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Nguyen KG, Huš M, Baragau IA, Bowen J, Heil T, Nicolaev A, Abramiuc LE, Sapelkin A, Sajjad MT, Kellici S. Engineering Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots: Tailoring Optical and Chemical Properties through Selection of Nitrogen Precursors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310587. [PMID: 38546418 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The process of N-doping is frequently employed to enhance the properties of carbon quantum dots. However, the precise requirements for nitrogen precursors in producing high-quality N-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) remain undefined. This research systematically examines the influence of various nitrogen dopants on the morphology, optical features, and band structure of NCQDs. The dots are synthesized using an efficient, eco- friendly, and rapid continuous hydrothermal flow technique. This method offers unparalleled control over synthesis and doping, while also eliminating convention-related issues. Citric acid is used as the carbon source, and urea, trizma base, beta-alanine, L-arginine, and EDTA are used as nitrogen sources. Notably, urea and trizma produced NCQDs with excitation-independent fluorescence, high quantum yields (up to 40%), and uniform dots with narrow particle size distributions. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT modelling established that defects and substituents within the graphitic structure have a more significant impact on the NCQDs' electronic structure than nitrogen-containing functional groups. Importantly, for the first time, this work demonstrates that the conventional approach of modelling single-layer structures is insufficient, but two layers suffice for replicating experimental data. This study, therefore, provides essential guidance on the selection of nitrogen precursors for NCQD customization for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiem G Nguyen
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA, UK
| | - Matej Huš
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, SI-1001, Slovenia
- Association for Technical Culture of Slovenia (ZOTKS), Zaloška 65, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
- Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia (ZVKDS), Poljanska 40, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Ioan-Alexandru Baragau
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA, UK
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, Magurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania
| | - James Bowen
- School of Engineering and Innovation, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Tobias Heil
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adela Nicolaev
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, Magurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania
| | - Laura Elena Abramiuc
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, Magurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania
| | - Andrei Sapelkin
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Muhammad Tariq Sajjad
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA, UK
| | - Suela Kellici
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA, UK
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Hou J, Liu R, Han P, Luo C, Ding Z, Zhou W, Li C, Li J, Zhao Y, Chen J, Liu J, Yang B. Unveiling the Localized Exciton-Based Photoluminescence of Manganese Doped Cesium Zinc Halide Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3762-3768. [PMID: 37096965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c05101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lead-free metal halide nanocrystals (NCs) have aroused increasing attention due to their unique optoelectronic properties based on localized excitons (LEs). However, the vital influencing factors for the LEs based photoluminescence (PL) are still not well-understood due to the coupling of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors of the NCs. Herein, by engineering the phase, size, morphology, and chemical composition, we are able to decouple the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of manganese doped cesium zinc-halide NCs. We found both the intrinsic metal-halide coordination field and the extrinsic crystal defects have significant influences on the LEs' recombination and energy transfer processes, and hence determine the PL efficiency. Unlike for the free excitons (FEs) based PL, the phase as well as the crystal morphology do not play major roles for the LEs based PL. This work provides a new insight for the study of LE dynamics of metal halide NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Runze Liu
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Peigeng Han
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiling Ding
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Juntao Li
- University of the Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Lasers, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Chen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Scalon L, Freitas FS, Marques FDC, Nogueira AF. Tiny spots to light the future: advances in synthesis, properties, and application of perovskite nanocrystals in solar cells. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:907-941. [PMID: 36629010 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perovskites are in the hotspot of material science and technology. Outstanding properties have been discovered, fundamental mechanisms of defect formation and degradation elucidated, and applications in a wide variety of optoelectronic devices demonstrated. Advances through adjusting the bulk-perovskite composition, as well as the integration of layered and nanostructured perovskites in the devices, allowed improvement in performance and stability. Recently, efforts have been devoted to investigating the effects of quantum confinement in perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) aiming to fabricate optoelectronic devices based solely on these nanoparticles. In general, the applications are focused on light-emitting diodes, especially because of the high color purity and high fluorescence quantum yield obtained in PNCs. Likewise, they present important characteristics featured for photovoltaic applications, highlighting the possibility of stabilizing photoactive phases that are unstable in their bulk analog, the fine control of the bandgap through size change, low defect density, and compatibility with large-scale deposition techniques. Despite the progress made in the last years towards the improvement in the performance and stability of PNCs-based solar cells, their efficiency is still much lower than that obtained with bulk perovskite, and discussions about upscaling of this technology are scarce. In light of this, we address in this review recent routes towards efficiency improvement and the up-scaling of PNC solar cells, emphasizing synthesis management and strategies for solar cell fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Scalon
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Flavio Santos Freitas
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 30421-169, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Flávia Nogueira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.
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Ligand induced switching of the band alignment in aqueous synthesized CdTe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8332. [PMID: 31171820 PMCID: PMC6554334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CdTe/CdS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) are formed in aqueous synthesis via the partial decomposition of hydrophilic thiols, used as surface ligands. In this work, we investigate the influence of the chemical nature (functional group and chain length) of the used surface ligands on the shell formation. Four different surface ligands are compared: 3-mercaptopropionic acid, MPA, thioglycolic acid, TGA, sodium 3-mercaptopropanesulfonate, MPS, and sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate, MES. The QD growth rate increases when the ligand aliphatic chain length decreases due to steric reasons. At the same time, the QDs stabilized with carboxylate ligands grow faster and achieve higher photoluminescence quantum yields compared to those containing sulfonate ligands. The average PL lifetime of TGA and MPA capped QDs is similar (≈20 ns) while in the case of MPS shorter (≈15 ns) and for MES significantly longer (≈30 ns) values are measured. A detailed structural analysis combining powder X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicates the existence of two novel regimes of band alignment: in the case of the mercaptocarboxylate ligands the classic type I band alignment between the core and shell materials is predominant, while the mercaptosulfonate ligands induce a quasi-type II alignment (MES) or an inverted type I alignment (MPS). Finally, the effect of the pH value on the optical properties was evaluated: using a ligand excess in solution allows achieving better stability of the QDs while maintaining high photoluminescence intensity at low pH.
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Jharimune S, Sathe AA, Rioux RM. Thermochemical Measurements of Cation Exchange in CdSe Nanocrystals Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6795-6803. [PMID: 30160126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Among the various reported post synthetic modifications of colloidal nanocrystals, cation exchange (CE) is one of the most promising and versatile approaches for the synthesis of nanostructures that cannot be directly synthesized from their constitutive precursors. Numerous studies have reported on the qualitative analysis of these reactions, but rigorous quantitative study of the thermodynamics of CE in colloidal nanoparticles is still lacking. We demonstrate using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), the thermodynamics of the CE between cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystals and silver in solution can be quantified. We survey the influence of CdSe nanocrystal diameter, capping ligands and temperature on the thermodynamics of the exchange reaction. Results obtained from ITC provide a detailed description of overall thermodynamic parameters-equilibrium constant ( K eq), enthalpy (Δ H), entropy (Δ S) and stoichiometry ( n)-of the exchange reaction. We compared the free energy change of reaction (Δ G) between CdSe and Ag+ obtained directly from ITC for both CdSe bulk and nanoparticles with values calculated from previously reported methods. While the calculated value is closer to the experimentally obtained Δ G rxn for bulk particles, nanocrystals show an additional Gibbs free energy stabilization of ∼-14 kJ/mol Se. We discuss a thermochemical cycle elucidating the steps involved in the overall cation exchange process. This work demonstrates the application of ITC to probe the thermochemistry of nanoscale transformations under relevant solution conditions.
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De Nolf K, Cosseddu SM, Jasieniak JJ, Drijvers E, Martins JC, Infante I, Hens Z. Binding and Packing in Two-Component Colloidal Quantum Dot Ligand Shells: Linear versus Branched Carboxylates. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3456-3464. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvatore M. Cosseddu
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Jacek J. Jasieniak
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, and Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | | | - Ivan Infante
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV AmsterdamNetherlands
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Zolotykh AN, Dorofeev SG, Bubenov SS, Kuznetsova TA. Tetrapod-shaped quantum dots with secondary excitonic luminescence. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Wallar C, Zhang T, Shi K, Zhitomirsky I. Synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, liquid–liquid extraction and application in supercapacitors. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Luo B, Pu Y, Lindley SA, Yang Y, Lu L, Li Y, Li X, Zhang JZ. Organolead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: Branched Capping Ligands Control Crystal Size and Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Ying‐Chih Pu
- Department of Materials Science National University of Tainan Tainan 70005 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sarah A. Lindley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Liqiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Yat Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Xueming Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Jin Z. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
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10
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Luo B, Pu YC, Lindley SA, Yang Y, Lu L, Li Y, Li X, Zhang JZ. Organolead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: Branched Capping Ligands Control Crystal Size and Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8864-8. [PMID: 27294890 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
CH3 NH3 PbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) of different sizes (ca. 2.5-100 nm) with high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY; ca. 15-55 %) and product yield have been synthesized using the branched molecules, APTES and NH2 -POSS, as capping ligands. These ligands are sterically hindered, resulting in a uniform size of PNCs. The different capping effects resulting from branched versus straight-chain capping ligands were compared and a possible mechanism proposed to explain the dissolution-precipitation process, which affects the growth and aggregation of PNCs, and thereby their overall stability. Unlike conventional PNCs capped with straight-chain ligands, APTES-capped PNCs show high stability in protic solvents as a result of the strong steric hindrance and propensity for hydrolysis of APTES, which prevent such molecules from reaching and reacting with the core of PNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ying-Chih Pu
- Department of Materials Science, National University of Tainan, Tainan, 70005, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sarah A Lindley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Liqiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yat Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Xueming Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Jin Z Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
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Huang X, Parashar VK, Gijs MAM. Synergistic effect of carboxylic and amine ligands on the synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20812f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the drastic improvement in absorbance and photoluminescence (UV-PL) of CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) upon adding both a carboxylic acid and an amine ligand to the cadmium acetate green chemistry source.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Huang
- Laboratory of Microsystems
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - V. K. Parashar
- Laboratory of Microsystems
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - M. A. M. Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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12
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Wang L, Song J, Liu S, Hao C, Kuang N, He Y. Reaction analysis on Yb3+ and DNA based on quantum dots: The design of a fluorescent reversible off–on mode. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 457:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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