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Bagni T, Siaussat D, Chertemps T, Montagné N, Maria A, Fuentes A, Couzi P, Massot M. The effect of developmental temperature on olfaction in a moth revealed by its interaction with body mass. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1133. [PMID: 39271812 PMCID: PMC11399265 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the effects of climate warming on olfaction, as temperature may affect this essential sense. In insects, the response of the olfactory system to developmental temperature might be mediated by body size or mass because body size and mass are negatively affected by developmental temperature in most ectotherms. We tested this hypothesis of a mass-mediated effect of developmental temperature on olfaction in the moth Spodoptera littoralis. We measured the olfactory sensitivity of male to female sex pheromone and five plant odors using electroantennography. We compared males reared at an optimal temperature (25 °C with a daily fluctuation of ±5 °C) and at a high temperature (33 ± 5 °C) close to the upper limit of S. littoralis. On average, the olfactory sensitivity of males did not differ between the two developmental temperatures. However, our analyses revealed an interaction between the effects of developmental temperature and body mass on the detection of the six chemicals tested. This interaction is explained by a positive relationship between antennal sensitivity and body mass observed only with the high developmental temperature. Our results show that the effect of developmental temperature may not be detected when organism size is ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Bagni
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - David Siaussat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Chertemps
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Annick Maria
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Fuentes
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Couzi
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Massot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
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2
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Montory JA, Cubillos VM, Chaparro OR, Gebauer P, Lee MR, Ramírez-Kuschel E, Paredes-Molina F, Lara-Sandoval V, Cumillaf JP, Salas-Yanquin LP, Büchner-Miranda JA. The Interactive Effects of the Anti-Sea Lice Pesticide Azamethiphos and Temperature on Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Responses in the Oyster Ostrea chilensis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:737. [PMID: 38929176 PMCID: PMC11200689 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Azamethiphos is used in the salmon industry to treat sea lice and is subsequently discharged into the sea, which may affect non-target species (NTS). A rise in seawater temperature could enhance the sensitivity of NTS. Thus, in the present investigation, the combined effects of azamethiphos (0 µg L-1, 15 µg L-1 and 100 µg L-1) and temperature (12 °C and 15 °C) was assessed over time (7 days) in the gonads and gills of the oyster Ostrea chilensis, assessing its oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls) and total antioxidant capacity. Our results indicated that in gonads and gills, lipid peroxidation levels increased over time during exposure to both pesticide concentrations. Protein carbonyl levels in gills increased significantly in all experimental treatments; however, in gonads, only pesticide concentration and exposure time effected a significant increase in protein damage. In both, gill and gonad temperature did not influence oxidative damage levels. Total antioxidant capacity in gonads was influenced only by temperature treatment, whereas in the gills, neither temperature nor azamethiphos concentration influenced defensive responses. In conclusion, our results indicated the time of pesticide exposure (both concentrations) had a greater influence than temperature on the cellular damage in this oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A. Montory
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (P.G.); (M.R.L.); (V.L.-S.)
| | - Victor M. Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (V.M.C.); (O.R.C.); (E.R.-K.); (F.P.-M.); (J.A.B.-M.)
| | - Oscar R. Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (V.M.C.); (O.R.C.); (E.R.-K.); (F.P.-M.); (J.A.B.-M.)
| | - Paulina Gebauer
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (P.G.); (M.R.L.); (V.L.-S.)
| | - Matthew R. Lee
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (P.G.); (M.R.L.); (V.L.-S.)
| | - Eduardo Ramírez-Kuschel
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (V.M.C.); (O.R.C.); (E.R.-K.); (F.P.-M.); (J.A.B.-M.)
| | - Francisco Paredes-Molina
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (V.M.C.); (O.R.C.); (E.R.-K.); (F.P.-M.); (J.A.B.-M.)
| | - Valentina Lara-Sandoval
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (P.G.); (M.R.L.); (V.L.-S.)
| | - Juan P. Cumillaf
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile;
| | - Luis P. Salas-Yanquin
- Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal 97356, Mexico;
| | - Joseline A. Büchner-Miranda
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (V.M.C.); (O.R.C.); (E.R.-K.); (F.P.-M.); (J.A.B.-M.)
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Chowdhury A, Rahman MS. Molecular and biochemical biomarkers in the American oyster Crassostrea virginica exposed to herbicide Roundup® at high temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:94757-94778. [PMID: 37540412 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28862-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are frequently exposed to various environmental stressors. Thus, the effects of high temperatures and herbicides on aquatic organisms are a major subject of interest. In this study, we studied the effects of short-term exposure (1 week) to Roundup®, a glyphosate-based herbicide (concentrations: 0.5 and 5 µg/L), on the morphology of gills, digestive glands, and connective tissues, and the expression of heat shock protein-70 (HSP70, a chaperone protein), cytochrome P450 (CYP450, a biomarker of environmental contaminants), dinitrophenyl protein (DNP, a biomarker of protein oxidation), nitrotyrosine protein (NTP, a biomarker of protein nitration), antioxidant enzymes such as superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in tissues of American oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) maintained at high temperature (30 °C). Histological analyses showed an increase in mucous production in the gills and digestive glands, and in hemocyte aggregation in the connective tissues as well as a structural change of lumen in the digestive glands of oysters exposed to Roundup. Immunohistochemical and quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed significant (P < 0.05) increases in HSP70, CYP450, DNP, NTP, CAT, and SOD mRNA and protein expressions in the tissues of oysters exposed to Roundup. Taken together, these results suggest that exposure to Roundup at high temperature induces overproduction of reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species which in turn leads to altered prooxidant-antioxidant activity in oyster tissues. Moreover, our results provide new information on protein oxidation/nitration and antioxidant-dependent mechanisms for HSP70 and CYP450 regulations in oysters exposed to Roundup at high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsana Chowdhury
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Md Saydur Rahman
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA.
- School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 West University Blvd, TX, 78520, Brownsville, USA.
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González-Alvarez ME, Roach CM, Keating AF. Scrambled eggs-Negative impacts of heat stress and chemical exposures on ovarian function in swine. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:503-516. [PMID: 36652419 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants and hyperthermia can hamper reproduction in female mammals including swine. Phenotypic manifestations include poor quality oocytes, endocrine disruption, infertility, lengthened time to conceive, pregnancy loss, and embryonic defects. The ovary has the capacity for toxicant biotransformation, regulated in part by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling pathway. The impacts of exposure to mycotoxins and pesticides on swine reproduction and the potential for an emerging chemical class of concern, the per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances, to hamper porcine reproduction are reviewed. The negative impairments of heat stress (HS) on swine reproductive outcomes are also described and the cumulative effect of environmental exposures, such as HS, when present in conjunction with a toxicant is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estefanía González-Alvarez
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Crystal M Roach
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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López-Valcárcel ME, Del Arco A, Parra G. Sublethal exposure to agrochemicals impairs zooplankton ability to face future global change challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162020. [PMID: 36773907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture is characterized by the application of multiple stressors that damage aquatic systems. Currently, ecotoxicological evaluations are considered insufficient to understand the environmental risks of stressor mixtures and their consequences in ecosystems. In addition, future global change scenarios could alter the predicted effects of agrochemicals in aquatic systems based on single exposures, making it necessary to consider the history of environmental disturbances that may result in vulnerability to subsequent environmental changes. The objectives of this study were to induce disturbance histories by exposure to sublethal glyphosate concentrations in microcosms and to assess whether this disturbance results in vulnerable populations using Daphnia magna as the target species. Populations were considered vulnerable if their sensitivity to new stressors (inanition, temperature and salinity) was higher than that of undisturbed populations. To induce disturbance history, microcosm aquatic communities (two cladocerans and one microalgae) were exposed to two glyphosate sublethal concentrations (below the No Observed Effect Concentration, NOEC values for D. magna, 0.1 and 1 mg L-1) in microcosms under controlled conditions in a culture chamber for 48 days. After this period, no significant differences were observed with respect to the control microcosms in the selected parameters (cladoceran abundance, microalgae cell abundance, microalgae colony formation, pH and dissolved oxygen). To test vulnerability, our target D. magna populations, which were previously exposed to different glyphosate treatments, were subjected to inanition, elevated temperature and salinity. Our results showed that D. magna populations with disturbance history performed worse in all the scenarios compared to the populations from undisturbed conditions. These results underscore the need to study how environmental disturbance history influences population responses to new and future stressors. Moreover, our findings raise concern regarding the sublethal effects of pesticides on aquatic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia López-Valcárcel
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Ana Del Arco
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Mainaustraße 252, 78464 Konstanz, Egg, Germany.
| | - Gema Parra
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Leão MLP, Zhang L, da Silva Júnior FMR. Effect of particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10) on health indicators: climate change scenarios in a Brazilian metropolis. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2229-2240. [PMID: 35870077 PMCID: PMC9308372 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recife is recognized as the 16th most vulnerable city to climate change in the world. In addition, the city has levels of air pollutants above the new limits proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021. In this sense, the present study had two main objectives: (1) To evaluate the health (and economic) benefits related to the reduction in mean annual concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 considering the new limits recommended by the WHO: 15 µg/m3 (PM10) and 5 µg/m3 (PM2.5) and (2) To simulate the behavior of these pollutants in scenarios with increased temperature (2 and 4 °C) using machine learning. The averages of PM2.5 and PM10 were above the limits recommended by the WHO. The scenario simulating the reduction in these pollutants below the new WHO limits would avoid more than 130 deaths and 84 hospital admissions for respiratory or cardiovascular problems. This represents a gain of 15.2 months in life expectancy and a cost of almost 160 million dollars. Regarding the simulated temperature increase, the most conservative (+ 2 °C) and most drastic (+ 4 °C) scenarios predict an increase of approximately 6.5 and 15%, respectively, in the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10, with a progressive increase in deaths attributed to air pollution. The study shows that the increase in temperature will have impacts on air particulate matter and health outcomes. Climate change mitigation and pollution control policies must be implemented for meeting new WHO air quality standards which may have health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Lorran Paranhos Leão
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM) e Hospital, Universitário Oswaldo Cruz (HUOC) da Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Campus Santo Amaro, Recife. Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310 - Santo Amaro, Recife, PE, CEP: 50100-130, Brazil
| | - Linjie Zhang
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá 102 Centro, Rio Grande, RS, CEP: 96203-900, Brazil
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Raths J, Švara V, Lauper B, Fu Q, Hollender J. Speed it up: How temperature drives toxicokinetics of organic contaminants in freshwater amphipods. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1390-1406. [PMID: 36448880 PMCID: PMC10107603 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The acceleration of global climate change draws increasing attention towards interactive effects of temperature and organic contaminants. Many studies reported a higher sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates towards contaminant exposure with increasing or fluctuating temperatures. The hypothesis of this study was that the higher sensitivity of invertebrates is associated with the changes of toxicokinetic processes that determine internal concentrations of contaminants and consequently toxic effects. Therefore, the influence of temperature on toxicokinetic processes and the underlying mechanisms were studied in two key amphipod species (Gammarus pulex and Hyalella azteca). Bioconcentration experiments were carried out at four different temperatures with a mixture of 12 exposure relevant polar organic contaminants. Tissue and medium samples were taken in regular intervals and analysed by online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, toxicokinetic rates were modelled and analysed in dependence of the exposure temperature using the Arrhenius equation. An exponential relationship between toxicokinetic rates versus temperature was observed and could be well depicted by applying the Arrhenius equation. Due to a similar Arrhenius temperature of uptake and elimination rates, the bioconcentration factors of the contaminants were generally constant across the temperature range. Furthermore, the Arrhenius temperature of the toxicokinetic rates and respiration was mostly similar. However, in some cases (citalopram, cyprodinil), the bioconcentration factor appeared to be temperature dependent, which could potentially be explained by the influence of temperature on active uptake mechanisms or biotransformation. The observed temperature effects on toxicokinetics may be particularly relevant in non-equilibrated systems, such as exposure peaks in summer as exemplified by the exposure modelling of a field measured pesticide peak where the internal concentrations increased by up to fourfold along the temperature gradient. The results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of chemical uptake, biotransformation and elimination in different climate scenarios and can improve environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Raths
- Department of Environmental ChemistrySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology – EawagDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Vid Švara
- UNESCO Chair on Sustainable Management of Conservation Areas, Engineering & ITCarinthia University of Applied SciencesVillachAustria
- Department of Effect‐Directed AnalysisHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Benedikt Lauper
- Department of Environmental ChemistrySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology – EawagDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Environmental ChemistrySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology – EawagDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Department of Environmental ChemistrySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology – EawagDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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Verheyen J, Stoks R. Thermal Performance Curves in a Polluted World: Too Cold and Too Hot Temperatures Synergistically Increase Pesticide Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3270-3279. [PMID: 36787409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological studies typically cover only a limited part of the natural thermal range of populations and ignore daily temperature fluctuations (DTFs). Therefore, we may miss important stressor interaction patterns and have poor knowledge on how pollutants affect thermal performance curves (TPCs), which is needed to improve insights into the fate of populations to warming in a polluted world. We tested the single and combined effects of pesticide exposure and DTFs on the TPCs of low- and high-latitude populations of Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae. While chlorpyrifos did not have any effect at the intermediate mean temperatures (20-24 °C), it became toxic (reflecting synergisms) at lower (≤16 °C, reduced growth) and especially at higher (≥28 °C, reduced survival and growth) mean temperatures, resulting in more concave-shaped TPCs. Remarkably, these toxicity patterns were largely consistent at both latitudes and hence across a natural thermal gradient. Moreover, DTFs magnified the pesticide-induced survival reductions at 34 °C. The TPC perspective allowed us to identify different toxicity patterns and interaction types (mainly additive vs synergistic) across the thermal gradient. This highlights the importance of using thermal gradients to make more realistic predictions about the impact of pesticides in a warming world and of warming in a polluted world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Verheyen
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Mastore M, Quadroni S, Rezzonico A, Brivio MF. The Influence of Daily Temperature Fluctuation on the Efficacy of Bioinsecticides on Spotted Wing Drosophila Larvae. INSECTS 2022; 14:43. [PMID: 36661971 PMCID: PMC9866168 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is allowing the invasion of insect pests into new areas without natural competitors and/or predators. The dipteran Drosophila suzukii has invaded both the Americas and Europe, becoming a serious problem for fruit crops. Control methods for this pest are still based on the use of pesticides, but less invasive and more sustainable methods, such as biocontrol, are needed. Variations in environmental conditions can affect the efficacy of bioinsecticides influencing their behavior and physiology besides that of the target insects. In this work, we developed a system that simulates the daily temperature fluctuations (DTFs) detected in the environment, with the aim of studying the influence of temperature on biocontrol processes. We investigated the effects of DTFs on the efficacy of four bioinsecticides. Results showed that DTFs modify the efficacy of some entomopathogens while they are ineffective on others. Specifically, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is the most effective bioinsecticide under all conditions tested, i.e., low DTF (11−22 °C) and high DTF (17−33 °C) compared to constant temperature (25 °C). In contrast, nematodes are more sensitive to changes in temperature: Steinernema carpocapsae loses efficacy at low DTF, while Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora are not effective in controlling the target dipteran. This work provides a basis for reviewing biological control methods against invasive species in the current context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Mastore
- Laboratory of Environmental Entomology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Quadroni
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Rezzonico
- Laboratory of Environmental Entomology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maurizio Francesco Brivio
- Laboratory of Environmental Entomology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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