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Frankenstein D, Luu MS, Luna-Ayala J, Willett DS, Filgueiras CS. Soil moisture conditions alter behavior of entomopathogenic nematodes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4383-4390. [PMID: 38323469 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of environmental factors can disrupt biotic interactions between plants, insects and soil microorganisms with consequences for agricultural management and production. Many of these belowground interactions are mediated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which can be used for communication under appropriate environmental conditions. Behavioral responses to these compounds may likewise be dependent on varying soil conditions which are influenced by a changing climate. To determine how changing environmental conditions may affect VOC-mediated biotic interactions, we used a belowground system where entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) - tiny roundworm parasitoids of soil-borne insects - respond to VOCs by moving through the soil pore matrix. Specifically, we used two genera of EPNs - Heterorhabditis and Steinernema - that are known to respond to four specific terpenes - α-pinene, linalool, d-limonene and pregeijerene - released by the roots of plants in the presence of herbivores. We assessed the response of these nematodes to these terpenes under three moisture regimes to determine whether drier conditions or inundated conditions may influence the response behavior of these nematodes. RESULTS Our results illustrate that the recovery rate of EPNs is positively associated with soil moisture concentration. As soil moisture concentration increases from 6% to 18%, substantially more nematodes are recovered from bioassays. In addition, we find that soil moisture influences EPN preference for VOCs, as illustrated in the variable response rates. Certain compounds shifted from acting as a repellent to acting as an attractant and vice versa depending on the soil moisture concentration. CONCLUSION On a broad scale, we demonstrate that soil moisture has a significant effect on EPN host-seeking behavior. EPN efficacy as biological control agents could be affected by climate change projections that predict varying soil moisture concentrations. We recommend that maintaining nematodes as biological control agents is essential for sustainable agriculture development, as they significantly contribute not only to soil health but also to efficient pest management. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Frankenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Macawan S Luu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Luna-Ayala
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Denis S Willett
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Camila S Filgueiras
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC, USA
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2
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Li XT, Qian XJ, Chen H, Wang XD, Wu X. Anti-aging effect of glycerophosphocholine in Steinernema kraussei 0657L. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1346579. [PMID: 38660535 PMCID: PMC11040081 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1346579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) is a water-soluble small molecule found naturally in humans and foods such as milk and soybeans. It can activate the IIS pathway by regulating the expression of daf-2, ins-18 and daf-16 genes, sek-1 and skn-1 genes of MAPK pathway, sod-3, ctl-1, gst-4 and other antioxidant genes. GPC can relieve symptoms related to aging in organisms. The aim of this study was to probe the effects of GPC on the longevity and stress resistance of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema kraussei 0657L strain. The results showed that the lifespan of S. kraussei 0657L was significantly prolonged by 50 mM GPC treatment, which was 54.55% longer than that of the control (0 mM GPC). GPC significantly inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipofuscin accumulation, but the body size and fecundity of S. kraussei 0657L had little changed. At the same time, the longevity of S. kraussei 0657L exposed to heat shock and UV-B radiation was significantly prolonged than that with no external stress. GPC supplementation increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and corresponding gene expression. Under treatment with 50 mM GPC, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased by 1.90- and 4.13-fold, respectively, the expression of the sod-3 and ctl-1 genes was increased by 3.60- and 0.60-fold, respectively, and harmful reactive oxygen species were removed. In addition, the expression levels of the ins-18, skn-1, sek-1 and gst-4 genes related to the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway were upregulated 1.04-, 1.84-, 2.21- and 1.24-fold, respectively. These results indicate that GPC is mainly involved in the lifespan regulation of S. kraussei 0657L and plays an important role in resistance to external stress by activating the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and downstream PI3K/MAPK kinase, creating a new idea for improving the commercial efficacy of S. kraussei. It also laid a theoretical foundation for its further efficient development and utilization in the field of biological control.
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Bai PH, Yu JP, Hu RR, Fu QW, Wu HC, Li XY, Zu GH, Liu BS, Zhang Y. Behavioral and molecular response of the insect parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae to plant volatiles. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 203:108067. [PMID: 38278342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) use the chemical cues emitted by insects and insect-damaged plants to locate their hosts. Steinernema carpocapsae, a species of EPN, is an established biocontrol agent used against insect pests. Despite its promising potential, the molecular mechanisms underlying its ability to detect plant volatiles remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the response of S. carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJs) to 8 different plant volatiles. Among these, carvone was found to be the most attractive volatile compound. To understand the molecular basis of the response of IJs to carvone, we used RNA-Seq technology to identify gene expression changes in response to carvone treatment. Transcriptome analysis revealed 721 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between carvone-treated and control groups, with 403 genes being significantly upregulated and 318 genes downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the responsive DEGs to carvone attraction were mainly involved in locomotion, localization, behavior, response to stimulus, and olfactory transduction. We also identified four upregulated genes of chemoreceptor and response to stimulus that were involved in the response of IJs to carvone attraction. Our results provide insights into the potential transcriptional mechanisms underlying the response of S. carpocapsae to carvone, which can be utilized to develop environmentally friendly strategies for attracting EPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Hua Bai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Jin-Ping Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Rui-Rui Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Qian-Wen Fu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Hai-Chao Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Xing-Yue Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, PR China
| | - Guo-Hao Zu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Bao-Sheng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, PR China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biohazard Monitoring, Green Prevention and Control for Artificial Grassland, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Grassland Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010010, PR China.
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4
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Julià I, Hiltpold I, Morton A, Garcia-Del-Pino F. Attraction of entomopathogenic nematodes to black truffle and its volatile organic compounds: A new approach for truffle beetle biocontrol. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 203:108077. [PMID: 38402946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The European truffle beetle, Leiodes cinnamomeus, is the most important pest in black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) plantations. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a promising biological control agents against L. cinnamomeus. EPNs may employ multiple sensory cues while seeking for hosts, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO2 gradients. We report for the first time the attraction of EPNs to truffle fruitbodies, and identified some VOCs potentially playing a key role in this interaction. We conducted olfactometer assays to investigate the attraction behavior of Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema carpocapsae towards both T. melanosporum fruitbodies and larvae of L. cinnamomeus. Subsequently, a chemotaxis assay using agar plates was performed to determine which of the 14 of the main VOCs emitted by the fruitbodies attracted S. feltiae at low (0.1 %) and high (mg/100 g truffle) concentrations. Both EPN species were attracted to mature fruitbodies of T. melanosporum, which may enhance the likelihood of encountering L. cinnamomeus during field applications. L. cinnamomeus larvae in the presence of truffles did not significantly affect the behavior of EPNs 24 h after application, underscoring the importance of the chemical compounds emitted by truffles themselves. Chemotaxis assays showed that four long-chain alcohol compounds emitted by T. melanosporum fruitbodies attracted S. feltiae, especially at low concentration, providing a first hint in the chemical ecology of a little-studied ecological system of great economical value. Further studies should be conducted to gain a finer understanding of the tritrophic interactions between T. melanosporum, EPNs, and L. cinnamomeus, as this knowledge may have practical implications for the efficacy of EPNs in the biological control of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Julià
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Hiltpold
- Entomology and Nematology, Plant Protection Strategic Research Division, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Ana Morton
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia-Del-Pino
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Li G, Liu T, Whalen JK, Wei Z. Nematodes: an overlooked tiny engineer of plant health. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:52-63. [PMID: 37468419 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are a crucial component of rhizosphere biodiversity, affecting plant health as the most abundant and functionally diverse soil animals. Plant-parasitic nematodes are generally considered harmful, which may overlook their potential benefits to plants when coexisting with free-living nematodes in soil. We provide new insights into nematodes as vital plant partners. Plant root damage by plant-parasitic nematodes creates opportunities for pathogens and beneficial microbiota to colonize the rhizosphere. Free-living nematodes coordinate microbiota to suppress plant diseases, but they are susceptible to mortality from plant pathogens, potentially favoring pathogen release in the root zone. We conclude that the nematode's role in regulating plant pathogens represents a missing link, constraining our ability to predict and control soil-borne diseases in healthy plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Joann K Whalen
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada; Chair of Soil Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Zhong Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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6
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Ekino T, Yoshiga T, Takeuchi-Kaneko Y, Ichihara Y, Kanzaki N, Shinya R. Highlighting Potential Physical and Chemical Cues Involved in Conspecific Recognition System in a Predator Nematode, Seinura caverna. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:865-876. [PMID: 37500258 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Conspecific recognition is the ability to distinguish and respond to individuals of the same species. In nematodes, this behavior can mediate aggregation, feeding behavior, or mating. Here, we investigated whether and how the predatory nematode Seinura caverna recognizes and avoids conspecifics to prey on. In predation assays, S. caverna did not kill conspecifics, but killed nematodes of three heterospecific species. Interestingly, S. caverna did not kill Ektaphelenchoides spondylis nematodes. Seinura caverna did not eject its stylet when encountering conspecifics or E. spondylis. The characterization of the internal cuticle structure of 13 nematode species suggested that the cuticle may play a role in the preying decision, as E. spondylis and S. caverna exhibited similar, type III, cuticle layers. Chemical extracts from S. caverna further repelled conspecifics. We discuss the potential hierarchical use of physical and chemical cues in S. caverna predation behavior and provide insights into the evolutionary adaptations and behavior of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Ekino
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Yoshiga
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | | | - Yu Ichihara
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kanzaki
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Ryoji Shinya
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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7
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Smith TR, Tay A, Koprivnikar J. Effects of insect host chemical secretions on the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e63. [PMID: 37522182 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Given the threat presented by parasites and pathogens, insects employ various defences to protect themselves against infection, including chemical secretions. The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum releases a secretion containing the benzoquinones methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MBQ) and ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ) into the environment. These compounds have known antimicrobial effects; however, their role in defence against macroparasites is not known. Entomopathogenic nematodes, such as Steinernema carpocapsae, present a serious threat to insects, with successful infection leading to death. Thus, quinone-containing secretions may also aid in host defence. We tested how exposure to the individual components of this quinone secretion, as well as a mix at naturally-occurring proportions, affected the survival and thrashing behaviour of S. carpocapsae, as well as their virulence to a model host (Galleria mellonella). Exposure to high concentrations of MBQ and EBQ, as well as the quinone mix, significantly increased nematode death but did not consistently reduce thrashing, which would otherwise be expected given their toxicity. Rather, quinones may act as a host cue to S. carpocapsae by triggering increased activity. We found that exposure to quinones for 24 or 72 hours did not reduce nematode virulence, and surviving nematodes remained infective after non-lethal exposure. Our results indicate that quinone secretions likely serve as a defence against multiple infection threats by reducing S. carpocapsae survival, but further research is required to contextualize their roles by testing against other nematodes, as well as other helminths using insects as hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - A Tay
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - J Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
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8
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Maushe D, Ogi V, Divakaran K, Verdecia Mogena AM, Himmighofen PA, Machado RAR, Towbin BD, Ehlers RU, Molina C, Parisod C, Maud Robert CA. Stress tolerance in entomopathogenic nematodes: Engineering superior nematodes for precision agriculture. J Invertebr Pathol 2023:107953. [PMID: 37336478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are soil-dwelling parasitic roundworms commonly used as biocontrol agents of insect pests in agriculture. EPN dauer juveniles locate and infect a host in which they will grow and multiply until resource depletion. During their free-living stage, EPNs face a series of internal and environmental stresses. Their ability to overcome these challenges is crucial to determine their infection success and survival. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of EPN response to stresses associated with starvation, low/elevated temperatures, desiccation, osmotic stress, hypoxia, and ultra-violet light. We further report EPN defense strategies to cope with biotic stressors such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and predatory insects. By comparing the genetic and biochemical basis of these strategies to the nematode model Caenorhabditis elegans, we provide new avenues and targets to select and engineer precision nematodes adapted to specific field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Maushe
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vera Ogi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Keerthi Divakaran
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul Anton Himmighofen
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo A R Machado
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Daniel Towbin
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralf-Udo Ehlers
- e- nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, DE-24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Carlos Molina
- e- nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, DE-24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Christian Parisod
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Askar AG, Yüksel E, Bozbuğa R, Öcal A, Kütük H, Dinçer D, Canhilal R, Dababat AA, İmren M. Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes against Common Wireworm Species in Potato Cultivation. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020288. [PMID: 36839560 PMCID: PMC9961910 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are common insect pests that attack a wide range of economically important crops including potatoes. The control of wireworms is of prime importance in potato production due to the potential damage of the larvae to tuber quantity and quality. Chemical insecticides, the main control strategy against wireworms, generally fail to provide satisfactory control due to the lack of available chemicals and the soil-dwelling habits of the larvae. In the last decades, new eco-friendly concepts have emerged in the sustainable control of wireworms, one of which is entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). EPNs are soil-inhabitant organisms and represent an ecological approach to controlling a great variety of soil-dwelling insect pests. In this study, the susceptibility of Agriotes sputator Linnaeus and A. rufipalpis Brullé larvae, the most common wireworm species in potato cultivation in Türkiye, to native EPN strains [Steinernema carpocapsae (Sc_BL22), S. feltiae (Sf_BL24 and Sf_KAY4), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb_KAY10 and Hb_AF12)] were evaluated at two temperatures (25 and 30 °C) in pot experiments. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hb_AF12 was the most effective strain at 30 °C six days post-inoculation and caused 37.5% mortality to A. rufipalpis larvae. Agriotes sputator larvae were more susceptible to tested EPNs at the same exposure time, and 50% mortality was achieved by two EPNs species, Hb_AF12 and Sc_BL22. All EPN species/strains induced mortality over 70% to both wireworm species at both temperatures at 100 IJs/cm2, 18 days post-treatment. The results suggest that tested EPN species/strains have great potential in the control of A. sputator and A. rufipalpis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arife Gümüş Askar
- Istanbul Directorate of Agricultural Quarantine, Bakırköy, 34149 Istanbul, Türkiye
- Correspondence: (A.G.A.); (E.Y.)
| | - Ebubekir Yüksel
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Kayseri Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
- Correspondence: (A.G.A.); (E.Y.)
| | - Refik Bozbuğa
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Odunpazarı, 26160 Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Atilla Öcal
- Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute, Merkez, 77100 Yalova, Türkiye
| | - Halil Kütük
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030 Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Dilek Dinçer
- Biological Control Research Institute, Yüreğir, 01321 Adana, Türkiye
| | - Ramazan Canhilal
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Kayseri Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Abdelfattah A. Dababat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) 39, Emek, 06511 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa İmren
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030 Bolu, Türkiye
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10
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Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense Tools against Herbivores for Sustainable Crop Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052690. [PMID: 35269836 PMCID: PMC8910576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide defensive functions and regulate defense signaling pathways to safeguard plants against herbivores. Herbivore injury initiates complex reactions which ultimately lead to synthesis and accumulation of PSMs. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is regulated by the interplay of signaling molecules comprising phytohormones. Plant volatile metabolites are released upon herbivore attack and are capable of directly inducing or priming hormonal defense signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites enable plants to quickly detect herbivore attacks and respond in a timely way in a rapidly changing scenario of pest and environment. Several studies have suggested that the potential for adaptation and/or resistance by insect herbivores to secondary metabolites is limited. These metabolites cause direct toxicity to insect pests, stimulate antixenosis mechanisms in plants to insect herbivores, and, by recruiting herbivore natural enemies, indirectly protect the plants. Herbivores adapt to secondary metabolites by the up/down regulation of sensory genes, and sequestration or detoxification of toxic metabolites. PSMs modulate multi-trophic interactions involving host plants, herbivores, natural enemies and pollinators. Although the role of secondary metabolites in plant-pollinator interplay has been little explored, several reports suggest that both plants and pollinators are mutually benefited. Molecular insights into the regulatory proteins and genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites will pave the way for the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway intermediates for improving plant tolerance to herbivores. This review throws light on the role of PSMs in modulating multi-trophic interactions, contributing to the knowledge of plant-herbivore interactions to enable their management in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.
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Divekar PA, Narayana S, Divekar BA, Kumar R, Gadratagi BG, Ray A, Singh AK, Rani V, Singh V, Singh AK, Kumar A, Singh RP, Meena RS, Behera TK. Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense Tools against Herbivores for Sustainable Crop Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052690. [PMID: 35269836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052690/s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide defensive functions and regulate defense signaling pathways to safeguard plants against herbivores. Herbivore injury initiates complex reactions which ultimately lead to synthesis and accumulation of PSMs. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is regulated by the interplay of signaling molecules comprising phytohormones. Plant volatile metabolites are released upon herbivore attack and are capable of directly inducing or priming hormonal defense signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites enable plants to quickly detect herbivore attacks and respond in a timely way in a rapidly changing scenario of pest and environment. Several studies have suggested that the potential for adaptation and/or resistance by insect herbivores to secondary metabolites is limited. These metabolites cause direct toxicity to insect pests, stimulate antixenosis mechanisms in plants to insect herbivores, and, by recruiting herbivore natural enemies, indirectly protect the plants. Herbivores adapt to secondary metabolites by the up/down regulation of sensory genes, and sequestration or detoxification of toxic metabolites. PSMs modulate multi-trophic interactions involving host plants, herbivores, natural enemies and pollinators. Although the role of secondary metabolites in plant-pollinator interplay has been little explored, several reports suggest that both plants and pollinators are mutually benefited. Molecular insights into the regulatory proteins and genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites will pave the way for the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway intermediates for improving plant tolerance to herbivores. This review throws light on the role of PSMs in modulating multi-trophic interactions, contributing to the knowledge of plant-herbivore interactions to enable their management in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Adinath Divekar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Srinivasa Narayana
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221305, India
| | | | - Rajeev Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Basana Gowda Gadratagi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Aishwarya Ray
- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, India
| | - Achuit Kumar Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Vijaya Rani
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Vikas Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Regional Research Station, Sargatia, Kushinagar 274406, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- College of Horticulture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda 210001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Sheopur 476339, India
| | - Rudra Pratap Singh
- Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kotwa, Azamgarh 276207, India
| | - Radhe Shyam Meena
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Behera
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
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12
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Climate Change Modulates Multitrophic Interactions Between Maize, A Root Herbivore, and Its Enemies. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:889-906. [PMID: 34415498 PMCID: PMC8613123 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
How climate change will modify belowground tritrophic interactions is poorly understood, despite their importance for agricultural productivity. Here, we manipulated the three major abiotic factors associated with climate change (atmospheric CO2, temperature, and soil moisture) and investigated their individual and joint effects on the interaction between maize, the banded cucumber beetle (Diabrotica balteata), and the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Changes in individual abiotic parameters had a strong influence on plant biomass, leaf wilting, sugar concentrations, protein levels, and benzoxazinoid contents. Yet, when combined to simulate a predicted climate scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, RCP 8.5), their effects mostly counter-balanced each other. Only the sharp negative impact of drought on leaf wilting was not fully compensated. In both current and predicted scenarios, root damage resulted in increased leaf wilting, reduced root biomass, and reconfigured the plant sugar metabolism. Single climatic variables modulated the herbivore performance and survival in an additive manner, although slight interactions were also observed. Increased temperature and CO2 levels both enhanced the performance of the insect, but elevated temperature also decreased its survival. Elevated temperatures and CO2 further directly impeded the EPN infectivity potential, while lower moisture levels improved it through plant- and/or herbivore-mediated changes. In the RCP 8.5 scenario, temperature and CO2 showed interactive effects on EPN infectivity, which was overall decreased by 40%. We conclude that root pest problems may worsen with climate change due to increased herbivore performance and reduced top-down control by biological control agents.
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13
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Erb M, Züst T, Robert CAM. Using plant chemistry to improve interactions between plants, herbivores and their natural enemies: challenges and opportunities. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:262-265. [PMID: 34242994 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites determine multitrophic interaction dynamics. Herbivore natural enemies exploit plant volatiles for host location and are negatively affected by plant defense chemicals that are transferred through herbivores. Recent work shows that herbivore natural enemies can evolve resistance to plant defense chemicals, and that generating plant defense resistance through forward evolution enhances their capacity to prey on herbivores. Here, we discuss how this knowledge can be used to engineer better biocontrol agents. We argue that herbivore natural enemies which are adapted to plant chemistry will likely enhance the efficacy of future pest control efforts. Detailed phenotyping and field experiments will be necessary to quantify costs and benefits of optimizing chemical links between plants and higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Züst
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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