic effects in the lymph node. IL-13+ Tfh cells in these two treatment groups not being significant. IL-17A+ Tfh cells were alleviated most effectively after A. alternata-SCIT in both the spleen and lymph node. Intriguingly, IL-10+ Breg cells decreased remarkably in response to SCIT with rAlt a 1. Conclusions Treatments with Alt a 1 and A. alternata extracts had beneficial effects on allergic inflammation. Alt a 1-SCIT resulted in prominent improvement in the immunoglobulin responses, Bcl-6, and IL-10+ Breg cells. Alternaria-SCIT was more likely to suppress the expression of Tfh and cytokine-related Tfh subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Disease (NCRC-DID), Beijing, China
| | - Junda Li
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Disease (NCRC-DID), Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Disease (NCRC-DID), Beijing, China
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Crespo JF, Cabanillas B. Recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms of IgE-mediated food allergy. Food Chem 2023; 411:135500. [PMID: 36682170 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is a public health issue the prevalence of which is steadily increasing. New discoveries have contributed to the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to IgE-mediated food allergy. Novel scientific findings have defined roles for specific cell types, such as T follicular helper cells, in induction of high-affinity IgE by B cells. Also, not only mast cells and basophils contribute to food anaphylaxis, but also other cell types, such as neutrophils and macrophages. Elucidation of mechanisms involved in sensitization to food allergens through organs including the skin is key to deepening our understanding of the "dual exposure" hypothesis, which suggests that allergic sensitization is mainly acquired through inflamed skin while the oral route induces tolerance. This review considers the latest scientific knowledge about the molecular and cellular mechanisms of IgE-mediated food allergy. It reveals crucial components involved in the sensitization and elicitation phases and emerging approaches in anaphylaxis pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus F Crespo
- Department of Allergy, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cabanillas
- Department of Allergy, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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Cela L, Brindisi G, Gravina A, Pastore F, Semeraro A, Bringheli I, Marchetti L, Morelli R, Cinicola B, Capponi M, Gori A, Pignataro E, Piccioni MG, Zicari AM, Anania C. Molecular Mechanism and Clinical Effects of Probiotics in the Management of Cow's Milk Protein Allergy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9781. [PMID: 37372929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is the most common food allergy (FA) in infancy, affecting approximately 2% of children under 4 years of age. According to recent studies, the increasing prevalence of FAs can be associated with changes in composition and function of gut microbiota or "dysbiosis". Gut microbiota regulation, mediated by probiotics, may modulate the systemic inflammatory and immune responses, influencing the development of allergies, with possible clinical benefits. This narrative review collects the actual evidence of probiotics' efficacy in the management of pediatric CMPA, with a specific focus on the molecular mechanisms of action. Most studies included in this review have shown a beneficial effect of probiotics in CMPA patients, especially in terms of achieving tolerance and improving symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Cela
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Brindisi
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gravina
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pastore
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Semeraro
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivana Bringheli
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Marchetti
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rebecca Morelli
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Cinicola
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Capponi
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gori
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elia Pignataro
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Piccioni
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zicari
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Anania
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Qian XH, Liu XL, Chen SD, Tang HD. Identification of Immune Hub Genes Associated With Braak Stages in Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Correlation of Immune Infiltration. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:887168. [PMID: 35619939 PMCID: PMC9129065 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.887168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease. Tau pathology is one of the pathological features of AD, and its progression is closely related to the progress of AD. Immune system dysfunction is an important mediator of Tau pathological progression, but the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine the immune hub genes and peripheral immune cell infiltration associated with the Braak stages, and the molecular mechanisms between them. Methods In this study, 60 samples with different Braak stages in the GSE106241 dataset were used to screen Braak stages-related immune hub genes by using the WGCNA package in R and cytoHubba plugin. The temporal lobe expression data in the Alzdata database were used to verify the results. The correlation between the expression level of immune core genes and the pathological features of AD was analyzed to evaluate the abundance of peripheral immune cell infiltration and screened Braak stages-related cells. Finally, we used correlation analysis of immune hub genes and immune cells and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of them. Results Seven genes (GRB2, HSP90AA1, HSPA4, IGF1, KRAS, PIK3R1, and PTPN11) were identified as immune core genes after the screening of the test datasets and validation of independent data. Among them, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Regulatory Subunit 1 (PIK3R1) were the most closely related to Tau and Aβ pathology in AD. In addition, the ImmuneScore increased gradually with the increase of Braak stages. Five types of immune cells (plasma cells, T follicular helper cells, M2 macrophage, activated NK cells, and eosinophils) were correlated with Braak stages. KRAS and PIK3R1 were the immune core genes most related to the abnormal infiltration of peripheral immune cells. They participated in the regulation of the pathological process of AD through axon guidance, long-term potentiation, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, RNA polymerase, etc. Conclusion The KRAS and PIK3R1 genes were identified as the immune hub genes most associated with Tau pathological progress in AD. The abnormal infiltration of peripheral immune cells mediated by these cells was involved in the Tau pathological process. This provides new insights for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hang Qian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng-di Chen,
| | - Hui-dong Tang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Hui-dong Tang,
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