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van Staden D, Haynes RK, Viljoen JM. The Development of Dermal Self-Double-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems: Preformulation Studies as the Keys to Success. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1348. [PMID: 37895819 PMCID: PMC10610238 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) are lipid-based systems that are superior to other lipid-based oral drug delivery systems in terms of providing drug protection against the gastrointestinal (GI) environment, inhibition of drug efflux as mediated by P-glycoprotein, enhanced lymphatic drug uptake, improved control over plasma concentration profiles of drugs, enhanced stability, and drug loading efficiency. Interest in dermal spontaneous emulsions has increased, given that systems have been reported to deliver drugs across mucus membranes, as well as the outermost layer of the skin into the underlying layers. The background and development of a double spontaneous emulsion incorporating four anti-tubercular drugs, clofazimine (CFZ), isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PZY), and rifampicin (RIF), are described here. Our methods involved examination of oil miscibility, the construction of pseudoternary phase diagrams, the determination of self-emulsification performance and the emulsion stability index of primary emulsions (PEs), solubility, and isothermal micro calorimetry compatibility and examination of emulsions via microscopy. Overall, the potential of self-double-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SDEDDSs) as a dermal drug delivery vehicle is now demonstrated. The key to success here is the conduct of preformulation studies to enable the development of dermal SDEDDSs. To our knowledge, this work represents the first successful example of the production of SDEDDSs capable of incorporating four individual drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniélle van Staden
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), Building G16, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (D.v.S.); (R.K.H.)
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), Building G16, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (D.v.S.); (R.K.H.)
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, 346 Leeds Parade, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Joe M. Viljoen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), Building G16, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (D.v.S.); (R.K.H.)
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van Staden D, Haynes RK, Viljoen JM. The Science of Selecting Excipients for Dermal Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041293. [PMID: 37111778 PMCID: PMC10145052 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-emulsification is considered a formulation technique that has proven capacity to improve oral drug delivery of poorly soluble drugs by advancing both solubility and bioavailability. The capacity of these formulations to produce emulsions after moderate agitation and dilution by means of water phase addition provides a simplified method to improve delivery of lipophilic drugs, where prolonged drug dissolution in the aqueous environment of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract is known as the rate-limiting step rendering decreased drug absorption. Additionally, spontaneous emulsification has been reported as an innovative topical drug delivery system that enables successful crossing of mucus membranes as well as skin. The ease of formulation generated by the spontaneous emulsification technique itself is intriguing due to the simplified production procedure and unlimited upscaling possibilities. However, spontaneous emulsification depends solely on selecting excipients that complement each other in order to create a vehicle aimed at optimizing drug delivery. If excipients are not compatible or unable to spontaneously transpire into emulsions once exposed to mild agitation, no self-emulsification will be achieved. Therefore, the generalized view of excipients as inert bystanders facilitating delivery of an active compound cannot be accepted when selecting excipients needed to produce self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs). Hence, this review describes the excipients needed to generate dermal SEDDSs as well as self-double-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SDEDDSs); how to consider combinations that complement the incorporated drug(s); and an overview of using natural excipients as thickening agents and skin penetration enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniélle van Staden
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), Building G16, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), Building G16, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Joe M Viljoen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), Building G16, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
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Sheweita SA, El-Masry YM, Zaghloul TI, Mostafa SK, Elgindy NA. Preclinical studies on melanogenesis proteins using a resveratrol-nanoformula as a skin whitener. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:870-881. [PMID: 36370858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A naturally occurring polyphenol called trans-resveratrol has received a lot of attention due to its possible health advantages for humans. The low solubility of trans-resveratrol and its isomerization upon UV exposure strongly limit its application as a skin-whitening agent. In the present study, to increase trans-resveratrol solubility, a new nanoformula was created by combining hydrophilic surfactants and oils. Trans-Resveratrol nanoformula has been prepared, characterized, and applied as a skin-whitening agent on the dorsal skin of Guinea pigs. The optimized trans-resveratrol nanoformula with a particle size of 63.49 nm displayed a single peak and a polydispersity index [0.36 ± 0.02]. In addition, the zeta potential of the optimized formula was -30.4 mV, confirming the high stability of this nanoformula. The melanin contents in the trans-resveratrol nanoformula-treated group were substantially lower than those of the control and the blank nanoformula-treated groups after staining of the dorsal skins [black areas] of guinea pigs with Fontana Mountain dye. The pigmentation index in the control, blank nanoformula, and optimized trans-resveratrol nanoformula were 329.4 ± 36.9, 335.8 ± 71.4, and 124.8 ± 19.6 respectively. Confirming this finding, immunohistochemistry analysis of skin tissues revealed that the expressions of melanogenesis-regulating proteins such as tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor were down-regulated. The safety of topical application of trans-resveratrol nanoformula was validated by no changes in free radical levels and oxidative stress markers proteins in the livers and kidneys of guinea pigs at the end of the experiment. Conclusions: A novel trans-resveratrol nanoformula as well as the mechanism whereby it promotes skin whitening effects were presented. Furthermore, the study illustrated that trans-resveratrol nanoformula is safe, non-toxic, and can be applied for skin whitening, although more research on human skin is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah A Sheweita
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, KSA; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.
| | - Yassin M El-Masry
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Taha I Zaghloul
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa K Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamesa, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nazik A Elgindy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
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van Staden D, Haynes RK, Viljoen JM. Adapting Clofazimine for Treatment of Cutaneous Tuberculosis by Using Self-Double-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060806. [PMID: 35740212 PMCID: PMC9219976 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chemotherapeutic treatment regimens are currently available, and considerable effort has been lavished on the development of new drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB), the disease remains deeply intractable and widespread. This is due not only to the nature of the life cycle and extraordinarily disseminated habitat of the causative pathogen, principally Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), in humans and the multi-drug resistance of Mtb to current drugs, but especially also to the difficulty of enabling universal treatment of individuals, immunocompromised or otherwise, in widely differing socio-economic environments. For the purpose of globally eliminating TB by 2035, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the "End-TB" initiative by employing interventions focusing on high impact, integrated and patient-centered approaches, such as individualized therapy. However, the extraordinary shortfall in stipulated aims, for example in actual treatment and in TB preventative treatments during the period 2018-2022, latterly and greatly exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, means that even greater pressure is now placed on enhancing our scientific understanding of the disease, repurposing or repositioning old drugs and developing new drugs as well as evolving innovative treatment methods. In the specific context of multidrug resistant Mtb, it is furthermore noted that the incidence of extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) has significantly increased. This review focusses on the potential of utilizing self-double-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SDEDDSs) as topical drug delivery systems for the dermal route of administration to aid in treatment of cutaneous TB (CTB) and other mycobacterial infections as a prelude to evaluating related systems for more effective treatment of CTB and other mycobacterial infections at large. As a starting point, we consider here the possibility of adapting the highly lipophilic riminophenazine clofazimine, with its potential for treatment of multi-drug resistant TB, for this purpose. Additionally, recently reported synergism achieved by adding clofazimine to first-line TB regimens signifies the need to consider clofazimine. Thus, the biological effects and pharmacology of clofazimine are reviewed. The potential of plant-based oils acting as emulsifiers, skin penetration enhancers as well as these materials behaving as anti-microbial components for transporting the incorporated drug are also discussed.
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de Oliveira MC, Bruschi ML. Self-Emulsifying Systems for Delivery of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Origin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:134. [PMID: 35534702 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature has been used as therapeutic resources in the treatment of diseases for many years. However, some natural compounds have poor water solubility. Therefore, physicochemical strategies and technologies are necessary for development of systems for carrying these substances. The self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have been used as carriers of hydrophobic compounds in order to increase the solubility and absorption, improving their bioavailability. SEDDS are constituted with a mixture of oils and surfactants which, when come into contact with an aqueous medium under mild agitation, can form emulsions. In the last years, a wide variety of self-emulsifying formulations containing bioactive compounds from natural origin has been developed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the main excipients and natural bioactive compounds composing SEDDS. In addition, applications, new technologies and innovation are reviewed as well. Examples of self-emulsifying formulations administered in different sites are also considered for a better understanding of the use of this strategy to modify the delivery of compounds from natural origin.
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Wu B, Li Y, Li YY, Shi ZH, Bian XH, Xia Q. Nanostructured-lipid carriers-Chitosan hydrogel beads carrier system for loading of resveratrol: A new method of topical application. J Biomater Appl 2022; 36:1444-1457. [PMID: 34995470 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211053923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop nanostructured-lipid carriers (NLC) encapsulated by Chitosan hydrogel beads for the efficient topical carrier. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were conducted to study the influence of the encapsulation on the characteristic of resveratrol-loaded NLC, and the results showed that there was no impact on resveratrol-loaded NLC. Chitosan hydrogel beads could significantly improve the physical stability of resveratrol-loaded NLC. In vitro release study revealed that resveratrol-loaded NLC-Chitosan hydrogel beads had a more significant sustained-release effect on resveratrol. In vitro transdermal studies suggested that the skin permeation of resveratrol was promoted by the effect of Chitosan hydrogel beads and increased resveratrol distribution in the skin. In vitro cytotoxicity showed that resveratrol-loaded NLC-Chitosan hydrogel beads did not exert a hazardous effect on L929 cells. Hence, NLC-Chitosan hydrogel beads might be a promising method for topical applications of resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Wu
- 12579Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Li
- 47820Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Y Li
- 12579Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,164368Southeast University Chengxian College, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi H Shi
- Nanjing Medlander Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao H Bian
- Nanjing Medlander Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- 12579Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Suzhou, China
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7
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Enhancing Bioavailability of Nutraceutically Used Resveratrol and Other Stilbenoids. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093095. [PMID: 34578972 PMCID: PMC8470508 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stilbenoids are interesting natural compounds with pleiotropic in vitro and in vivo activity. Their well-documented biological properties include anti-inflammatory effects, anticancer effects, effects on longevity, and many others. Therefore, they are nowadays commonly found in foods and dietary supplements, and used as a part of treatment strategy in various types of diseases. Bioactivity of stilbenoids strongly depends on different types of factors such as dosage, food composition, and synergistic effects with other plant secondary metabolites such as polyphenols or vitamins. In this review, we summarize the existing in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data from published studies addressing the optimization of bioavailability of stilbenoids. Stilbenoids face low bioavailability due to their chemical structure. This can be improved by the use of novel drug delivery systems or enhancers, which are discussed in this review. Current in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that both approaches are very promising and increase the absorption of the original substance by several times. However, data from more clinical trials are required.
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Zhang H, Zhu Z, Wu Z, Wang F, Xu B, Wang S, Zhang L. Investigation on the formation and stability of microemulsions with Gemini surfactants: DPD simulation. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.1961588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou University, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenxing Zhu
- Binzhou City Building and Design Institute, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongxu Wu
- Binzhou Dayou New Energy Development Company Limited, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou University, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou University, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shoulong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou University, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou University, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Omega-3- and Resveratrol-Loaded Lipid Nanosystems for Potential Use as Topical Formulations in Autoimmune, Inflammatory, and Cancerous Skin Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081202. [PMID: 34452163 PMCID: PMC8401194 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) and omega 3 (ω3), because of their biological favorable properties, have become subjects of interest for researchers in dermocosmetic and pharmaceutical industries; however, these bioactives present technological limitations that hinder their effective delivery to the target skin layer. To overcome the stability and skin permeation limitations of free bioactives, this work proposes a combined strategy involving two different lipid nanosystems (liposomes and lipid nanoparticles) that include ω3 in their lipid matrix. Additionaly, RSV is only encapsulated in liposomes that provid an adequate amphiphilic environment. Each formulation is thoroughly characterized regarding their physical–chemical properties. Subsequently, the therapeutic performance of the lipid nanosystems is evaluated based on their protective roles against lipid peroxidation, as well as inhibition of cicloxygenase (COX) and nitric oxid (NO) production in the RWA264.7 cell line. Finally, the lipid nanosystems are incorporated in hydrogel to allow their topical administration, then rheology, occlusion, and RSV release–diffusion assays are performed. Lipid nanoparticles provide occlusive effects at the skin surface. Liposomes provide sustained RSV release and their flexibility conferred by edge activator components enhances RSV diffusion, which is required to reach NO production cells and COX cell membrane enzymes. Overall, the inclusion of both lipid nanosystems in the same semisolid base constitutes a promising strategy for autoimmune, inflammatory, and cancerous skin diseases.
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10
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Bi W, Liyuan G, Wenjuan W, Qiang X. Skin targeting of resveratrol-loaded starch-based Pickering emulsions: preparation, characterization, and evaluation. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Neupane R, Boddu SHS, Abou-Dahech MS, Bachu RD, Terrero D, Babu RJ, Tiwari AK. Transdermal Delivery of Chemotherapeutics: Strategies, Requirements, and Opportunities. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:960. [PMID: 34206728 PMCID: PMC8308987 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs are primarily administered to cancer patients via oral or parenteral routes. The use of transdermal drug delivery could potentially be a better alternative to decrease the dose frequency and severity of adverse or toxic effects associated with oral or parenteral administration of chemotherapeutic drugs. The transdermal delivery of drugs has shown to be advantageous for the treatment of highly localized tumors in certain types of breast and skin cancers. In addition, the transdermal route can be used to deliver low-dose chemotherapeutics in a sustained manner. The transdermal route can also be utilized for vaccine design in cancer management, for example, vaccines against cervical cancer. However, the design of transdermal formulations may be challenging in terms of the conjugation chemistry of the molecules and the sustained and reproducible delivery of therapeutically efficacious doses. In this review, we discuss the nano-carrier systems, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, etc., used in recent literature to deliver chemotherapeutic agents. The advantages of transdermal route over oral and parenteral routes for popular chemotherapeutic drugs are summarized. Furthermore, we also discuss a possible in silico approach, Formulating for Efficacy™, to design transdermal formulations that would probably be economical, robust, and more efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Neupane
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (M.S.A.-D.); (R.D.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Sai H. S. Boddu
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mariam Sami Abou-Dahech
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (M.S.A.-D.); (R.D.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Rinda Devi Bachu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (M.S.A.-D.); (R.D.B.); (D.T.)
| | - David Terrero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (M.S.A.-D.); (R.D.B.); (D.T.)
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (M.S.A.-D.); (R.D.B.); (D.T.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Palliyage GH, Hussein N, Mimlitz M, Weeder C, Alnasser MHA, Singh S, Ekpenyong A, Tiwari AK, Chauhan H. Novel Curcumin-Resveratrol Solid Nanoparticles Synergistically Inhibit Proliferation of Melanoma Cells. Pharm Res 2021; 38:851-871. [PMID: 33982225 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols such as curcumin (Cur) and resveratrol (Res) have been recently shown to have potential to inhibit proliferation of highly aggressive melanoma cells. This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of a topical delivery system, using a solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded delivery systems, that can enhance the skin penetration and anti-cancer efficacy of combination of these polyphenols. Negatively charged Cur-Res SLNs with a mean diameter of 180.2 ± 7.7 nm were prepared using high shear homogenization method. Cur-Res SLNs were found to be stable up to 2 weeks under 4°C. The in vitro release study showed that Res was released five time more than curcumin. The permeability of resveratrol was about 1.67 times that of curcumin from the SLN-gel formulation which was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than from SLN suspension. More than 70% of Cur-Res SLNs were bound to skin locally in a skin binding study suggesting potentially utility of Cur-Res SLNs in the treatment of localized melanoma. In fact, the electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) measurements suggested that Cur-Res combination has potential to stop cell migration of B16F10 melanoma cells. Furthermore, both, Cur-Res SLNs and Cur-Res solution at the ratio of 3:1 demonstrated a strong synergistic inhibition of SK-MEL-28 melanoma cell proliferation. Further evaluation of Cur-Res SLNs in vivo melanoma models are warranted to establish the clinical utility of Cur-Res formulations in melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noor Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Frederic and Mary Wolfe Center, 3000 Arlington Ave., MS 1015, Toledo, Ohio, 43614, USA
| | | | | | - Marya Hassan A Alnasser
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Frederic and Mary Wolfe Center, 3000 Arlington Ave., MS 1015, Toledo, Ohio, 43614, USA
| | | | | | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Frederic and Mary Wolfe Center, 3000 Arlington Ave., MS 1015, Toledo, Ohio, 43614, USA
| | - Harsh Chauhan
- Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178, USA. .,School of Pharmacy and Health Professionals, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178, USA.
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Tran P, Park JS. Recent trends of self-emulsifying drug delivery system for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Wang Q, Sun R, Huang J, Xia Q. Development and characterization of a new non-aqueous self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system for topical application of rutin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Zhang H, Xu B, Zhang H. Mesoscopic simulation on the microemulsion system stabilized by bola surfactant. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1869033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou University, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou University, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou University, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Gugleva V, Zasheva S, Hristova M, Andonova V. Topical use of resveratrol: technological aspects. PHARMACIA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.67.e48472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin found in grapes, berry skins, roots of Japanese knotweed and is reputed as an excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuro- and cardio- protective agent. Resveratrol has also beneficial effects in therapy of different skin conditions such as acne, exfoliative eczema, psoriasis and is known to provide a protection against ultraviolet radiation-mediated oxidative stress. However, its low oral bioavailability and short biological half- life compromise its beneficial therapeutic effects; therefore, its topical application is a practical approach in the treatment of various cutaneous disorders. Challenges associated with the development of topical resveratrol drug delivery systems and dosage forms include its low aqueous solubility as well as its poor UV-, pH- and temperature-dependent stability. The purpose of this article is to discuss the mechanism of action, therapeutic effect and physicochemical properties of resveratrol and to present recent technological approaches designed to improve its stability, bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency.
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17
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Tian Y, Mao X, Sun R, Zhang M, Xia Q. Enhanced oral bioavailability of oligomeric proanthocyanidins by a self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3814-3825. [PMID: 32724643 PMCID: PMC7382205 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims at the formulation and evaluation of solid self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system (SDEDDS) to increase the bioavailability of oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC). The formulation is prepared through two-step method and is able to form water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions after diluted with aqueous medium while keeping the drug in inner water phase. Solid-state characterization is performed by DSC and X-ray powder diffraction. Furthermore, antioxidant capacity shows that OPC is preserved by the solid SDEDDS. OPC-SDEDDS exhibit sustained release of OPC under the conditions mimicking gastrointestinal tract. The result shows that bioaccessibility of OPC is improved after incorporating into SDEDDS formulation compared to pure drug. The proposed SDEDDS is a promising carrier strategy for delivering the hydrophilic compounds with low-oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinyu Mao
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Rui Sun
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSchool of Biological Sciences and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
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18
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Heenatigala Palliyage G, Singh S, Ashby CR, Tiwari AK, Chauhan H. Pharmaceutical Topical Delivery of Poorly Soluble Polyphenols: Potential Role in Prevention and Treatment of Melanoma. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:250. [PMID: 31297635 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is regarded as the fifth and sixth most common cancer in men and women, respectively, and it is estimated that one person dies from melanoma every hour in the USA. Unfortunately, the treatment of melanoma is difficult because of its aggressive metastasis and resistance to treatment. The treatment of melanoma continues to be a challenging issue due to the limitations of available treatments such as a low response rate, severe adverse reactions, and significant toxicity. Natural polyphenols have attracted considerable attention from the scientific community due to their chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic efficacy. It has been suggested that poorly soluble polyphenols such as curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, coumarin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate may have significant benefits in the treatment of melanoma due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and chemoprotective efficacies. The major obstacles for the use of polyphenolic compounds are low stability and poor bioavailability. Numerous nanoformulations, including solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, and liposomes, have been formulated to enhance the bioavailability and stability, as well as the therapeutic efficacy of polyphenols. This review will provide an overview of poorly soluble polyphenols that have been reported to have antimetastatic efficacy in melanomas.
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Lv X, Cong Z, Liu Z, Ma X, Xu M, Tian Y, Zhang X, Xu B, Zhang J, Tang Z. Improvement of the solubility, photostability, antioxidant activity and UVB photoprotection of trans-resveratrol by essential oil based microemulsions for topical application. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Soares TB, Loureiro L, Carvalho A, Oliveira MECR, Dias A, Sarmento B, Lúcio M. Lipid nanocarriers loaded with natural compounds: Potential new therapies for age related neurodegenerative diseases? Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:21-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Fernandez-Rodriguez MA, Binks BP, Rodriguez-Valverde MA, Cabrerizo-Vilchez MA, Hidalgo-Alvarez R. Particles adsorbed at various non-aqueous liquid-liquid interfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 247:208-222. [PMID: 28219622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Particles adsorbed at liquid interfaces are commonly used to stabilise water-oil Pickering emulsions and water-air foams. The fundamental understanding of the physics of particles adsorbed at water-air and water-oil interfaces is improving significantly due to novel techniques that enable the measurement of the contact angle of individual particles at a given interface. The case of non-aqueous interfaces and emulsions is less studied in the literature. Non-aqueous liquid-liquid interfaces in which water is replaced by other polar solvents have properties similar to those of water-oil interfaces. Nanocomposites of non-aqueous immiscible polymer blends containing inorganic particles at the interface are of great interest industrially and consequently more work has been devoted to them. By contrast, the behaviour of particles adsorbed at oil-oil interfaces in which both oils are immiscible and of low dielectric constant (ε<3) is scarcely studied. Hydrophobic particles are required to stabilise these oil-oil emulsions due to their irreversible adsorption, high interfacial activity and elastic shell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Fernandez-Rodriguez
- Biocolloid and Fluid Physics Group, Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071-E Granada, Spain.
| | - Bernard P Binks
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Miguel Angel Rodriguez-Valverde
- Biocolloid and Fluid Physics Group, Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071-E Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Cabrerizo-Vilchez
- Biocolloid and Fluid Physics Group, Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071-E Granada, Spain
| | - Roque Hidalgo-Alvarez
- Biocolloid and Fluid Physics Group, Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071-E Granada, Spain
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22
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Wang Q, Huang J, Hu C, Xia N, Li T, Xia Q. Stabilization of a non-aqueous self-double-emulsifying delivery system of rutin by fat crystals and nonionic surfactants: preparation and bioavailability study. Food Funct 2017. [PMID: 28640295 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00439g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Literature examples of non-aqueous Pickering emulsions stabilized by fat crystals are very rare. Moreover, the applications of rutin are limited due to its low solubility in both water and oils (less than 0.10 mg g-1 and 0.25 mg g-1, respectively). Thus, herein, we developed an optimum formulation of a non-aqueous self-double-emulsifying delivery system (SDEDS) containing rutin and evaluated its oral bioavailability. The new formulation stabilized by fat crystals (glycerol monostearate, GMS) and nonionic surfactants was prepared via a two-step emulsification process. The presence of a mixture of GMS crystals and nonionic surfactants effectively improves the stability of the emulsions. The non-aqueous SDEDS spontaneously forms oil-in-oil-in-water (O/O/W) double emulsions in the gastrointestinal environment with the inner oil phase mainly containing the active ingredients. It is stable at both 4 °C and 25 °C for 30 days and could enhance the dissolution properties of the active ingredients. Furthermore, the protection of rutin against digestion-mediated precipitation was observed when the formulation contained a high concentration of GMS crystals. The oral absolute bioavailability of rutin obtained from SDEDS (8.62%) is 1.76-fold higher than that of the actives suspension (4.90%). Thus, the non-aqueous SDEDS is an attractive candidate for the encapsulation of water-insoluble and simultaneously oil-insoluble nutrients (such as rutin) and for use in oral delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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23
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Yen CC, Chang CW, Hsu MC, Wu YT. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Resveratrol: Enhanced Oral Bioavailability and Reduced Physical Fatigue in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1853. [PMID: 28841149 PMCID: PMC5618502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenolic compound, exerts anti-fatigue activity, but its administration is complicated by its low water solubility. To improve RES bioavailability, this study developed a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for RES and evaluated its anti-fatigue activity and rat exercise performance by measuring fatigue-related parameters, namely lactate, ammonia, plasma creatinine phosphokinase, and glucose levels and the swimming time to exhaustion. Through solubility and emulsification testing, the optimized SNEDDS composed of Capryol 90, Cremophor EL, and Tween 20 was developed; the average particle size in this formulation, which had favorable self-emulsification ability, was approximately 41.3 ± 4.1 nm. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the oral bioavailability of the optimized RES-SNEDDS increased by 3.2-fold compared with that of the unformulated RES-solution. Pretreatment using the RES-SNEDDS before exercise accelerated the recovery of lactate after exercise; compared with the vehicle group, the plasma ammonia level in the RES-SNEDDS group significantly decreased by 65.4%, whereas the glucose level significantly increased by approximately 1.8-fold. Moreover, the swimming time to exhaustion increased by 2.1- and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared with the vehicle and RES-solution pretreatment groups. Therefore, the developed RES-SNEDDS not only enhances the oral bioavailability of RES but may also exert anti-fatigue pharmacological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chi Yen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100, Tzyou 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Tse Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100, Tzyou 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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24
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Wang Q, Hu C, Zoghbi A, Huang J, Xia Q. Oil-in-oil-in-water pre-double emulsions stabilized by nonionic surfactants and silica particles: A new approach for topical application of rutin. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Sinonasal Delivery of Resveratrol via Mucoadhesive Nanostructured Microparticles in a Nasal Polyp Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40249. [PMID: 28071713 PMCID: PMC5223156 DOI: 10.1038/srep40249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) has been shown to effectively suppress chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in a mouse model; however, when locally administered to the sinonasal cavity, bolus RSV is limited by low drug bioavailability owing to its low aqueous solubility and relatively rapid clearance from the administration site. To address this limitation, we propose mucoadhesive nanostructured microparticles (PLGA/PEG NM) as a potential carrier for the sinonasal delivery of RSV. In this study, PLGA/PEG NM released RSV in a sustained manner. Owing to the enlarged specific surface area of the nanostructures, PLGA/PEG NM had synergistically enhanced mucoadhesiveness and thus showed improved in vivo retention properties in the sinonasal cavity. Therefore, when tested in a mouse nasal polyp model, PLGA/PEG NM mitigated polyp formation and restored epithelial integrity better than the control treatments. The therapeutic effect was similar at half the dose of PLGA/PEG NM, suggesting improved local bioavailability of RSV in the sinonasal cavity.
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26
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Savić-Gajić I, Savić I, Nikolić V, Nikolić L, Popsavin M, Rakić S. The improvement of photostability and antioxidant activity of trans-resveratrol by cyclodextrins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5937/savteh1702018s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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27
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Wang Q, Hu C, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Liu T, Qian A, Xia Q. Evaluation of a new solid non-aqueous self-double-emulsifying drug-delivery system for topical application of quercetin. J Microencapsul 2016; 33:785-794. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2016.1264494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Caibiao Hu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Airui Qian
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
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28
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Development and characterization of resveratrol nanoemulsions carrying dual-imaging agents. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:795-808. [PMID: 27834615 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2016-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Delivery of the natural anti-inflammatory compound resveratrol with nanoemulsions can dramatically improve its tissue targeting, bioavailability and efficacy. Current assessment of resveratrol delivery efficacy is limited to indirect pharmacological measures. Molecular imaging solves this problem. Results/methodology: Nanoemulsions containing two complementary imaging agents, near-infrared dye and perfluoropolyether (PFPE), were developed and evaluated. Nanoemulsion effects on macrophage uptake, toxicity and NO production were also evaluated. The presence of PFPE did not affect nanoemulsion size, zeta potential, colloidal stability, drug loading or drug release. CONCLUSION PFPE nanoemulsions can be used in future studies to evaluate nanoemulsion biodistribution without interfering with resveratrol delivery and pharmacological outcomes. Developed nanoemulsions show promise as a versatile treatment strategy for cancer and other inflammatory diseases. [Formula: see text].
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29
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Wang Q, Hu C, Qian A, Liu T, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Xia Q. Enhanced oral bioavailability of quercetin by a new non‐aqueous self‐double‐emulsifying drug delivery system. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSoutheast UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Caibiao Hu
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSoutheast UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Airui Qian
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSoutheast UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of PharmacyCollege of MedicineXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anP. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSoutheast UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Yali Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSoutheast UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Qiang Xia
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSoutheast UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySuzhouP. R. China
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