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Gázquez-López M, García-García I, González-García A, Martín-Salvador A, Pérez-Morente MÁ, Martínez-García E, Álvarez-Serrano MA. Validation of the attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS scale in nursing students. BMC Nurs 2023; 22:245. [PMID: 37496059 PMCID: PMC10373256 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the environments where people living with HIV/AIDS should feel safer is in the health care setting; however, scientific evidence has identified discriminatory behaviour on the part of health care professionals towards these people. The reduction or abolition of discriminatory practices requires, first of all, to know the attitudes of nursing students towards AIDS with tools appropriate to the socio-cultural context of the disease. The objectives of this study are to update the AIDS Attitudes Scale for Nursing Students (EASE) by adapting it to the sociocultural landscape and to analyse the reliability and structural validity of the new scale. METHODS The results of the questionnaires answered by 213 undergraduate nursing students from the Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta (University of Granada) were analysed. Reliability (test-retest, n = 33) and validity (n = 180) tests were carried out. RESULTS An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a four-factor model was the most parsimonious solution. Items were examined for their underlying relationships and labelled: professional practice, social integration, partner and family, and benevolent stigma. The new scale yielded a McDonald's Omega coefficient (ω) of 0.893. Convergent validity was established for average variance extracted per factor greater than 0.5 and divergent validity when the variance retained by each factor is greater than the variance shared between them (average variance extracted per factor > ϕ2). CONCLUSIONS The new scale is a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS in nursing students.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gázquez-López
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Ceuta, Spain
| | - Inmaculada García-García
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración n. º 16, Granada, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - Alberto González-García
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración n. º 16, Granada, Granada, 18016, Spain.
| | - Adelina Martín-Salvador
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración n. º 16, Granada, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | | | - Encarnación Martínez-García
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración n. º 16, Granada, Granada, 18016, Spain
- Guadix High Resolution Hospital, Andalusian Health Service, Granada, Spain
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Leyva-Moral JM, Aguayo-González M, San Rafael-Gutiérrez S, Gómez-Ibáñez R. Narrative photography with an expert patient as a method to improve empathy: a satisfaction study with health sciences students. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh 2022; 19:ijnes-2021-0124. [PMID: 35618500 DOI: 10.1515/ijnes-2021-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess health sciences students' satisfaction with narrative photography with an expert patient as an empathy-fostering teaching method. METHODS Nineteen students from a public medical sciences university in Barcelona (Spain) voluntarily completed six online training sessions using narrative photography and expert patient. Data were collected using an anonymous online satisfaction questionnaire verified by experts, including 29 quantitative and qualitative questions that were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS Eighteen valid questionnaires were obtained (90% response rate). All students evaluated the teaching method as highly satisfactory. The main positive aspects of the teaching method were being able to express one's emotions and reflections. Students felt the activity enhanced their empathy and helped them minimize their prejudices, specifically to patients living with HIV. Students also evaluated the online format as less optimal than if it were delivered in person. CONCLUSION The students found the teaching method to have a personal and professional impact, which facilitated the integration of empathy in their daily practice when caring for people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Leyva-Moral
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (Spain)
| | | | | | - Rebeca Gómez-Ibáñez
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (Spain)
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Álvarez-Serrano MA, Martínez-García E, Martín-Salvador A, Gázquez-López M, Pozo-Cano MD, Caparrós-González RA, Pérez-Morente MÁ. Spanish Nursing Students' Attitudes toward People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8672. [PMID: 33266437 PMCID: PMC7700348 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is still a public health issue. Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) creates, in society, stigmatizing attitudes, fear, and discrimination against infected people; even health professionals do not feel trained enough to adequately take care of these patients, which affects the quality of care provided to such patients. The purpose of this study was to explore nursing students' attitudes and other related factors toward people with HIV/AIDS, as well as their evolution in subsequent academic years. A cross-sectional study was performed with students in four academic years from four Spanish health sciences institutions (n = 384). Data were collected voluntarily and on an anonymous basis, utilizing the "Nursing students' attitudes toward AIDS" (EASE) validated scale. The students' attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS were relatively positive, with a total mean EASE value of 85.25 ± 9.80. Statistically significant differences were observed according to the academic year (p = 0.041), in 4 out of 21 items of the scale and among students with no religious beliefs. By adjusting every variable, only the weak association with religion was maintained (p = 0.045).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Encarnación Martínez-García
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (M.D.P.-C.); (R.A.C.-G.)
- Guadix High Resolution Hospital, 18500 Guadix, Granada, Spain
| | - Adelina Martín-Salvador
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain
| | - María Gázquez-López
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Pozo-Cano
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (M.D.P.-C.); (R.A.C.-G.)
| | - Rafael A. Caparrós-González
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (M.D.P.-C.); (R.A.C.-G.)
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Leyva-Moral JM, Dominguez-Cancino KA, Edwards JE, Moriña-Soler D, Cesario SK, Guevara-Vasquez GM, Feijoo-Cid M, Palmieri PA. Attitudes Toward Caring for People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Cross-Sectional Study of Nursing Faculty in Six Countries. Open AIDS J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874613602014010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Since the earliest study about nursing faculty and student attitudes about caring for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) in 1992, there have been less than 20 additional studies reported in the literature. Yet, PLHIV continues to report stigma and experience discrimination. Nursing faculty attitudes are part of the informal curriculum. Negativity about caring for PLHIV can adversely impact student perceptions as well as their care. Current research in this area is essentially non-existent.
Objective:
To describe the attitudes of the university nursing faculty toward caring for PLHIV; and to identify the relationship between faculty attitudes and explanatory factors such as age, education, religion, nationality, teaching in a clinical setting, years of experience, and university attributes.
Methods:
This was a multicenter cross-sectional study with nonrandomized electronic purposeful sampling. The Healthcare Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale (HPASS) is a 30-item scale with three subscales: Prejudice, stereotype, and discrimination. The English and Spanish versions of the HPASS exhibit stable psychometric properties for cross-cultural research. The HPASS was delivered to university nursing faculty in six countries across three continents.
Results:
A sample of 368 nursing faculty completed the HPASS. The mean composite score was 2.41 (SD = 0.69), six-point scale with lower scores indicating more positive attitudes, with subscale scores: Stereotypes 2.55 (SD = 0.84), discrimination 2.28 (SD = 0.74), and prejudices 2.41 (SD = 0.63). Peruvian faculty had the highest scores while Canadian had the lowest. Significant correlations were observed between attitudes and the three subscales, and between the three subscales and the composite score.
Conclusion:
Attitudes of the nursing faculty toward caring for PLHIV were slightly positive to slightly negative depending on the region and country. Knowledge deficiencies about HIV persist, incorrect beliefs are common, and attitudes appear to be influenced by culture. The correlation between subscales justifies continued research to implement targeted interventions. Education about HIV/AIDS can address knowledge deficits while structured interactions with PLHIV can facilitate experiential learning.
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Ware KB. Assessment of Pharmacy Student Perceptions Toward Common Stigmas Associated with Persons Living with HIV. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2020; 84:ajpe7270. [PMID: 33149321 PMCID: PMC7596603 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To analyze pharmacy students' views of societal stigmas often facing persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods. A 20-item survey conducted across a dual-campus school of pharmacy examined students' approval of societal aspects of the lives of persons living with HIV. Pharmacy students anonymously exchanged completed survey instruments to learn about peers' viewpoints. Survey instruments were analyzed and ranked by most commonly occurring responses and gender designations. Chi square tests were used for statistical analyses, with p<.05 considered significant. Results. Over three years, 260 female students and 104 male students (364 total) completed the survey. Approximately one fifth of the study sample stated that they did not have a problem placing their children (if applicable) in a daycare center with children who were living with HIV. Greater than one third of the students in the study sample were not opposed to placing their elderly parents (if applicable) in a facility that included residents living with HIV. Fewer female than male students had reservations about couples living with HIV being allowed to have children. Male students were less averse than female students to having their name and picture associated with HIV prevention on the internet. Conclusion. This study revealed that some pharmacy students held stigmatizing beliefs regarding persons living with HIV. The discriminatory views of participants in this study sample may directly or indirectly affect health outcomes of persons living with HIV. To better address health care challenges within this community, Doctor of Pharmacy programs should provide sustainable opportunities for students to explore their own HIV biases and additional education about the difficulties that persons living with HIV encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenric B Ware
- South University School of Pharmacy, Columbia, South Carolina
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Leyva-Moral JM, Dominguez-Cancino KA, Guevara-Vasquez GM, Edwards JE, Palmieri PA. Faculty Attitudes About Caring for People Living With HIV/AIDS: A Comparative Study. J Nurs Educ 2020; 58:712-717. [PMID: 31794038 DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20191120-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) experience stigma and discrimination. Negative attitudes of nursing faculty about caring for PLHIV can adversely affect student perceptions and their nursing care. The study purpose was to describe nursing faculty attitudes and beliefs about caring for PLHIV. METHOD The HPASS (Healthcare Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale), Spanish version, was delivered to nursing faculty in Colombia and Peru. RESULTS The HPASS was completed by 98 nursing faculty. The overall mean score was 2.41 (SD = 0.69), with subscale scores: stereotypes, 2.55 (SD = 0.84); discrimination, 2.28 (SD = 0.74); and prejudices, 2.41 (SD = 0.63). Peruvian faculty had the highest scores, statistically correlated with the importance of religion, whereas Colombia had the lowest. CONCLUSION Nursing faculty attitudes toward PLHIV were slightly positive in Colombia to slightly negative in Peru; however, both countries had negative stereotypes. Knowledge deficiencies about HIV persist and attitudes appear to be influenced by culture and religion. [J Nurs Educ. 2019;58(12):712-717.].
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Huq KATME, Moriyama M, Harris EE, Shirin H, Rahman MM. Evaluation of Nurses' Knowledge and Attitude toward HIV-Infected Patients in Barbados. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2019; 18:2325958219880592. [PMID: 31597537 PMCID: PMC6900673 DOI: 10.1177/2325958219880592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continued assessment of nurses' knowledge and attitude is necessary for improving their performance at workplace. We attempted to evaluate nurses' knowledge and attitude toward HIV-infected patients and their underlying factors. METHODS We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study participated by 218 nurses and collected relevant data. RESULTS Majority (57.3%) of the nurses had 1 to 5 years of experience in the nursing job, and 78.4% of them were involved in the provision of direct care to HIV-infected individuals for ≤5 years, and only 6.4% for ≥11 years. The overall knowledge and attitude of the participants were good (3.25/5 and 3.42/5 scores, respectively). The knowledge regarding appropriate care of HIV-infected patients was significantly better among the registered nurses compared to nursing assistants (NA) with limited years of formal education (odds ratio [OR] = 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.20-0.69; P <.001). In the provision of care to the HIV-infected patients, the attitude of female participants was significantly better than the males (unadjusted OR = 0.18; 95% CI = 0.05-0.60; P = .01). CONCLUSION Inclusion of relevant HIV- and AIDS-related topics in the curriculum for NAs and closely guided hands-on training of the nurses are likely to improve nurses' knowledge and attitude toward the provision of care to HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michiko Moriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University,
Japan
| | | | - Habiba Shirin
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University,
Japan
| | - Md Moshiur Rahman
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University,
Japan
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